Effect of intradermal needling combined with oral motor therapy for salivation in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the effect of combination of intradermal needling with oral motor therapy and simple oral motor therapy on salivation in children with cerebral palsy.@*METHODS@#A total of 60 children with salivation in cerebral palsy were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 30 cases in each group. The observation group was treated with intradermal needling (kept for 24 hours each time at Jiache [ST 6], Dicang [ST 4], tongue three needles, etc. ) and oral motor therapy, while the control group was only given oral motor therapy. The intradermal needling was performed 3 times a week, and oral motor therapy was performed 5 times a week, 4 weeks as a course, totally 3 courses of treatment were required. The classification of teacher drooling scale (TDS), drooling severity and Kubota water swallow test, dysphagia disorders survey (DDS) score were compared before treatment and after 4, 8 and 12 weeks of treatment in both groups, and the clinical efficacy was evaluated.@*RESULTS@#After 8 weeks of treatment in the observation group and after 12 weeks of treatment in the two groups, the classification of TDS and drooling severity were improved (P<0.05), and the observation group was better than the control group after 12 weeks of treatment (P<0.05). After 8 and 12 weeks of treatment, the DDS scores of oral period in the observation group were lower than those before treatment (P<0.05). The total effective rate in the observation group was 83.3% (25/30), which was higher than 53.3% (16/30) in the control group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The combination of intradermal needling with oral motor therapy can improve salivation symptoms and swallowing function in children with cerebral palsy, the effect is better than oral motor therapy alone, and the effect is earlier.

Sialorrhea in children with cerebral palsy / Sialorreia em crianças com paralisia cerebral

Abstract Objective: To review the literature on sialorrhea in children with cerebral palsy. Source of data: Non-systematic review using the keywords "sialorrhea" and "child" carried out in the PubMed®, LILACS®, and SciELO® databases during July 2015. A total of 458 articles were obtained, of which 158 were analyzed as they were associated with sialorrhea in children; 70 had content related to sialorrhea in cerebral palsy or the assessment and treatment of sialorrhea in other neurological disorders, which were also assessed. Data synthesis: The prevalence of sialorrhea is between 10% and 58% in cerebral palsy and has clinical and social consequences. It is caused by oral motor dysfunction, dysphagia, and intraoral sensitivity disorder. The severity and impact of sialorrhea are assessed through objective or subjective methods. Several types of therapeutic management are described: training of sensory awareness and oral motor skills, drug therapy, botulinum toxin injection, and surgical treatment. Conclusions: The most effective treatment that addresses the cause of sialorrhea in children with cerebral palsy is training of sensory awareness and oral motor skills, performed by a speech therapist. Botulinum toxin injection and the use of anticholinergics have a transient effect and are adjuvant to speech therapy; they should be considered in cases of moderate to severe sialorrhea or respiratory complications. Atropine sulfate is inexpensive and appears to have good clinical response combined with good safety profile. The use of trihexyphenidyl for the treatment of sialorrhea can be considered in dyskinetic forms of cerebral palsy or in selected cases.

Resumo Objetivo: Revisar a literatura referente à sialorreia em crianças com paralisia cerebral. Fonte de dados: Revisão não sistemática com as palavras-chave "sialorreia"; e "criança" feita nas bases de dados Pubmed®, Lilacs® e Scielo® em julho de 2015. Foram recuperados 458 artigos, 158 foram analisados por terem relação com sialorreia em crianças, foram aproveitados 70 com conteúdo relativo à sialorreia na paralisia cerebral ou à avaliação e ao tratamento da sialorreia em outros distúrbios neurológicos. Síntese dos dados: A sialorreia tem prevalência entre 10% e 58% na paralisia cerebral e implica consequências clínicas e sociais. É causada por disfunção motora oral, disfagia e distúrbio da sensibilidade intraoral. A gravidade e o impacto da sialorreia são avaliados por meio de métodos objetivos ou subjetivos. Estão descritas diversas formas de manejo terapêutico: treino para consciência sensorial e habilidades motoras orais, terapia farmacológica, injeção de toxina botulínica e tratamento cirúrgico. Conclusões: O tratamento mais eficaz e que aborda a causa da sialorreia nas crianças com paralisia cerebral é o treino para consciência sensorial e habilidades motoras orais, feito por um fonoaudiólogo. Injeção de toxina botulínica e o uso de anticolinérgicos têm efeito transitório e são auxiliares ao tratamento fonoaudiológico ou devem ser considerados nos casos de sialorreia moderada a grave ou com complicações respiratórias. O sulfato de atropina tem baixo custo e parece ter boa resposta clínica com bom perfil de segurança. O uso de triexifenidil para o tratamento da sialorreia pode ser considerado nas formas discinéticas de paralisia cerebral ou em casos selecionados.

Aplicaciones de la toxina botulínica en glándulas salivales / Application of botulinum toxin in salivary glands

Botulinum toxin is a neuromodulator produced by Clostridium botulinum, a gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium responsible for botulism. The clinical utility of botulinum toxin initially became evident in the treatment of strabismus. Subsequently, botulinum toxin has been used for a variety of other medical conditions such as muscular hyperactivity, including blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, and cervical dystonia. In addition to its well-known applications, within the properties of botulinum toxin are those that make possible the treatment of various diseases affecting salivary glands and oral cavity. Recently there has been an important development in research and finding new applications in otolaryngology. Recent studies have demonstrated the advantages of botulinum toxin injected into the salivary glands of patients who present drooling, reducing the salivary flow and improving their quality of life. In the same way it has proven to be effective as a treatment of sialocele in patients with parotid gland surgery. In parotid and pharyngocutaneous fistula it has proven effective in reducing the salivary flow, facilitating the closure of the defect. Moreover, in patients with Frey’s syndrome it has been effective reducing symptoms and improving quality of life. It has also been histologically demonstrated its protective effect on the glandular damage in patients undergoing radiotherapy.

O uso da bandagem elástica Kinesio no controle da sialorréia em crianças com paralisia cerebral / The use of the Kinesio taping method in the control of sialorrhea in children with cerebral palsy

Objetivo: Verificar a eficiência da bandagem elástica Kinesio no controle de deglutição de saliva em crianças com paralisia cerebral. Material e Método: A pesquisa foi realizada no Setor Escolar da Associação de Assistência à Criança Deficiente (AACD). Participaram 42 crianças com idades entre 4 e 15 anos (média = 8 anos e 9 meses), de ambos os sexos, com diagnóstico de paralisia cerebral e queixa de sialorréia. Foi realizado um checklist com os pais da criança com perguntas referentes a sialorréia e posteriormente realizadas duas escalas para pontuação da freqüência e da gravidade dessa. Foram realizadas oito aplicações da Kinesio Tape na musculatura supra-hióidea e então, o checklist e as escalas foram reaplicados. Resultados: Verificou-se que houve redução estatisticamente significante nos parâmetros utilizados para verificação da sialorréia, sendo eles: número de toalhas utilizadas por dia para secar a baba, pontuação na escala de freqüência e pontuação na escala de gravidade da sialorréia. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o método Kinesio Taping é eficaz na melhora do controle de deglutição de saliva em crianças com Paralisia Cerebral.

Objective: To verify the effectiveness of the Kinesio taping method in the control of saliva deglutition in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Material and Methods: The study was carried out in the School Division of Associacao de Assistencia a Crianca Deficiente (The Disabled Child Assistance Association - AACD). A total of 42 children aged 4 to 15 years (mean 8 years and 9 months), of both sexes, with a diagnosis of cerebral palsy and complaint of sialorrhea were studied. A check list was employed with the children?s parents, which included questions on sialorrhea and subsequently, two scales were used to score the frequency and severity of the condition. The Kinesio taping method was applied eight times on the suprahyoid muscles and the checklist and scales were re-applied. Results: There was a statistically significant decrease in the parameters used to assess the sialorrhea, among them: the number of towels used to wipe the saliva, frequency scale scores and severity scale scores. Conclusion: We conclude the Kinesio taping method is effective in improving the control of saliva deglutition in children with CP.

Toxina botulínica no tratamento da sialorréia na doença de Parkinson e parkinsonismo / Botulinum toxin in the treatment of sialorrhea in the Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism

Sialorréia é uma queixa frequente entre pacientes com síndrome parkinsoniana, favorecendo o aparecimento de aspirações brônquicas e interferindo na inteligibilidade da fala e na higienização oral. Embora o uso de drogas anticolinérgicas ou mais raramente cirurgia de desnervação ou excisão glandular reduzam a secreção salivar, também produzem efeitos colaterais significativos. Desde 1997, a toxina botulínica passou a ser descrita como um método eficaz e seguro para o tratamento da sialorréia em pacientes adultos com enfermidades neurológicas. Com o objetivo de avaliar aas evidências sobre a eficácia e segurança da toxina botulínica no tatamento da sialorréia em pacientes com parkinsonismo, realizamos uma revisão sistemática dos ensaios publicados na literatura sobre o tema. Os sete artigos que preencheram os critérios de inclusão diferem quanto às doses utilizadas, métodos de avaliação e dados publicados, o que impossibilitou a comparação dos resulatdos em uma meta-análise. No entanto, há dois estudos controlados que demonstram melhora significativa da sialorréia em relação ao placebo, e todos os autores foram unânimes em considerar o uso da toxina bolutínica eficaz e seguro no tratamento da sialorréia de pacientes com parkinsonismo.