Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome with Bilateral Cryptorchidism and Seminoma in Tibet:Report of One Case / 中国医学科学院学报

Androgen insensitivity syndrome(AIS)with bilateral testicular malignant transformation is very rare,and its diagnosis should be based on clinical manifestations,physical examination,serological findings,karyotype analysis,and pathological findings.This study reported a case of complete androgen insensitivity syndrome among Tibetan in Tibet.It took 17 years from the discovery of congenital absence of uterus to bilateral pelvic mass resection.Pathological examination confirmed that bilateral pelvic space occupying lesions were dysplastic testicular tissue with seminoma and sertoli cell adenoma-like nodules.This study summarized the clinicopathological features to deepen the understanding of the disease.

Assessment of Prognostic Factors of Racial Disparities in Testicular Germ Cell Tumor Survival in the United States (1992-2015) / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) are the most common cancer among men aged 15 to 39 years. Previous studies have considered factors related to TGCT survival rate and race/ethnicity, but histological type of the diagnosed cancer has not yet been thoroughly assessed.@*Methods@#The data came from 42,854 eligible patients from 1992 to 2015 in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results 18. Frequencies and column percent by seminoma and nonseminoma subtypes were determined for each covariates. We used Cox proportional hazard regression to assess the impact of multiple factors on post-diagnostic mortality of TGCT.@*Results@#Black males were diagnosed at a later stage, more commonly with local or distant metastases. The incidence of TGCT in black non-seminoma tumors increased most significantly. The difference in survival rates between different ethnic and histological subtypes, overall survival (OS) in patients with non-seminoma was significantly worse than in patients with seminoma. The most important quantitative predictor of death was the stage at the time of diagnosis, and older diagnostic age is also important factor affecting mortality.@*Conclusion@#Histological type of testicular germ cell tumor is an important factor in determining the prognosis of testicular cancer in males of different ethnic groups.

On thin ice: barriers to adoption of surveillance for patients with stage I testicular seminoma. Survey of US radiation oncologists

ABSTRACT Purpose: Most men with stage I testicular seminoma are cured with surgery alone, which is a preferred strategy per national guidelines. The current pattern of practice among US radiation oncologists (ROs) is unknown. Materials and Methods: We surveyed practicing US ROs via an online questionnaire. Respondent's characteristics, self-rated knowledge, perceived patient compliance rates with observation were analyzed for association with treatment recommendations. Results: We received 353 responses from ROs, of whom 23% considered themselves experts. A vast majority (84%) recommend observation as a default strategy, however this rate drops to 3% if the patient is believed to be noncompliant. 33% of respondents believe that survival is jeopardized in case of disease recurrence, and among these respondents only 5% support observation. 22% of respondents over-estimate the likelihood of noncompliance with observation to be in the 50-80% range. Responders with a higher perceived noncompliance rate are more likely to recommend adjuvant therapy (Fisher's exact p<0.01). Only 7% of respondents recommend observation for stage IS seminoma and 45% administer adjuvant RT in patients with elevated pre-orchiectomy alpha-fetal protein levels. Conclusions: Many US ROs over-estimate the likelihood that stage I testicular seminoma patients will be noncompliant with surveillance and incorrectly believe that overall survival is jeopardized if disease recurs on surveillance. Observation is quickly dismissed for patients who are not deemed to be compliant with observation, and is generally not accepted for patients with stage IS disease. There is clearly an opportunity for improved physician education on evidence-based management of stage I testicular seminoma.

The value of testicular ultrasound in the prediction of the type and size of testicular tumors

ABSTRACTObjectives:Ultrasound (US) is often used for the work-up of testicular pathology. The findings may implicate on its management. However, there is only scant data on the correlation between US findings and testicular tumor type and size. Herein, we report on a multicenter study, analyzing these correlations.Methods:The study included patients who underwent orchiectomy between 2000 and 2010. Their charts were reviewed for US echogeneity, lesion size, pathological dimensions, histology, and the presence of calcifications, fibrosis, necrosis and/or intraepithelial neoplasia. The incidence of these parameters in benign versus malignant lesions and seminomatous germ cell tumors (SGCT) versus nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT) was statistically compared.Results:Eighty five patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria, 71 malignant (43 SGCT, 28 NSGCT) and 14 benign. Sonographic lesions were at least 20% smaller than the pathologically determined dimensions in 21 (25%) patients. The ability of US in estimating the size of malignant tumors was 71%, compared to 100% of benign tumors (p=0.03), with no significant difference between SGCT and NSGCT. Necrosis was more frequent in malignant tumors (p=0.03); hypoechogeneity and fibrosis were more frequent in SGCT than in NSGCT (p=0.002 and 0.04 respectively).Conclusions:Testis US of malignant lesions underestimates the size in 25% of the cases, a fact that may impact on the decision of testicular sparing surgery. The ultrasonic lesions were eventually proven to be benign in 16% of the cases. Therefore it is advised to apply frozen sections in borderline cases. Hypoechogeneity is more frequent in SGCT than NSGCT.

Stage IIA and IIB testicular seminoma treated post-orchiectomy with radiation therapy versus other approaches: a population-based analysis of 241 patients

Objectives To evaluate post-orchiectomy utilization of radiation therapy (RT) versus other management approaches in stage IIA and IIB testicular seminoma patients. Materials and Methods Two hundred and forty-one patients with stage IIA and IIB testicular seminoma were identified between 1988 and 2003 using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Results Median follow-up was 10 years. Patients with stage IIA disease underwent RT more frequently than those with stage IIB disease (72% vs. 46%, respectively; P<0.001). There was no significant change in RT utilization for stage IIA or IIB disease between 1988 and 2003 (P = 0.89). Conclusions Between 1988 and 2003, stage IIA patients underwent RT more often than stage IIB patients in the United States. There was no significant change in RT utilization for stage IIA or IIB disease during this time period. Based on reports describing excellent progression-free survival with cisplatin-based chemotherapy, this approach has increased in popularity since 2003 and may eventually become the most popular treatment approach for both stage IIA and IIB testicular seminoma. .

Human testis-expressed sequence 101 is limitedly distributed in germinal epithelium of testis and disappears in seminoma

BACKGROUND: Testis-expressed sequence 101 (TEX101) was found to be highly expressed in testis and involved in acrosome reaction in previous studies. Recently, the metastasis suppressor function of TEX101 in cancer was disclosed, but the comprehensive investigation of its expression has rarely been reported. In this study, the expression features of TEX101 in normal human organs and seminoma were systematically analyzed. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry demonstrated intense staining of TEX101 in human testis tissues; however, its expression in 27 other types of normal human organs, including the ovary, was negligible. Higher expression of TEX101 was observed in the spermatocytes and spermatids of the testis, but relatively lower staining was detected in spermatogonia. Western blotting showed a single TEX101 band of 38 kDa in human testis, but it did not correspond to the predicted molecular weight of its mature form at 21 KDa. Furthermore, we examined seminoma tissues by immunohistochemistry and found that none of the 36 samples expressed TEX101. CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirmed TEX101 to be a testis protein that could be related to the maturation process of male germ cells. The lack of TEX101 in seminoma indicated its potential role in tumor progression. This characteristic expression of TEX101 could provide a valuable reference for understanding its biological functions.

Cáncer de testículo seminoma estadio II controversias en la estadificación / Testicle cancer seminoma stage II controversies in his stratification

Nuestro objetivo es cuestionar la definiciónde los estadios II A - II B - II C en pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer de testículo (seminoma clásico). La evaluación de los ganglios linfáticos retroperitoneales se realiza con una TAC de abdomen y pelvis, siendo este un aspecto importante de la estadificación clínica y la planificación del tratamiento de cáncer de testículo. El seminoma en estadio II se divide en enfermedad voluminosa (ganglios lumbo-aórticos mayor de 5 cm: II C) y no voluminosa (ganglios lumbo-aórticos menor de 5 cm: II AIIB). Estas definiciones de cm son variables, para algunos autores consideran el eje más largo, y para otros, es el eje que corresponde al diámetro transversal de los ganglios comprometidos. El tratamiento estándar va a depender del tamaño de las adenopatías. Se efectúa una revisión de la estadificación del cáncer de testículo. El N no debería definirse en función del largo del eje mayor de los ganglios retroperitoneales, debería efectuarse por el volumen de los mismos. El volumen de las adenopatías puede definirse en forma precisa utilizando una TAC, las imágenes obtenidas se introducen en un sistema de planificación 3 D, se definen los ganglios retroperitoneales (contornean o dibujan) y luego se puede establecer conexactitud del volumen de las misma

The aim of this paper is to question the definition for phases II A- II B- II C, en patients with testicular cancer (classic seminoma) diagnosis. The evaluation of retroperitoneal lymphatic glands is performed with an abdomen and pelvis CAT, which represents an important study in the stage clinical staging and in the planning for the treatment of the testicular cancer. The phase II seminoma is divided into bulky disease (lumbo-aortic glands bigger than 5 cm: II C) and non bulky disease (lumbo-aortic glands smaller than 5 cm: II A-II B). These sizes are variable as some authors take into account the longest axis while for others the axis to take into account is that corresponding to the transversal diameter of the affected glands. The standard treatment will depend on the lymphatic node size. A revision of the testicular cancer phases is carried out. Is the following N, should not be defined according to the retroperitoneal glands and the biggest axis length, but according to their volume. The lymphatic nodes volume can be precisely and defined through the use of CAT, where they obtained images are loaded into a 3D planning system, the retroperitoneal glands are defined (outlined or drawn) and afterwards the volume can be exactly defined for us

Spermatocytic seminoma associated with undifferentiated sarcoma: A rare case report.

The presence of sarcomatous element transforms the usually innocuous spermatocytic seminoma into a highly aggressive neoplasm. We report a case of spermatocytic seminoma with undifferentiated sarcomatous component in a 43-year-old male, presented with testicular mass since two and a half years. Orchidectomy was performed and after 9 months, the patient presented with recurrent scrotal mass with bilateral pulmonary metastases.

Radiotherapy for stage I seminoma of the testis.

Background : After orchiectomy in stage I seminoma the standard is adjuvant radiation therapy. We analyzed the patients retrospectively to evaluate the contributions of the treatment volume and dosage to treatment outcomes. Materials and Methods : Between January 1999 and December 2005, 91 stage I seminoma patients with a median age 36 (range;22-62) applied to our center, who were treated using anterior-posterior parallel opposed fields with linear accelerator or Co60 after orchiectomy. Twenty-five (27.5%) patients received irradiation to the paraaortic and ipsilateral pelvic nodes, and 66 (62.5%) patients only received to paraaortic nodes. Results : With a follow up time of median 57 months (range; 27-104), paraaortic nodes treated group had 4 relapses (6%) - 3 of them pelvic, one of them both pelvic and paraaortic. Both paraaortic and ipsilateral nodes irradiated patients had only one relapse (4%) (P = 0.726). While the 5 year overall survival (OS) is 98.8%, it is 100% in the dog-leg group and 98.4% in the paraaortic group (P = 0.548). Univariate analyses of OS and Disease Free Survival (DFS) showed that there is no statistically significant difference related to factors as age, histologic subgroup, tumor size, rete testis involvement, radiotherapy (RT) fields, dose ranges and the therapy device. Conclusion : Adjuvant RT approach is the preferred for non-compliant low risk patients as well as intermediate and high risk patient in stage I seminoma. 20 Gy/ 10 fractions/ 2 weeks RT is the adequate treatment.

Metástasis inguinal por cáncer testicular: a propósito de un caso / Inguinal metastasis secondary to testicular cancer

La metástasis inguinal ganglionar por cáncer testicular es rara, sobre todo en pacientes con tumor tipo seminoma y sin antecedentes de cirugía en la región inguinal o escroto. Presentamos un caso de un paciente de 48 años con diagnóstico de seminoma testicular izquierdo etapa IIa, tratado con 4ciclos de quimioterapia, que desarrollo una recidiva inguinal 4 meses después del tratamiento primario, sin evidencia de enfermedad retroperitoneal a distancia. Realizamos una revisión de la literature respecto del tema.

The inguinal metastasis from testicular cancer is rare, especially in patients with no history of previous surgery in the inguinal zone. We present a case of 28 years old man, with seminoma testicular cancer, stage II, in whom secondary to the 4th chemotherapy cycle, evolve with an inguinal metastasis, four months after the primary treatment, without evidence of disease in other localitation.

Reacción sarcoidal mediastinal en el seguimiento de un paciente con seminoma / Mediastinal sarcoidal reaction in follow up for seminoma

El cáncer de células germinales de testículo es el modelo de neoplasia curable. Las complicaciones a largo plazo son bien conocidas y el seguimiento incluye la pesquisa no sólo de la recaída, sino también de la aparición de segundos tumores y secuelas del tratamiento empleado. Un aumento de la incidencia de lesiones con granulomas tipo sarcoidosis se ha descripto en las últimas dos décadas en pacientes curados quienes en el seguimiento se presentan con nódulos pulmonares o adenopatías mediastinales.Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de 28 años quien durante el seguimiento clínico por un tumor seminomatoso, muestra en la tomografía axial computada y radiografía de tórax la presencia de adenopatías en mediastino, sin evidencia de enfermedad en abdomen y pelvis, el otro testículo normal y marcadores negativos.Ante esta peculiar situación, se realiza mediastinoscopia diagnosticándose reacción sarcoidal en ganglio mediastinal. Durante el seguimiento de pacientes con tumores germinales de testículo la presencia de adenopatías mediastinales exige contar con el diagnóstico histológico y tener en cuenta a la sarcoidosis en el diagnóstico diferencial

Testicular germ cell tumors constitute a model for curable neoplasia. Long-term complications are well-known and follow-up includes not only awareness of relapse, but also of the development of secondary tumors and treatment sequelae. In the last two decades, an increase in sarcoidosis incidence has been described in cured patients, who at follow-up present lung nodules or mediastinal lymph nodes. A 28 year-old patient who, on clinical follow up of a seminomatous tumor, presented mediastinal lymph nodes on CT scan and chest x-ray, without evidence of disease in pelvis or abdomen is presented. His other testicle was normal and he had negative tumor markers. Because of this rare presentation, a mediastinoscopy was performed and sarcoidosis like reaction was diagnosed. During follow-up of patients with testicular germ cell tumors, the presence of mediastinal lymph nodes requires a histological diagnosis and sarcoidosis should be considered as differential diagnosis

Persistencia de derivados del ducto mülleriano en un paciente masculino con tumor de células germinales: reporte de un caso / Derivateds persistence of the müllerian ducts in a mole patient with germinals: report of a case

Presentamos un caso de un paciente masculino con diagnóstico casual de persistencia de derivados del ducto mülleriano acompañado de un tumor de células germinales; patologías ocacionadas por desordenes hormonales durante la ginecomastía en el diagnóstico de estas patologías

Evaluación del potencial fértil en pacientes operados de cáncer testicular unilateral / Fertility assessment in unilateral testis cancer operated patients

Debido a la importancia del tema de la fertilidad en hombres portadores de cáncer testicular gracias a las elevadas tasas de curación de esta patología y a la conservación de la eyaculación anterógradas, decidimos reevaluar el potencial de fertilidad de estos pacientes en nuestra población. El 90 por ciento muestra hallazgos compatibles con potencial fértil conservada en las muestras de testículo contralateral. Se discute la trascendencia y posibles explicaciones a esta situación

Citopatología por aspiración transtorácica con aguja delgada. Experiencia en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología / Citopathology by transthoracic aspiration with fine needle. experience in the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología

La biopsia por aspiración transtorácica es un método diagnóstico de gran utilidad, altamente sensible y específico cuando se siguen todos los lineamientos metodológicos para le manejo e interpretación del material. En el presente estudio se revisaron un total de 92 biopsias por aspiración transtorácicas efectuada en un periodo de cinco años. El objetivo fue establecer la sensibilidad y especificidad del método, para promover su utilización. Al establecer la correlación citohistológica se encontró una sensibilidad y especificidad del 100 por ciento para biopsia por aspiración de pulmón. Sin embargo, la calidad del material obligó a desechar más del 40 por ciento de los casos, lo que indica la necesidad apremiante de mejorar el método de aspiración y obtener material citológicamente representativo que nos permita emitir un diagnóstico de certeza mediante un método prácticamente inocuo

Valoración de alfa fetoproteína y gonadotropina coriónica en el diagnóstico de 290 tumores germinales testiculares / Evaluation of alpha-fetoprotein and chorionic-gonadotropin in the diagnosis of 290 testicular germinal tumors

Desde el punto de vista terapéutico y pronóstico, los tumores germinales de testículo se dividen en seminoma puro y no seminoma. El diagnóstico definitivo toma en cuenta la histología, la presentación clínica, y los niveles séricos de alfa fetoproteína (AFP) y fracción beta de gonadotropina coriónica humana (HGC). Objetivo: Correlacionar los valores de AFP y HGC con la variedad histológica y etapa clínica para determinar si cambia el diagnóstico final del tumor. Material y métodos: Se tomó suero en la valoración inicial de 290 pacientes con tumores germinales testiculares determinando niveles de AFP y HGC (ELISA, Quantum II de Abbott). Se revisaron los expedientes para conocer estirpe histológica y estadio clínico. Se consideraron seminomas los tumores con histología de seminoma puro sin elevación de AFP y HGC menor de 500 mUI/ml; los tumores germinales no seminomatosos de testículo (TGNST) presentaron histología de no seminoma o de seminoma con elevación de AFP o HGC mayor de 500 mUI/ml. Resultados: Histológicamente se encontraron 120 seminomas puros y 170 TG-NST. Se reclasificó a 13 casos de seminomas como TGNST ya que 10 presentaron elevación de AFP (tres AFP únicamente y siete AFP más HGC) y tres casos tuvieron elevación de HGC > 500 mUI/ml. La distribución final fue de 107 seminomas y 83 seminomas. Conclusiones: Al analizar los niveles séricos de AFP y HGC con la histopatología se obtiene el diagnóstico definitivo de la estirpe tumoral testicular mejorando la selección del tratamiento