Time motion analysis of football (soccer) referees during official matches in relation to the type of fluid consumed

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of volume and composition of fluid replacement on the physical performance of male football referees. Ten referees were evaluated during three official matches. In one match the participants were asked to consume mineral water ad libitum, and in the others they consumed a pre-determined volume of mineral water or a carbohydrate electrolyte solution (6.4 percent carbohydrate and 22 mM Na+) equivalent to 1 percent of their baseline body mass (half before the match and half during the interval). Total water loss, sweat rate and match physiological performance were measured. When rehydrated ad libitum (pre-match and at half time) participants lost 1.97 ± 0.18 percent of their pre-match body mass (2.14 ± 0.19 L). This parameter was significantly reduced when they consumed a pre-determined volume of fluid. Sweat rate was significantly reduced when the referees ingested a pre-determined volume of a carbohydrate electrolyte solution, 0.72 ± 0.12 vs 1.16 ± 0.11 L/h ad libitum. The high percentage (74.1 percent) of movements at low speed (walking, jogging) observed when they ingested fluid ad libitum was significantly reduced to 71 percent with mineral water and to 69.9 percent with carbohydrate solution. An increase in percent movement expended in backward running was observed when they consumed a pre-determined volume of carbohydrate solution, 7.7 ± 0.5 vs 5.5 ± 0.5 percent ad libitum. The improved hydration status achieved with the carbohydrate electrolyte solution reduced the length of time spent in activities at low-speed movements and increased the time spent in activities demanding high-energy expenditure.

Trastornos hidroelectrolíticos e hidratación oral en diarreas / Hydro-electrolytic disorders and oral hydration solution in diarrheas

La deshidratación por diarrea es el trastorno más frecuente del metabolismo hidroelectrolítico en los niños. Se analizan los mecanismos de regulación del agua, los electrolitos y el equilibrio ácido base y los trastornos observados en la deshidratación por diarrea: acidosis metabólica con hipokalemia y tendencia a hipernatremia por la pérdida proporcional mayor de agua que de soluto. El medicamento de elección para prevenir y tratar estos trastornos es el suero oral con la fórmula recomendada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y el Fondo de las Naciones Unidad para la Infancia (UNICEF). En los últimos años se han analizado nuevas fórmulas que además de hidratar, pueden reducir el gasto fecal y la duración de la diarrea, siendo las soluciones a base de arroz las únicas que han mostrado esta propiedad en pacientes con cólera. De acuerdo a la evaluación del estado de hidratación, se clasifica a los pacientes en: a) hidratados, b)deshidratados y c) con choque hipovolémico, y se aplica el plan de tratamiento correspondiente (A, B o C). Se analizan estos nuevos esquemas de tratamiento y sus resultados