Sepsis neonatal precoz: recomendaciones para su abordaje en la práctica clínica / Early neonatal sepsis: recommendations for approach in clinical practice / Sepse neonatal precoce: recomendações para sua abordagem na prática clínica

La sepsis neonatal precoz se define como la que se manifiesta en las primeras 72 horas de vida. Es una importante causa de morbilidad y mortalidad neonatal. Su incidencia es inversamente proporcional a la edad gestacional. Los microorganismos considerados como frecuentes son Streptoccocus del grupo B, Escherichia coli y Listeria monocytogenes. El diagnóstico de sepsis precoz se basa principalmente en la presencia de factores de riesgo como la corioamnionitis y la edad gestacional. Los signos clínicos son inespecíficos y los exámenes paraclínicos disponibles actualmente, como los reactantes de fase aguda (proteína C reactiva y procalcitonia) tienen escaso valor predictivo positivo. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de las últimas publicaciones disponibles sobre sepsis neonatal precoz en recién nacidos, en cuanto a su sospecha, confirmación diagnóstica y tratamiento. A partir de las últimas publicaciones se confeccionó una guía para el manejo clínico de los recién nacidos con sospecha de sepsis precoz.

Early neonatal sepsis is defined as that type of sepsis with an onset within the first 72 hours of life and that is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Its incidence is inversely proportional to its gestational age. Frequent microorganisms are group B Streptococcus, Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. Early sepsis diagnosis is mainly based on the presence of risk factors such as chorioamnionitis and gestational age. Clinical signs are non-specific and currently available paraclinical tests such as acute phase reactants (C-reactive protein and procalcitonin) have little positive predictive value. A bibliographic review of the suspicion, diagnostic confirmation and treatment on Early Neonatal Sepsis in newborns in the latest papers and guidelines were prepared for the clinical treatment of newborns with suspected early sepsis.

A sepse neonatal precoce é definida como aquela que se manifesta nas primeiras 72 horas de vida e que é uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade neonatal. Sua incidência é inversamente proporcional à idade gestacional. Os microrganismos considerados frequentes são o Streptococcus grupo B, Escherichia coli e Listeria monocytogenes. O diagnóstico de sepse precoce baseia-se principalmente na presença de fatores de risco como a coioamnionite e a idade gestacional. Os sinais clínicos são inespecíficos e os testes para-clínicos atualmente disponíveis, como reagentes de fase aguda (proteína C-reativa e procalcitonia) têm pouco valor preditivo positivo. Fizemos uma revisão bibliográfica das últimas publicações disponíveis sobre sepse neonatal precoce em recém-nascidos em termos de suspeita e confirmação diagnóstica e tratamento. Com base nas últimas publicações, elaboramos um guia para o manejo clínico de recém-nascidos com suspeita de sepse precoce.

Serum levels of vancomycin: is there a prediction using doses in mg/kg/day or m2/day for neonates?

Abstract Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus has been identified as the main nosocomial agent of neonatal late-onset sepsis. However, based on the pharmacokinetics and erratic distribution of vancomycin, recommended empirical dose is not ideal, due to the inappropriate serum levels that have been measured in neonates. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum levels of vancomycin used in newborns and compare the prediction of adequate serum levels based on doses calculated according to mg/kg/day and m2/day. This is an observational reprospective cohort at a referral neonatal unit, from 2011 to 2013. Newborns treated with vancomycin for the first episode of late-onset sepsis were included. Total dose in mg/kg/day, dose/m2/day, age, weight, body surface and gestational age were identified as independent variables. For predictive analysis of adequate serum levels, multiple linear regressions were performed. The Receiver Operating Characteristic curve for proper serum vancomycin levels was also obtained. A total of 98 patients received 169 serum dosages of the drug, 41 (24.3%) of the doses had serum levels that were defined as appropriate. Doses prescribed in mg/kg/day and dose/m2/day predicted serum levels in only 9% and 4% of cases, respectively. Statistical significance was observed with higher doses when the serum levels were considered as appropriate (p < 0.001). A dose of 27 mg/kg/day had a sensitivity of 82.9% to achieve correct serum levels of vancomycin. Although vancomycin has erratic serum levels and empirical doses cannot properly predict the target levels, highest doses in mg/kg/day were associated with adequate serum levels.