Relation between Selenium and Female Fertility: A Systematic Review / Relação entre o selênio e a fertilidade feminina: Uma revisão sistemática

Abstract Objective To analyze the influence of selenium in female fertility. Data sourceA search was performed in the following databases: MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, LILACS, MDPI, ScienceDirect, and Europe PMC. The descriptors selected were "selenium" AND "female" AND "fertility". The search interval was from 1996 to 2021. Study selectionThe evaluation was performed independently by two reviewers, and a third reviewer confirmed the inclusion of papers in case of divergence between the first two reviewers. Papers were selected after the title and abstract were read, and those that met the eligibility criteria had the full text read. Data collectionThe following data was extracted: author, year of publication, country, type of study, objective, method, sample size, follow-up period, patients' mean age, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and concentration of serum and capillary selenium. The data was organized in chronological order of paper publication. Data synthesisThe number of papers identified totaled 3,800, out of which 7 were included in the systematic review. The studies indicated a positive correlation between serum selenium and antioxidant concentration in the follicular fluid, reduction in antithyroid antibodies, oocyte production and follicle number. Conclusion Selenium supplementation is promising in women with this micronutrient deficiency to promote improvement of the reproductive efficiency and prevent damage to the pregnancy. Further studies on this theme are still required.

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a influência do selênio na fertilidade feminina. Fonte dos dadosUma busca foi realizada nas seguintes bases de dados: MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, LILACS, MDPI, ScienceDirect e Europe PMC. Os descritores selecionados foram "selenium" AND "female" AND "fertility". O intervalo de busca foi de 1996 a 2021. Seleção dos estudosA avaliação ocorreu de maneira independente por dois revisores, sendo que um terceiro corroborou a eleição dos artigos em casos de divergência. Os estudos foram selecionados através da leitura do título e resumo, e aqueles que contemplaram os critérios de elegibilidade foram lidos na íntegra. Coleta dos dadosOs seguintes dados foram extraídos: autor, ano de publicação, país, tipo de estudo, objetivo, método, tamanho da amostra, tempo de acompanhamento, média de idade das pacientes, critérios de inclusão e exclusão, concentração de selênio sérico e capilar. Os dados foram organizados em ordem cronológica de publicação do estudo. Síntese dos dadosForam identificados 3.800 artigos e incluídos 7 estudos na revisão sistemática. Os resultados indicaram correlação positiva entre o nível de selênio sérico e a concentração de antioxidantes no fluido folicular; diminuição dos níveis de anticorpos antitireoidianos; produção de oócitos, e número de folículos. Conclusão A suplementação de selênio é promissora em mulheres com deficiência do micronutriente, a fim de promover melhora na eficiência reprodutiva e prevenir danos na gravidez. Salientou-se a necessidade de realização de mais estudos sobre o tema.

Antiparasitic and immunomodulating effects of nitazoxanide, ivermectin and selenium on Cryptosporidium infection in diabetic mice / Efeitos antiparasitários e imunomodulantes da nitazoxanida, ivermectina e selênio sobre a infecção por Cryptosporidium em camundongos diabéticos

Abstract The present work aims to investigate the antiparasitic and the immunomodulating effects of nitazoxanide (NTZ) and ivermectin (IVC) alone or combined together or combined with selenium (Se), on Cryptosporidium infection in diabetic mice. The results revealed that the combined NTZ and IVC therapy achieved the highest reduction of fecal oocysts (92%), whereas single NTZ showed the lowest reduction (63%). Also, adding Se to either NTZ or IVC resulted in elevation of oocyst reduction from 63% to 71% and from 82% to 84% respectively. All treatment regimens, with the exception of NTZ monotherapy, showed a significant improvement in the intestinal histopathology, the highest score was in combined NTZ and IVC therapy. The unique results of immunohistochemistry in this study showed reversal of the normal CD4/CD8 T cell ratio in the infected untreated mice, however, following therapy it reverts back to a normal balanced ratio. The combined (NTZ+ IVC) treatment demonstrated the highest level of CD4 T cell expression. Taken together, NTZ and IVC combined therapy showed remarkable anti-parasitic and immunostimulatory effects, specifically towards the CD4 population that seem to be promising in controlling cryptosporidiosis in diabetic individuals. Further research is required to explore other effective treatment strategies for those comorbid patients.

Resumo O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar os efeitos anti-parasitários e imunomodulantes da nitazoxanida (NTZ) e ivermectina (IVC), isoladas ou em associação, e do selênio (SE), associado à NTZ ou à IVC, sobre a infecção por Cryptosporidium em camundongos diabéticos. Os resultados revelaram que a terapia combinada com NTZ e IVC resultou em maior redução de oocistos fecais, enquanto a NTZ isolada mostrou a menor redução de oocistos fecais (63%). Além disso, a associação do SE com a NTZ ou IVC resultou em redução do número de oocistos fecais de 63% para 71% e de 82% para 84%, respectivamente. Todos os tratamentos, com exceção da monoterapia com NTZ, mostraram uma melhora significativa nos índices relacionados à histopatologia intestinal. Os resultados da imuno-histoquímica mostraram reversão da razão celular CD4/CD8 T normal nos camundongos infectados não tratados, no entanto, após a terapia, houve retorno à razão celular CD4/CD8 T normal. O tratamento combinado (NTZ+ IVC) demonstrou o mais alto nível de expressão celular CD4 T. Em conclusão, a terapia combinada com NTZ e IVC mostrou efeitos anti-parasitários e imunoestimuladores notáveis, especificamente para a população CD4, que parecem ser promissores para o controle da criptosporidiose em indivíduos diabéticos.

Selenium, vitamin c and n-acetylcysteine do not reduce the risk of acute kidney injury after off-pump cabg: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of perioperative administration of N-acetylcysteine, selenium and vitamin C on the incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury after off-pump coronary bypass graft surgery. Methods: 291 patients requiring elective off-pump coronary bypass graft surgery were randomized to receive either N-acetylcysteine, vitamin C and selenium 600 mg, 1500 mg, 0.5 mg, and nothing orally twice a day, respectively, from the day before to 2 days after surgery. They were assessed for the development of acute kidney injury using Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria, time of onset, its severity and duration, duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit and hospital length of stay, and in-hospital mortality. Results: 272 patients completed the study. The total incidence of acute kidney injury was 22.1% (n=60) with 14 (20.9%), 15 (22.1%), 21 (31.8%), and 10 (14.1%) patients in the vitamin C, NAC, selenium, and control groups, respectively (P=0.096). We did not register significant differences in the incidence, the time of occurrence, the severity and the duration of acute kidney injury, as well as the duration of mechanical ventilation, the intensive care unit and hospital length of stay, and the in-hospital mortality among the four groups. Conclusion: We found that perioperative administration of N-acetylcysteine, vitamin C and selenium were not effective in preventing acute kidney injury and associated morbidity and mortality after off-pump coronary bypass graft surgery.

Participação do selênio no diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Participation of selenium in type 2 diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE: This review aims to bring updated information on the relationship between oxidative stress and the role of selenium as antioxidant nutrient in mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Data source: The bibliographic survey was conducted in PubMed, SciELO and Lilacs, considering the 2002-2014 period, and included the following types of studies: randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials, cohort, case-control study, case series and case report. Forty-nine pertinent scientific studies were selected. Data synthesis: Several studies have demonstrated the contribution of acute and/or chronic hyperglycemia to the manifestation of oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients. Accordingly, selenium has an important participation in controlling this disease due to its antioxidant role in the elimination of free radicals, present in excess, and because it blocks the activation of nuclear transcription factor kappa B, a regulator sensitive to oxidants that stimulates the production of inflammatory mediators (cytokines) and adhesion molecules. CONCLUSIONS: There is convincing experimental evidence demonstrating the involvement of selenium in glycemic control. However, current information is still scarce and inconsistent, and it is necessary to conduct further studies on the subject to determine the selenium intake safety range as well as clarify the influence of this mineral on the manifestation of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated disorders

OBJETIVO: Esta revisão visa trazer informações atualizadas sobre a relação entre o estresse oxidativo e o papel do selênio como nutriente antioxidante em mecanismos envolvidos na patogênese do diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Fonte de dados: O levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado nas bases de dados Pubmed, SciELO e Lilacs considerando o período de 2002 a 2014 e abrangeu os seguintes tipos de estudos: ensaios clínicos controlados randomizados ou quase-randomizados, coorte, estudo caso-controle, série de casos e relato de caso. Foram selecionados 49 que se relacionavam com esta pesquisa bibliográfica. Síntese dos dados: Várias pesquisas têm demonstrado a contribuição do estado hiperglicêmico agudo e/ou crônico na manifestação do estresse oxidativo em pacientes diabéticos tipo 2. Nesse sentido, o selênio possui participação importante no controle dessa doença, devido ao seu papel antioxidante na eliminação dos radicais livres, presentes em excesso, e por bloquear a ativação do fator de transcrição nuclear kappa B, um regulador sensível a oxidantes que estimula a produção de mediadores inflamatórios (citocinas) e de moléculas de adesão. CONCLUSÕES: Existem evidências experimentais convincentes que demonstram a participação do selênio no controle glicêmico. No entanto, as informações atuais ainda são bastante escassas e inconsistentes e faz-se necessária a realização de novos estudos sobre o tema a fim de determinar a faixa de segurança de ingestão de selênio, além de obter esclarecimentos acerca da influência do mineral sobre a manifestação do diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e das desordens a ele associadas

Desarrollo de un método analítico para la determinación de selenio en huevos fortificados de gallinas (Isa Brown) por espectroscopia de absorción atómica con generación de hidruros / Development of an analytical method for the determination of selenium in fortified hens eggs (Isa Brown) by atomic absorption spectroscopy hydride generation

El huevo es una fuente proteica de uso masivo, en consideración a su bajo costo, es consumido con mayor frecuencia por toda la población. Por esta razón, es de gran interés introducir al mercado un tipo de huevo "saludable", que disminuya los riesgos ligados a enfermedades cardiovasculares y que actúe como antioxidante. Por ello, se evaluó la incorporación del Selenio Orgánico (Sel-Plex®, Alltech Inc) en el programa de alimentación de gallinas ponedoras comerciales raza isa brown con el objeto de obtener huevos fortificados con selenio. Estos fueron evaluados empleando la técnica de espectroscopia analítica con generación de hidruros (HGAAS) y para llevar a cabo la digestión se empleó una mezcla de HNO3/H2O2. El intervalo lineal fue de 6,0 a 200,0 µg/L para el selenio. Con un límite detección de 0,11 µg/L. La precisión de 0,82% y la recuperación de 97-104,4% y una frecuencia de análisis de 24 muestras/hora. La principal ventaja de este método es la determinación de selenio en huevo completo. Los resultados indican que luego de un período de 12 semanas la concentración de selenio es de 62,45 de mg Selenio/huevo lo que muestra que estos proporcionan los requerimientos necesarios. Por lo tanto los huevos enriquecidos en Venezuela contribuirían a mejorar la dieta diaria de estos consumidores.

The egg is a protein source for mass use, considering its low cost, is most commonly consumed by the population. For this reason, it is of great interest to enter the market a type of egg "healthy" to decrease the risks associated with cardiovascular disease and act as an antioxidant. Therefore, it evaluated the incorporation of organic selenium (Sel-Plex ®, Alltech Inc.) in the feeding program commercial layers “Isa Brown” race in order to obtain eggs fortified with selenium. These were assessed using analytical technique spectroscopy with hydride generation (HGAAS) and to conduct the digestion was used a mixture of HNO3/H2O2. The linear range was from 6.0 to 200.0 mg / L for selenium. With detection limit of 0.11 mg / L 0.82% accuracy and recovery of 97 to 104.4% and a frequency analysis of 24 samples / hour. The main advantage of this method is the determination of selenium in whole egg. The results indicate that after a period of 12 weeks the concentration of selenium is 62.45 Selenium mg / egg showing that these provide the necessary requirements. Therefore enriched eggs in Venezuela would help improve the diet of these consumers.

Selenium deficiency and the effects of supplementation on preterm infants / Deficiencia de selenio y los efectos de la suplementacion en prematuros / Deficiencia de selenio e os efeitos da suplementacao em prematuros

Objective: This study aimed to review the literature about blood concentrations of selenium associated with gestational age, feeding, supplementation and related clinical features in preterm infants. Data sources: Systematic review in the following databases: MEDLINE, PubMed, Google academics, SciELO. org, ScienceDirect (Elsevier) and CINAHL-Plus with Full Text (EBSCO). Articles published up to January 2013 with the keywords "selenium deficiency", "selenium supplementation", "neonates", "infants", "newborn" and "preterm infants" were selected. Data synthesis: The studies reported that low blood selenium levels are associated with increased risk of respiratory diseases. Preterm infants, especially with low birth weight, presented lower selenium levels. Selenium deficiency has also been associated with the use of oral infant formula, enteral and parenteral nutrition (with or without selenium addition). The optimal dose and length of selenium supplementation is not well-established, since they are based only on age group and selenium ingestion by breastfed children. Furthermore, the clinical status of the infant affected by conditions that may increase oxidative stress, and consequently, selenium requirements is not taken into account. Conclusions: Prematurity and low birth weight can contribute to low blood selenium in premature infants. Selenium supplementation seems to minimize or prevent clinical complications caused by prematurity. .

RESUMEN Objetivo: Revisar los trabajos que analizaron las concentraciones sanguíneas de selenio asociadas con la edad gestacional, alimentación, suplementación y cuadro clínico de prematuros. Fuentes de datos : Revisión sistemática de la literatura mediante búsquedas electrónicas en las bases de datos a continuación: Medline Pubmed, Google académico, SciELO. org, SienceDirect (Elsevier) y CINAHL with Full Text (EBSCO). La búsqueda se realizó con trabajos publicados hasta enero de 2013 con las palabras clave a continuación: selenium deficiency, selenium supplementation, neonates, infants, newborn and preterm infants. Síntesis de los datos: Los estudios relataron que los bajos índices de selenio están asociados al riesgo aumentado para enfermedades respiratorias. Los prematuros, principalmente con bajo peso al nacer, presentan los menores niveles de selenio. La deficiencia de selenio viene siendo asociada al uso de fórmula infantil oral, nutrición enteral y parenteral (con y sin adición de selenio). La dosis y el tiempo ideal para la suplementación de selenio todavía no están bien establecidos, puesto que se basan solamente en la franja de edad y en la ingestión de selenio de niños amamantados al pecho. Además, no se considera el estado clínico del recién nacido, que puede ser acometido por enfermedades que aumentan el estrés oxidativo y, por consiguiente, elevan las necesidades de selenio. Conclusiones: La prematuridad y el bajo peso al nacer pueden contribuir para reducir las concentraciones sanguíneas de selenio en prematuros. La suplementación parece reducir o prevenir las complicaciones clínicas causadas por la prematuridad. .

Objetivo: Revisar os trabalhos que analisaram as concentrações sanguíneas de selênio associadas à idade gestacional, à alimentação, à suplementação e ao quadro clínico de prematuros. Fontes de dados: Revisão sistemática da literatura por meio de buscas eletrônicas nas seguintes bases de dados: MEDLINE PubMed, Google acadêmico, SciELO.org, ScienceDirect (Elsevier) e CINAHL-Plus with Full Text (EBSCO). Buscaram-se trabalhos publicados até janeiro de 2013 com as seguintes palavras-chave: "selenium deficiency", "selenium supplementation", "neonates", "infants", "newborn" e "preterm infants". Síntese dos dados: Os estudos relataram que os baixos níveis selênio associam-se ao risco aumentado para doenças respiratórias. Os prematuros, principalmente com baixo peso ao nascer, apresentam os menores níveis de selênio. A deficiência do mineral tem sido associada ao uso de fórmula infantil oral, nutrição enteral e parenteral (com e sem adição de selênio). A dosagem e o tempo ideal para a suplementação de selênio ainda não estão bem estabelecidos, visto que se baseiam apenas na faixa etária e na ingestão do mineral por crianças amamentadas no peito. Além disso, não se considera o quadro clínico do recém-nascido, que pode ser acometido de doenças que aumentam o estresse oxidativo e, consequentemente, elevam as necessidades de selênio. Conclusões: A prematuridade e o baixo peso ao nascer podem contribuir para reduzir as concentrações sanguíneas de selênio em prematuros. A suplementação parece minimizar ou prevenir as complicações clínicas causadas pela prematuridade. .

Effects of Serenoa Repens, Selenium and Lycopene (Profluss®) on chronic inflammation associated with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: results of “FLOG” (Flogosis and Profluss in Prostatic and Genital Disease), a multicentre Italian study

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of Profluss® on prostatic chronic inflammation (PCI). Materials and Methods We prospectively enrolled 168 subjects affected by LUTS due to bladder outlet obstruction submitted to 12 cores prostatic biopsy for suspected prostate cancer + 2 cores collected for PCI valuation. First group consisted of 108 subjects, with histological diagnosis of PCI associated with BPH and high grade PIN and/or ASAP, randomly assigned to 1:1 ratio to daily Profluss® (group I) for 6 months or to control group (group Ic). Second group consisted of 60 subjects, with histological diagnosis of BPH, randomly assigned to 1:1 ratio to daily Profluss® + α-blockers treatment (group II) for 3 months or to control group (group IIc). After 6 months first group underwent 24 cores prostatic re-biopsy + 2 cores for PCI while after 3 months second group underwent two-cores prostatic for PCI. Specimens were evaluated for changes in inflammation parameters and for density of T-cells (CD3, CD8), B-cells (CD20) and macrophages (CD68). Results At follow-up there were statistical significant reductions of extension and grading of flogosis, mean values of CD20, CD3, CD68 and mean PSA value in group I compared to Ic, while extension and grading of flogosis in group II were inferior to IIc but not statistical significant. A statistically significant reduction in the density of CD20, CD3, CD68, CD8 was demonstrated in group II in respect to control IIc. Conclusions Serenoa repens+Selenium+Lycopene may have an anti-inflammatory activity that could be of interest in the treatment of PCI in BPH and/or PIN/ASAP patients. .

Effect of selenium in ameliorating the effect of induced perinatal hypothyroidism on postnatal rat cerebellar cortex development: a histological and immunohistochemical study

Background: Thyroid hormone plays a key role in the development of the cerebellar cortex. Selenium is a nutritional element with antioxidant and neuroprotective properties

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of selenium on the structural impairment of postnatal rat cerebellar cortex development induced by perinatal experimental hypothyroidism

Materials and methods: Pups from 20 pregnant rats were divided into four equal groups: group I: negative control group, group II: methimazole-induced hypothyroid group, group III: selenium-supplemented hypothyroid group, and group IV: selenium-supplemented group [positive control]. Treatment continued from gestational day 14 to postnatal day [P] 14. At P7, P14, and P28, blood samples were collected for assessment of serum thyroid hormone and right cerebellar hemisphere specimens were processed for histological, immunohistochemical, and morphometric procedures

Results: Pups of hypothyroid group showed a retarded postnatal cerebellar cortex development, more apparent at P7 and P14, evidenced by increased thickness of the external granular layer and delayed alignment and differentiation of Purkinje cells in addition to reduced proliferating cell nuclear antigen and increased caspase 3-immunoreactivity. At P28, dark cell degeneration of most Purkinje cells was observed. A significant decrease in the thickness of the molecular and internal granular layers and of the number and surface area of Purkinje cells was observed in all postnatal ages studied. Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunostaining showed increased positive astrocytes with twisting and thickening of their glial fibers. Selenium caused a marked amelioration of most of these structural alterations

Conclusion: Perinatal hypothyroidism impaired postnatal cerebellar cortex development. Selenium should be used as a dietary supplement during pregnancy, particularly in hypothyroid conditions

Effects of in vitro selenium supplementation on blood and milk neutrophils from dairy cows / Efeito da suplementaçãoin vitro de selenio sobre neutrófilos do leite e sanguineos em vacas leiteiras

The study was designed to assess the effects of in vitro selenium addition on intracellular hydrogen peroxide production by neutrophils from the milk and blood of dairy cows. Blood from 10 dairy cows and 20 milk samples from five dairy cows were incubated with 0 mg (control) or 10μM of sodium selenite. Then, milk and blood neutrophils were submitted for evaluation of intracellular hydrogen peroxide production by flow cytometry using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate as a probe. The selenium status of the animals was evaluated by determination of the blood glutathione peroxidase activity. The results of the present work showed that in vitro selenium supplementation leads to an enhancement in intracellular hydrogen peroxide production, which indicates an improvement in the bactericidal effects of blood and milk neutrophils even in cows with a selenium-adequate status. Thus, the present study showed that in vitro Se supplementation leads to an enhancement in intracellular hydrogen peroxide production, indicating an improvement in the bactericidal effects of blood and milk neutrophils in cows with Se-adequate status.

O presente estudo avaliou o efeito da suplementação in vitro de selênio sobre a produção intracelular de perόxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) por leucόcitos polimorfonucleares do leite e do sangue em bovinos. Assim, 10 e 20 amostras de sangue e leite, respectivamente, foram incubadas com 0 mg (controle) ou 10μM de selenito de sόdio. A determinação da produção intracelular de peróxido de hidrogênio se deu por citometria de fluxo através da utilização do 2´,7´ diclorodihidrofluoresceína diacetato como sonda. A mensuração do conteúdo de selênio foi avaliada pela atividade da glutationa peroxidase eritrocitária. Os leucócitos polimorfonucleares tanto sanguíneos quanto do leite apresentaram significativo aumento na produção intracelular de H2O2 com a suplementação in vitro de selênio. Desta forma, o presente estudo apontou para aumento da produção intracelular de H2O2, indicando aumento da capacidade microbicida dos leucócitos polimorfonucleares sanguíneos e lácteos mesmo em animais com níveis adequados de selênio.

[Effect of zinc and selenium supplementation on serum testosterone and plasma lactate in cyclists after one bout of exhaustive exercise]

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate how exhaustion exercise affects testosterone levels and plasma lactates in road cyclists supplemented with oral zinc and selenium for 4 weeks

Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male road cyclists volunteers, were selected from the Tehran Traffic team, and based on BMI were divided into three groups; the selenium, zinc, and controls. The status of zinc and selenium in subjects was assessed at baseline. After 4 weeks of supplementation free, total testosterone, and lactate levels of all subjects were determined before and after exercise. Data was analyzed according to repeated measures ANOVA, and the Bonfferoni post hoc test, with a significance level of P<0.05

Results: Resting total, free testosterone, and lactate levels did not differ significantly between groups, and were increased by exercise [P>0.05]. Total testosterone levels in the Zn group were higher than in the Se group after exercise [P<0.05]. Free testosterone levels in the Zn group were higher than the other groups [P<0.05]. There was an insignificant difference between levels of lactate in the three groups after exercise [P>0.05]

Conclusion: According to this study, 4-week selenium and zinc supplementation had no significant effect on testosterone or lactate levels of subjects who had a zinc and selenium sufficient diet. Zinc supplementation increased levels of total testosterone in contrast with selenium group, and also increased free testosterone versus the other groups, whereas there was no change in the levels of lactate in the three groups post-test

Influência do estado nutricional de selênio sobre a progressão da infecção pelo HIV / Influence of selenium nutritional status on the progression of HIV infection

Infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a public health problem of global scale, the nutritional status of infected individual shaving a great influence on the progression of HIV infection. In this context, the mineral selenium seems to play an important role. Therefore, this study aimed to discuss the influence of selenium status on HIV infection progression from a literature review. It was found that, among many approaches, in vivo and in vitro studies showed that seleniummay cause changes in health status of HIV patients, as well as suppress virus replication, respectively. However, the results of several studies are contradictory. Thus, we conclude that it is extremely important to develop further studies aiming to elucidate the way in which the effects of selenium can be achieved by improving the diet therapy of patients with HIV.

La infección por el virus de la inmuno deficiencia humana (VIH) es un problema de salud pública de escala global, siendo que el estado nutricional de los individuos infectados por elvirus tiene gran influencia en el desarrollo de la enfermedad. En este contexto, el mineral selenio parece desempeñar un papel destacado. Por lotanto, este estudio tuvo por objetivo discutir la influencia del estado nutricional de selenio en el avance de la infección por el VIH por medio de una revisión de la literatura. Se encontró que, diversos estudios, "in vivo" e "in vitro" muestran que el micronutriente puede ejercer modificaciones en la salud de los portadores de VIH, bien como suprimir la replicación del virus, respectivamente. Pero, los resultados de los estudios muestran contradicciones. Portanto, es importante la realización de más investigación destinada a aclarar la influencia del selenio en la evolución de los pacientes con VIH, lo cual podría ayudar a mejorar el tratamiento dietoterápico de los portadores.

A infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) é um problema de saúde pública de escala global, sendo que o estado nutricional dos indivíduos infectados pelo vírus exerce grande influência na progressão da infecção pelo HIV. Nesse contexto, o mineral selênio parece desempenhar papel de destaque. Com isso, este trabalho teve como objetivo discutir a influência do estado nutricional de selênio sobre a progressão da infecção pelo HIV a partir de revisão da literatura. Verificou-se que, entre muitas abordagens, estudos in vivo e in vitro mostraram que o micronutriente pode exercer modificações no estado de saúde de portadores do HIV, bem como suprimir a replicação do vírus, respectivamente. Porém, os resultados de vários trabalhos se mostram contraditórios. Assim, conclui-se que é de extrema necessidade a realização de mais estudos com o objetivo de elucidar a forma pela qual os efeitos do uso de selênio podem ser alcançados, aprimorando o tratamento dietoterápico dos pacientes portadores do HIV.

Efficacy of vitamin E and selenium for the prevention of intra-abdominal adhesions in rats: uterine horn models

OBJECTIVE: This study compares the efficacies of vitamin E and selenium, both individually and in combination, for the prevention of postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions in rats. METHODS: Forty-seven female rats were divided into five groups. The sham animals (S group, n = 7) were given only laparotomies and intraperitoneally received 0.9 percent NaCl (2 ml). In the 40 other rats, abrasions of the left uterine horn were performed, followed by intraperitoneal administration of either 2 ml 0.9 percent NaCl (C group), 10 mg vitamin E (vitamin E group), 0.2 mg/kg selenium (Se group) or 10 mg vitamin E with 0.2 mg/kg selenium (vitamin E + Se group), with 10 animals in each treatment group. RESULTS: Adhesion formation was significantly reduced in animals in the Se and vitamin E + Se groups (p<0.05). Tissue catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities did not significantly differ between the groups. However, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities and reduced glutathione levels were slightly increased in the vitamin E, Se and vitamin E + Se groups. In the vitamin E group, malondialdehyde concentrations were significantly lower than in the C group (p<0.05), but no significant differences were present among the S, C, Se and vitamin E + Se groups. Levels of nitric oxide were significantly higher in the C group than in the other groups (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Intraperitoneal administration of selenium or combined vitamin E and selenium appears to be effective in preventing intra-abdominal adhesion formation in rat models through the reduction of lipid peroxidation products.

Efeitos da suplementação de selênio durante a gestação: uma revisão sistemática / The effects of selenium supplementation during pregnancy: a systematic review

A nutrição e o estado nutricional maternos na gestação relacionam-se à saúde da mãe e do recém-nascido. O selênio (Se), mineral conhecido especialmente por sua atividade antioxidante, reduz o dano oxidativo celular e tem importante papel no sistema imunológico e no metabolismo tireoidiano. Recentemente, sugeriu-se ainda sua ação como insulino-mimético. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de Se durante a gestação sobre a saúde da mulher e do recém-nascido. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de literatura na qual incluíram-se estudos com qualquer tipo de desenho metodológico que avaliassem a suplementação de Se isolado em gestantes, independentemente de suas condições de saúde e nutrição, da presença de complicações ou de tratamentos medicamentosos, comparada à administração de placebo ou nenhuma intervenção. Realizou-se a avaliação da qualidade metodológica dos estudos selecionados. Os resultados dessa revisão são apresentados de forma narrativa. Resultados: Quatro estudos foram incluídos. Em três as concentrações plasmáticas ou séricas de Se foram estatisticamente maiores em gestantes suplementadas. Um estudo concluiu que gestantes suplementadas apresentaram maior atividade de glutationa peroxidase. Dois estudos referem aumento estatisticamente significante das concentrações de Se no leite materno de gestantes suplementadas e um verificou concentrações estatisticamente maiores de ácidos monoinsaturados 18:2(n-6) e 20:4(n-6) e de poliinsaturados n-6, enquanto a somatória de ácidos graxos saturados foi estatisticamente inferior. O estudo que avaliou morbidade materna, desfechos gestacionais adversos, efeitos colaterais da suplementação, peso ao nascer e escore de APGAR não encontrou efeitos estatisticamente significantes da suplementação...

Maternal nutrition and nutritional status during pregnancy are related to maternal and newborn health. Selenium (Se), a mineral well known for its antioxidant activity, reduces oxidative cell damage and plays an important role in immune system and thyroid metabolism. Moreover, an insulin-mimetic action has been recently suggested. Objective: To assess the effects of Se supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and newborn health. Methods: A systematic review of literature was carried out. Studies of any design assessing Se supplementation alone to pregnant women, regardless of their health or nutritional status, of the presence of complications or medical treatment, compared to placebo or no intervention. Methodological quality of studies was appraised. The results of this study are presented in a narrative form. Results: Four studies were included. Three of them found plasma or serum Se levels significantly higher in supplemented pregnant women. One study showed that supplemented pregnant women had significantly higher glutathione peroxidase activity. Two studies referred that Se levels in maternal milk were significantly increased in supplemented women. One study found significantly higher 18:2(n-6) and 20:4(n-6) monounsaturated and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels and significantly lower total saturated fatty acids in maternal milk. The study that assessed maternal morbidity, adverse pregnancy outcomes, side effects of the intervention birth weight and APGAR score did not find statistically significant effects of the supplementation...

Hepatoprotective effects of setarud against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats.

To assess the hepatoprotective activity of a new herbal drug "setarud" in experimental liver fibrosis, 48 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: controls, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) group, and two treatment groups that received CCl4 and setarud at doses of 0.02 or 0.04 g/Kg/day for 30 days. Body weight gain, biochemical liver tests, bile flow rate and composition, and changes in liver morphology in the four groups were studied. CCl4 administration led to morphological and biochemical evidence of liver injury as compared to untreated controls. Setarud administration led to significant protection against CCl4-induced changes in body weight gain, liver morphology, bile flow and concentration. It was also associated with significantly lower serum liver enzyme levels (p<0.01), higher serum albumin level, and reduced increase in narcotic-induced sleeping time. Thus, setarud showed protective activity against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Further studies of its efficacy in liver disease are warranted.

Arsenic induced oxidative stress and the role of antioxidant supplementation during chelation: a review.

Arsenic is a naturally occurring metalloid, ubiquitously present in the environment in both organic and inorganic forms. Arsenic contamination of groundwater in the West Bengal basin in India is unfolding as one of the worst natural geoenvironmental disaster to date. Chronic exposure of humans to high concentration of arsenic in drinking water is associated with skin lesions, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, Blackfoot disease and high risk of cancer The underlying mechanism of toxicity includes the interaction with the sulphydryl groups and the generation of reactive oxygen species leading to oxidative stress. Chelation therapy with chelating agents like British Anti Lewisite (BAL), sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropane 1-sulfonate (DMPS), meso 2,3 dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) etc., is considered to be the best known treatment against arsenic poisoning. The treatment with these chelating agents however is compromised with certain serious drawbacks/side effects. The studies show that supplementation of antioxidants along with a chelating agent prove to be a better treatment regimen. This review attempts to provide the readers with a comprehensive account of recent developments in the research on arsenic poisoning particularly the role of oxidative stress/free radicals in the toxic manifestation, an update about the recent strategies for the treatment with chelating agents and a possible beneficial role of antioxidants supplementation to achieve the optimum effects.

Protective effect of selenium against the thallium or mercury-induced oxidative stress in rats

In the present study, the possible protective effect of sodium selenite [250. microg/kg] against thallium nitrate [3 mg/kg] and mercuric acetate [1.5 mg/kg] induced oxidative stress was studied in rats. The measured parameters were lipid peroxides [measured as MDA] and lactate dehydrogenase activity [LDH] in serum, liver and kidney. The effects of thallium nitrate and mercuric acetate as well as the combination of each of them with sodium selenite were determined on the aforementioned parameters. Results of the present study showed that thallium nitrate as well as mercuric acetate significantly increased lipid peroxides in serum, liver and kidney. Administration of sodium selenite together with thallium nitrate or mercuric acetate resulted in significant decrease in lipid peroxides in serum, liver and kidney thus exerting significant protection against thallium and mercury-induced oxidative stress Thallium nitrate significantly elevated lactate dehydrogenase activity [LDH] in serum, liver and kidney while mercuric acetate significantly, elevated LDH activity only in serum and liver. Sodium selenite significantly antagonized the effect of thallium and mercury and protected against their toxicity. It could be concluded that sodium selenite can effectively protect against thallium and mercury- induced oxidative stress

Contagem de células somáticas no leite de vacas suplementadas com selênio e vitamina E / Milk somatic cell count of selenium and vitamin E supplemented cows

O selênio e a vitamina E são antioxidantes importantes na defesa de células e tecidos e atuam diretamente na manutenção da saúde do úbere, influenciando a contagem de células somáticas, indicador da mastite. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do selênio e da vitamina E sobre a contagem de células somáticas no leite de vacas da raça holandesa, durante o período das águas. Oitenta animais foram distribuídos em quatro tratamentos: controle; suplementação com 2,5 mg Se/dia; suplementação com 1000 UI vit. E/dia e suplementação com 2,5 mg Se + 1000 UI vit. E/dia. A suplementação foi iniciada 30 dias antes da provável data de parição, prolongando-se até o parto. Amostras do volumoso e do concentrado foram colhidas, quinzenalmente, para análise bromatológica completa e levantamento dos níveis de selênio. O sangue foi colhido antes do início da suplementação, no parto, 30 e 60 dias após o parto, para determinação dos níveis de Se no soro sangüíneo das vacas. O leite foi colhido semanalmente, para determinação da contagem de células somáticas (CCS). O período de colheita iniciou-se logo após o período colostral, prolongando-se até a décima segunda semana de lactação. Um mês após a suplementação, as vacas que receberam selênio apresentaram níveis séricos superiores (P<0,05) ao grupo controle. O selênio e a vitamina E não afetaram (P>0,05) a CCS nas doze primeiras semanas de lactação e não foi encontrado efeito de interação entre os dois elementos.

Selenium and vitamin E are important antioxidants for cells and tissues protection acting directly as a support for the udder health. This experiment was designed to evaluate the influence of prepartum selenium and vitamin E supplementation on milk somatic cell counts of Holstein cows during summer period. Eighty animals were allocated into four treatments: control; supplementation with 2.5 mg Se/day; supplementation with 1000 IU vitamin E/day and supplementation with 2.5 mg Se/day + 1000 IU vitamin E/ day. The supplementation started thirty days prior to probable parturition date until parturition. Forage and concentrate samples were taken every fifteen days for chemical and selenium analyses. B1ood samples were taken before starting supplementation, right after parturition, thirty and sixty days after it to determine the selenium serum levels. Milk samples were taken to determine SCC. Selenium supplemented cows had higher serum selenium concentration compared with control group (P<0.05). The selenium and vitamin E do not decrease (P>0.05) see up to 12th week of lactation.

Caso clínico: brote de enfermedad del músculo blanco o miodegeneración nutricional en terneros / Clinical case: outbreak of white muscle disease or nutritional muscular dystrophy in calves

Un brote de Enfermedades del Músculo Blanco, EMB, o miodegeneración nutricional afectó una crianza de 56 terneros Frisones Rojos. En 45 días murieron 18 animales, de aproximadamente 5 meses de edad. Los signos eran taquipnea, dificultad para caminar, sin fiebre, taquicardia e ingurgitación de venas y yugulares. Sin alteraciones nerviosas ni digestivas. Los músculos de los miembros pélvicos, de la región lumbar y glutea preentaban endurecimiento moderado y leve dolor a la presión. En el rebaño se observaron muertes súbitas de terneros o a las pocas horas de presentarse los primeros signos. En la sangre la actividad de la enzima selenio (Se) dependiente glutatión peroxidasa, GSH-Px, estaba disminuida, señalando una deficiencia marginal de selenio. La actividad de enzimas asociadas a daños musculares, aspartato aminotransferasa (AST), y creatín quinasa (CK), estaban muy aumentadas. La necropsia reveló cardiomegalia con hipertrofia del ventrículo derecho, zonas con finas estriaciones longitudinales blanquecinas en epicardio y en el miocardio múltiples áreas irregulares también de color blanquecino. Los músculos esqueléticos en general estaban pálidos y se observaron con aspecto blanquecino. El examen histopatológico del miocardio evidenció células musculares eosinofílicas e irregulares, con pérdidas de la estación, destrucción segmental, núcleos grandes y pleomórficos; las células de Purkinje presentaban intensa eosinofilia y degeneración hiana de Zenker. También se observó degeneración hialina en los músculos esqueléticos. Se diagnostica Enfermedad del Músculo Blanco. Los terneros sobrevivientes fueron tratados con solución inyectable intramuscular de Se y vitamina E, en dosis equivalente a 8 mg de Se más 340 U.I. de vitamina E, repitiéndose a los 7 días. Instaurado el tratamiento no se presentaron nuevos casos.