Muerte en manicomio: Un estudio de caso exploratorio de historias clínicas de mujeres fallecidas en el Asilo de Lomas -actual Hospital Interzonal J. A Esteves- entre los años 1957 y 1971 / Death in the asylum: an exploratory case study of medical records of women who died on Asylum of Lomas-current Hospital Interzonal J. A Esteves-between the years 1957 and 1971

Esta tesis busca promover una mirada crítica acerca de los procesos de internación y muerte en los espacios manicomiales y sobre las tensiones en la implementación de las políticas públicas en salud mental. Consiste en un estudio de casos que tiene el objetivo de describir y caracterizar las particularidades que adquieren los recorridos de internación de las mujeres fallecidas en el período 1957-1971 en el Asilo de Lomas, actual Hospital Interzonal J. A. Esteves. La selección de dicho período obedece a que en esos quince años falleció la mitad de las personas fallecidas allí en todo el siglo (2088). El análisis se realizó a partir de historias clínicas (HC) y entrevistas a informantes clave. Asimismo se efectuó un relevamiento bibliográfico y se construyó una base de datos con 372 HC a partir de la cual se elaboró un perfil socioepidemiológico de las mujeres fallecidas. Se reconstruyeron ocho recorridos de internación y se los puso en relación con la historia del hospital, las discusiones en salud mental, las políticas en salud mental y el contexto económico político de la época en nuestro país. Este trabajo se enmarca dentro de la corriente de pensamiento de la Medicina Social Latinoamericana que estudia los procesos salud-enfermedad atención (PSEA) desde una articulación jerarquizada entre los niveles singular, institucional y económico político (Stolkiner, 1994; Castellanos, 1990). Como resultado se destaca la cantidad de registros de procedimientos clínicos que sugieren condiciones de higiene y cuidado clínico deficientes. Estos descuidos fueron analizados desde las categorías conceptuales de manicomio (Basaglia, 1972), estigma (Goffman, 2001) nuda vida (Agamben, 2013), lo cruel y tercero de apelación (Ulloa, 1995). Entre las reflexiones finales se prefigura la relación entre fallecimientos en manicomios y procesos de ajuste económico, crisis institucional, condiciones de trabajo y modificaciones en los recorridos de internación. (AU)

Establishment and Activity of PoKuNyoKwan / 의사학

PoKuNyoKwan was established in 1887 by Meta Howard, a female doctor who was dispatched from Woman's Foreign Missionary Society, an evangelical branch affiliated with U.S. North Methodist Church. PoKuNyoKwan was equipped with dispensaries, waiting rooms, pharmacies, warehouses, operating rooms, and wards for about 30 patients. It used a traditional Korean house, which was renovated for its medical purpose, in Ewha Haktang. Residing in Chung Dong, the medical institution had taken care of women's mental and physical health for about 25 years, until it was merged with East Gate Lillian Harris Memorial Hospital in 1912, and then its dispensary function was abolished in 1913. Medical missionaries(Meta Howard, Rosetta Sherwood, Mary M. Cutler, Emma Ernsberger, Esther K. Pak, Amanda F. Hillman) and nurse missionaries(Ella Lewis, Margaret J. Edmunds, Alta I. Morrison, Naomi A. Anderson), who were professionally trained in the United States, and their helpers, who were trained by those missionaries, managed PoKuNyoKwan. Nurses who were educated in Nurses' Training School, which was also established by PoKuNyoKwan, helped to run the institution as well. At the beginning, they usually had worked as a team of one medical missionary and three helpers. Since its establishment in 1903, however, the helpers began to enter the Nurses' Training School to become professional nurses, and the helpers eventually faded out because of the proliferation of those nurses. PoKuNyoKwan did not only offer medical services but also executed educational and evangelical activities. Medical missionaries struggled to overcome Koreans' ignorance and prejudice against westerners and western medical services, while they took care of their patients at office, for calls, and in hospital dispensaries. Enlightening the public by criticizing Korean traditional medical treatments including fork remedies, acupuncture, and superstitions, they helped modernization of medical systems in Korea. In the area of education, Rosetta Sherwood taught helpers basic medical science to make them regular medical staff members, and Margaret J. Edmunds established the Nurses' Training School in PoKuNyoKwan for the first time in Korea. The nurses who graduated from the school worked at PoKuNyoKwan and some other medical institutions. Evangelical activities included Bible study in the waiting rooms of PoKuNyoKwan and prayer meeting on Sunday for those who were treated in PoKuNyoKwan. The institution in the end worked as a spot for spreading Christianity in Korea. As the first women's hospital, PoKuNyoKwan attempted to educate female doctors. Eventually, it played a role as a cradle to produce Esther K. Pak, who was the first female doctor in Korea. The hospital also ran the first nurse training center. It was, in a real sense, the foundational institution to raise professional practitioner undertaking medical services in Korea. Therefore, it is reasonable to say that PoKuNyoKwan provided sound basis for the development of modern medical services for women in Korea.

Estudos de gênero e saúde coletiva: teoria e prática / Study genus and colletive health: theoric and practice

Este artigo analisa a prática educativa e o desenvolvimento da teoria e epistemologia feministas, relacionados com o movimento de mulheres. Nos estudos de gênero, o corpo foi identificado como âncora conceitual da definiçäo sociocientífica da mulher, assim como a repressäo da sexualidade feminina foi revelada como ponto nevrálgico do controle social mais amplo exercitado sobre as mulheres. Este referencial corpo/gênero/poder levou à percepçäo da importância das dicotomias organizativas da ciência, e do fato destas dicotomias também expressarem/criarem idéias poderosas sobre homens (sujeito da ciência, expressäo da cultura através da razäo e da mente) e mulheres (objeto da ciência, expressäo da natureza através do corpo e da emoçäo). A construçäo do conceito de gênero evidencia, cientificamente e socialmente, a rejeiçäo do destino biológico anunciado pelo discurso dominante, na medida em que expressa e simboliza a prática científica das mulheres, e sua inserçäo como sujeitos científicos engajadas na construçäo de uma ciência de sucessäo. Por outro lado, é constatado que as mulheres desconhecem seus corpos, enquanto o sistema médico é identificado como detentor do saber legitimado e do poder sobre o corpo. Experiências educativas alternativas, baseadas na metodologia dos grupos de reflexäo do movimento, e que almejam o fortalecimento da mulher como sujeito da sua saúde, säo recuperadas no âmbito do Programa de Assistência Integral à Saúde da Mulher (PAISAM)

Política de atençäo à saúde da mulher no Brasil: historicamente a quem se destina? / Women's health politics on the Brazil: historically who to go?

Este estudo apresenta breve análise sobre a política de atençäo à saúde da mulher no Brasil numa perspectiva histórica, desde a época escravocata, incluindo a condiçäo dos serviços de saúde. Enfoca a participaçäo de empresas estrangeiras no controle da populaçäo brasileira, através das mulheres e a importância do movimento feminista na implantaçäo do PAISM