Impact assessment of an automated drug-dispensing system in a tertiary hospital

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the costs and patient safety of a pilot implementation of an automated dispensing cabinet in a critical care unit of a private tertiary hospital in São Paulo/Brazil. METHODS: This study considered pre- (January-August 2013) and post- (October 2013-October 2014) intervention periods. We considered the time and cost of personnel, number of adverse events, audit adjustments to patient bills, and urgent requests and returns of medications to the central pharmacy. Costs were evaluated based on a 5-year analytical horizon and are reported in Brazilian Reals (R$) and US dollars (USD). RESULTS: The observed decrease in the mean number of events reported with regard to the automated drug-dispensing system between pre- and post-implementation periods was not significant. Importantly, the numbers are small, which limits the power of the mean comparative analysis between the two periods. A reduction in work time was observed among the nurses and administrative assistants, whereas pharmacist assistants showed an increased work load that resulted in an overall 6.5 hours of work saved/day and a reduction of R$ 33,598 (USD 14,444) during the first year. The initial investment (R$ 206,065; USD 88,592) would have been paid off in 5 years considering only personnel savings. Other findings included significant reductions of audit adjustments to patient hospital bills and urgent requests and returns of medications to the central pharmacy. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence of the positive impact of this technology on personnel time and costs and on other outcomes of interest is important for decision making by health managers.

Medication Error Management Climate and Perception for System Use according to Construction of Medication Error Prevention System

PURPOSE: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine current status of IT-based medication error prevention system construction and the relationships among system construction, medication error management climate and perception for system use. METHODS: The participants were 124 patient safety chief managers working for 124 hospitals with over 300 beds in Korea. The characteristics of the participants, construction status and perception of systems (electric pharmacopoeia, electric drug dosage calculation system, computer-based patient safety reporting and bar-code system) and medication error management climate were measured in this study. The data were collected between June and August 2011. Descriptive statistics, partial Pearson correlation and MANCOVA were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Electric pharmacopoeia were constructed in 67.7% of participating hospitals, computer-based patient safety reporting systems were constructed in 50.8%, electric drug dosage calculation systems were in use in 32.3%. Bar-code systems showed up the lowest construction rate at 16.1% of Korean hospitals. Higher rates of construction of IT-based medication error prevention systems resulted in greater safety and a more positive error management climate prevailed. CONCLUSION: The supportive strategies for improving perception for use of IT-based systems would add to system construction, and positive error management climate would be more easily promoted.

Concomitant prescribing and dispensing errors at a Brazilian hospital: a descriptive study

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence and types of prescribing and dispensing errors occurring with high-alert medications and to propose preventive measures to avoid errors with these medications. INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of adverse events in health care has increased, and medication errors are probably the most common cause of these events. Pediatric patients are known to be a high-risk group and are an important target in medication error prevention. METHODS: Observers collected data on prescribing and dispensing errors occurring with high-alert medications for pediatric inpatients in a university hospital. In addition to classifying the types of error that occurred, we identified cases of concomitant prescribing and dispensing errors. RESULTS: One or more prescribing errors, totaling 1,632 errors, were found in 632 (89.6 percent) of the 705 high-alert medications that were prescribed and dispensed. We also identified at least one dispensing error in each high-alert medication dispensed, totaling 1,707 errors. Among these dispensing errors, 723 (42.4 percent) content errors occurred concomitantly with the prescribing errors. A subset of dispensing errors may have occurred because of poor prescription quality. The observed concomitancy should be examined carefully because improvements in the prescribing process could potentially prevent these problems. CONCLUSION: The system of drug prescribing and dispensing at the hospital investigated in this study should be improved by incorporating the best practices of medication safety and preventing medication errors. High-alert medications may be used as triggers for improving the safety of the drug-utilization system.

Prescription errors in Brazilian hospitals: a multi-centre exploratory survey / Erros de prescrição em hospitais brasileiros: um estudo exploratório multicêntrico

In Brazil, millions of prescriptions do not follow the legal requirements necessary to guarantee the correct dispensing and administration of medication. This multi-centre exploratory study aimed to analyze the appropriateness of prescriptions at four Brazilian hospitals and to identify possible errors caused by inadequacies. The sample consisted of 864 prescriptions obtained at hospital medical clinics in January 2003. Data was collected by three nurse researchers during one week using a standard data sheet that included items about: the type of prescription; legibility; completeness; use of abbreviations; existence of changes and erasures. There were statistically significant differences between incomplete electronic prescriptions at hospital A, and handwritten ones from hospitals C (Ç2 = 12.703 and p < 0.001) and D (Ç2 = 14.074 and p < 0.001). Abbreviations were used in more than 80 percent of prescriptions at hospitals B, C and D. Changes were found in prescriptions at all hospitals, with higher levels at hospitals B (35.2 percent) and A (25.3 percent). This study identified a range of vulnerable points in the prescription phase of the medication system at the hospitals. Physicians, pharmacists and nurses should therefore jointly propose strategies to avoid these prescription errors.

No Brasil, milhões de prescrições não apresentam os requisitos legais necessários para garantir a correta dispensação e administração dos medicamentos. Este estudo multicêntrico exploratório objetivou analisar a adequação das prescrições em quatro hospitais brasileiros e identificar eventuais erros causados pelas inadequações. A amostra consistiu de 864 prescrições obtidas nas clínicas médicas dos hospitais em janeiro de 2003. Os dados foram coletados por três enfermeiras durante uma semana através de instrumento estruturado com variáveis sobre: tipo de prescrição; legibilidade; completude; presença de abreviações, alterações e rasuras. Houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre prescrição eletrônica no hospital A e manuscritas nos C (Ç2 = 12,703 e p < 0,001) e D (Ç2 = 14,074 e p < 0,001). Abreviações foram usadas em mais de 80 por cento das receitas nos hospitais B, C e D. Alterações foram encontradas em prescrições de todos os hospitais, com níveis mais elevados no B (35,2 por cento) e A (25,3 por cento). Este estudo identificou uma série de pontos vulneráveis na fase prescrição dos sistemas de medicação dos hospitais. Portanto, médicos, farmacêuticos e enfermeiros deverão juntos propor estratégias para evitar erros de prescrição.

Frequency, types, and potential clinical significance of medication-dispensing errors

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Many dispensing errors occur in the hospital, and these can endanger patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the rate of dispensing errors by a unit dose drug dispensing system, to categorize the most frequent types of errors, and to evaluate their potential clinical significance. METHODS: A prospective study using a direct observation method to detect medication-dispensing errors was used. From March 2007 to April 2007, "errors detected by pharmacists" and "errors detected by nurses" were recorded under six categories: unauthorized drug, incorrect form of drug, improper dose, omission, incorrect time, and deteriorated drug errors. The potential clinical significance of the "errors detected by nurses" was evaluated. RESULTS: Among the 734 filled medication cassettes, 179 errors were detected corresponding to a total of 7249 correctly fulfilled and omitted unit doses. An overall error rate of 2.5 percent was found. Errors detected by pharmacists and nurses represented 155 (86.6 percent) and 24 (13.4 percent) of the 179 errors, respectively. The most frequent types of errors were improper dose (n = 57, 31.8 percent) and omission (n = 54, 30.2 percent). Nearly 45 percent of the 24 errors detected by nurses had the potential to cause a significant (n = 7, 29.2 percent) or serious (n = 4, 16.6 percent) adverse drug event. CONCLUSIONS: Even if none of the errors reached the patients in this study, a 2.5 percent error rate indicates the need for improving the unit dose drug-dispensing system. Furthermore, it is almost certain that this study failed to detect some medication errors, further arguing for strategies to prevent their recurrence.

Estudo de utilização de medicamentos parenterais em uma unidade de internação pediátrica de um hospital universitário / Study utilization of parenteral medications in pediatric unit of universitary hospital

A administração de medicamentos parenterais tem grande importância na assistência pediátrica e no risco para aquisição de infecções hospitalares. Este estudo observacional transversal visoudescrever a utilização de medicamentos em uma unidade de internação pediátrica. Elaborou-se um instrumento de coleta de dados, as variáveis relativas à farmacoterapia foram coletadas da prescrição médica e a análise estatística descritiva foi realizada no SPSS. A amostra foi constituída de 75 pacientes pediátricos, sendo 56,0 % do sexo masculino; apresentando como predominante a faixa etária de lactentes. O tempo de internação mais frequente foi maior que 20 dias (24,0%) seguida de 6 a 10 dias (21,3%) e menos de 3 dias (17,3%). A via parenteral foi prescrita para 56 pacientes (74,7%) e 19 (25,3%) utilizaram outras vias ou não utilizaram medicamentos; sendo que a via parenteral endovenosa foi utilizada por 52 (92,9%) dos pacientes. O número de medicamentos parenterais prescritos abrangeu 47 fármacos. A média do número de medicamentos por paciente foi quatro, o que implica em exigência de maior tempo da equipe de enfermagem em atividades relacionadas à administração de medicamentos. O número elevado de medicamentos prescritos desperta preocupações em relação à segurança. O farmacêutico deve estimular a conversão da via de administração parenteral para a oral.

Parenteral drug administration has clinical relevance in pediatric care and the risk of acquire nosocomial infection. The purpose of this observational crosssectional study was to describe the utilization of parenteral drugs in a pediatric unit. A research questionnaire was created. The variables about pharmacotherapy were collect in prescriptions. The descriptive statistical analysis was performed using SPSSA total of 75 patients were admitted, 56% were male. The age range most frequently was the infants. The length of hospitalization was over 20 days (24.0%), 6 to 10 days (21.3%) and less than 3 days (17.3%). Parenteral route was used to 56 (74.7%) patients, so 19 (25.3%) used other routes or did not use medicine. Intravenous route was used to 52 (92.9%) patients. Overall, 47 different parenteral drugs were prescribed. The average of 4 drugs per patient requires more time of nursing team in activities related with drug administration. The high number of drug prescribed per patient raise concern about safety. The pharmacist should stimulate conversion from parenteralto oral administration.

Medication dispensing errors at a public pediatric hospital / Errores de despacho de medicamentos en un hospital público pediátrico / Erros de dispensação de medicamentos em um hospital público pediátrico

OBJECTIVE: assess the safety of medication dispensing processes through the dispensing error rate. METHOD: Cross-sectional study carried out at a pharmaceutical service of a pediatric hospital in Espírito Santo, Brazil. Data collection was performed between August and September 2006, totaling 2620 prescribed medication doses. Any deviation from the medical prescription in dispensing medication was considered a dispensing error. THE CATEGORIES OF MEDICATION ERRORS WERE: content, labeling, and documentation errors. The dispensing error rate was computed by dividing the number of errors by the total of dispensed doses. RESULTS: From the 300 identified errors, 262 (87.3 percent) were content errors. The rate of errors in the labeling and documentation categories was 33 (11 percent) and 5 (1.7 percent), respectively. CONCLUSION: The total dispensing error rate was higher than rates reported in international studies. The most frequent category was "content error".

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la seguridad en el despacho de medicamentos a través de la determinación de la tasa de errores de despacho. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal que evaluó 2620 dosis de medicamentos despachados entre agosto y septiembre de 2006 en un servicio de farmacia de un hospital pediátrico del Estado de Espíritu Santo, Brasil. Los errores de despacho fueron definidos como cualquier desvío ocurrido entre lo despachado y lo prescrito en la receta médica. Los errores fueron categorizados en contenido, rótulo y documentación. La tasa de error de despacho fue calculada dividiendo el número de errores total por el número total de dosis despachadas. RESULTADOS: de los 300 errores identificados, 262 (87,3 por ciento) fueron de contenido. En las categorías errores de rótulo la tasa fue de 33 (11 por ciento) y 5 (1.7 por ciento) en la de errores de documentación. CONCLUSIÓN: la tasa total de errores de despacho fue elevada cuando se compara con la descrita en estudios internacionales. La categoría de error más frecuente fue la de "error de contenido".

Avaliar a segurança na dispensação de medicamentos através da determinação da taxa de erros de dispensação constituiu o objetivo deste trabalho. O método utilizado foi o estudo transversal que avaliou 2 620 doses de medicamentos dispensados entre agosto e setembro de 2006, em um serviço de farmácia de um hospital pediátrico do Espírito Santo. Os erros de dispensação foram definidos como qualquer desvio entre o dispensado e o prescrito na receita médica. Os erros foram categorizados em conteúdo, rotulagem e documentação. A taxa de erro de dispensação foi calculada dividindo o número de erros total/total de doses dispensadas. Os resultados mostraram que, dos 300 erros identificados, 262 (87,3 por cento) foram de conteúdo. Nas categorias erros de rotulagem a taxa foi de 33 (11 por cento) e 5 (1,7 por cento) na de erros de documentação. Concluiu-se que a taxa total de erros de dispensação foi elevada quando comparada à descrita em estudos internacionais. A categoria de erro mais freqüente foi a de erro de conteúdo.

Abastecimiento de medicamentos en unidades de primer nivel de atención de la Secretaría de Salud de México / Drug supplies at Ministry of Health primary health care units in Mexico

Objetivo. Conocer la disponibilidad de algunos medicamentos esenciales (ME) en las unidades de primer nivel de atención de la Secretaría de Salud de México (SSA), a partir de una investigación realizada en 1996-1997. Material y métodos. Del universo de jurisdicciones sanitarias de los 18 estados participantes en el Programa de Ampliación de Cobertura (PAC) se construyó una muestra de manera aleatoria. Todas las unidades de primer nivel de atención ubicadas en las jurisdicciones seleccionadas fueron evaluadas mediante una inspección que utilizó una guía que contenía una lista de 36 ME. En una primera fase del análisis se calculó el número absoluto y la proporción de unidades que no contaban con un solo ejemplar de alguno de los ME de la lista. En las unidades con disponibilidad de medicamentos se calculó la mediana de la distribución. En una segunda fase se realizó la suma por separado de los 36 medicamentos y de los 10 insumos, y se obtuvieron las medias diferenciadas por tipo de centro de salud y por estado. El estadístico utilizado para la comparación fue la prueba de Scheffé mediante el análisis de varianza de una vía. Posteriormente se agruparon los medicamentos de acuerdo con sus principales tipos de indicación, y se calcularon las medias y las proporciones de medicamentos disponibles. Las diferencias de proporciones se evaluaron con el estadístico ji cuadrada. Resultados. En el momento de la inspección, las unidades visitadas contaban en promedio, con sólo 18 de los 36 medicamentos incluidos en el estudio. Los problemas de abastecimiento de antibióticos, antifímicos y antipalúdicos fueron particularmente graves. En contraste, el abasto de sales de rehidratación oral, métodos de planificación familiar y biológicos fue relativamente aceptable. En general, los estados clasificados como PAC3 presentaron las mejores cifras de abastecimiento. Conclusiones. La SSA de México, en general, y el Programa de Ampliación de Cobertura, en particular, deberán redoblar esfuerzos para acabar con cuellos de botella que impiden un abastecimiento adecuado de medicamentos esenciales en las unidades de primer nivel de atención. De otra manera, todas las demás actividades dirigidas a atender las necesidades de salud de las poblaciones más marginadas del país resultarán inútiles, ya que el acceso a los medicamentos constituye la pieza final indispensable de la enorme cadena de la atención a la salud. El texto en inglés esta disponible en: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html

Atención primaria de salud: consumo de benzodiazepinas y antidepresivos tricíclicos / Primary health care: consume of benzodiazepines and tricyclic antidepressives

Fue de interés cuantificar el consumo de benzodiazepinas y antidepresivos tricíclicos en los Centros de Salud de la Provincia de Santiago, de la región Metropolitana. El estudio fue retrospectivo y se consideró el año 1993. Los centros de salud municipalizados se clasificaron según servicio de salud y posteriormente se tomó el 20 por ciento de ellos, incluyéndose de esta forma 10 centros de salud. La unidad de medida fue la dosis diaria definida(DDD), y por tratarse de un estudio poblacional se utilizó el concepto de DHD. Se observó que diazepam estuvo en el 100 por ciento de los listados de medicamentos de los centros de salud estudiados. El grupo farmacológico más consumido fue el de las benzodiazepinas y entre ellas el diazepam(2, 10 DHD) y para los antidepresivos tricíclicos el mayor consumo lo obtuvo la imipramina con 0,19 DHD. Las benzodiazepinas y antidepresivos tricíclicos encontrados correspondieron, en su mayoría, a los sugeridos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, en su listado de medicamentos esenciales para la atención de problemas de salud mental, y los consumos obtenidos fueron menores que los indicados en la literatura revisada