Total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Stachys turcomanica / Compostos fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante da Stachys turcomanica

The subject of free radicals and their effects on biological systems is an important problem in Medicine. Antioxidants can protect biological systems against free radicals. In this study, the effect of methanol ratio (0, 20, 50, 80, and 100%) in water on extraction yield of Total phenolic (TP) compounds and antioxidant activity (AA) of Stachys turcomanica extract were evaluated. The amount of TP compounds were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and AA measured by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and betacaroten linoleic acid methods. The results showed extraction of phenolic compounds and their AA were affected by solvent combinations. In addition, there was a good correlation between TP content and AA of Stachys turcomanica extracts. Finally the methanol: water (80:20) was good solvent in extracting of phenolic compounds with highest AA.

O tema dos radicais livres e seus efeitos nos sistemas biológicos é um problema importante na medicina. Os antioxidantes podem proteger os sistemas biológicos contra os radicais livres. Neste estudo, avaliou-se o efeito da proporção de metanol (0, 20, 50, 80 e 100%) na água com o rendimento de extração de compostos fenólicos totais (TP) e atividade antioxidante (AA) do extrato Stachys turcomanica. A quantidade de compostos de TP foi determinada utilizando o reagente de Folin-Ciocalteu, e AA medido por 2, 2-difenil-1-picrilidrazilo (DPPH), poder antioxidante redutor férrico (FRAP) e ácido beta-caroten ácido linoleico. Os resultados mostraram a extração de compostos fenólicos e os seus AA foram afetados por combinações de solventes. Além disso, houve uma boa correlação entre o conteúdo de TP e os extratos de AA de Stachys turcomanica. Finalmente, o metanol: água (80:20) foi bom solvente na extração de compostos fenólicos com AA mais alto.

Isolation of Flavonoid Glycosides with Cholinesterase Inhibition Activity and Quantification from Stachys japonica

The three flavone glycosides, 4′-O-methylisoscutellarein 7-O-(6‴-O-acetyl)-β-D-allopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), isoscutellarein 7-O-(6‴-O-acetyl)-β-D-allopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), and isoscutellarein 7-O-β-D-allopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (4) in addition to a flavonol glycoside, kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (astragalin, 2), were isolated from Stachys japonica (Lamiaceae). In cholinesterase inhibition assay, compound 1 significantly inhibited aceylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities (IC₅₀s, 39.94 µg/ml for AChE and 86.98 µg/ml for BChE). The content of isolated compounds were evaluated in this plant extract by HPLC analysis. Our experimental results suggest that the flavonoid glycosides of S. japonica could prevent the memory impairment of Alzheimer's disease.

Anti-anxiety activity of Stachys tibetica Vatke / 中国天然药物

AIM@#S. tibetica Vatke is a herb distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, including Tibet, China, and India. In India it is found in the cold desert regions of Kargil, Ladakh Valley, and in the mountains of Himachal Pradesh. The traditional practitioners in the Kargil and Ladakh use the natural medicine Stachys tibetica for the treatment of various mental disorders and phobias. The present study is aimed at evaluating the anxiolytic effects of the methanolic extract of the root, stem, leaf, and whole plant material of Stachys tibetica Vatke in rats.@*METHODS@#Powdered materials (1 kg) of each plant part were subjected to extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus with methanol (95%); to yield 12.8%, 8.3%, 17.2%, and 19.6% W/W extractives, respectively. Extracts were evaluated for their anxiolytic effects using the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in rats.@*RESULTS@#In the present study, it was found that the methanolic extracts (200 and 400 mg·kg(-1)) of the root, stem, leaf and whole plant of Stachys tibetica Vatke and diazepam (DZ) increased the time spent and the number of entries in the open arm significantly (**P < 0.01), while they decreased the time spent and the number of entries in the closed arm. At the same time, all of the extracts and DZ decreased the time spent at the center of the maze (latency), along with closed arm returns. The head dip counts increased significantly in the rats treated with DZ, SMR400, SML400 and SMW400 in the open arm of EPM, which was a sign of reduction anxiety. The DZ and SMW did not show the fecal bolus, while other groups had reduced fecal bolus (**P < 0.01) as compared to control. These allied parameters helped to assess the anxiolytic potential of Stachys tibetica Vatke. Whole plant and leaf materials have shown the maximum activity, the root intermediate while the stem had the least anxiolytic activity (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01) in EPM.@*CONCLUSION@#The results strongly justify the use of this plant for the treatment of anxiety. Further studies are in progress in this laboratory to isolate and identify the components responsible for the anxiolytic activity and the mechanism of action involved.

Phytochemical composition of the essential oil of different populations of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine the chemical variability in inflorescences of wild populations of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl (S. lavandulifolia) collected throughout two provinces (Isfahan and Chaharmahal va Bakhtiary), Southwest Iran.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The essential oils of S. lavandulifolia Vahl from seven locations were obtained by hydro-distillation and analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The results revealed that distinct differences in the content of compounds depending on region of sample collection. The main constituents of the essential oils were α-thujone (0.3%-32.3%), α-pinene (trace to 37.3%), myrcene (0.5%-15.9%), β-phellandrene (1.1%-37.9%), germacrene D (0.4%-11.3%), Δ-cadinene (trace to 11.6%) and 1, 4-methano-1 H-indene (trace to 10.1%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The results of the present study indicated that essential oil components of S. lavandulifolia Vahl can be varied with genetic (ecotype), environmental conditions and geographic origin. In general, the essential oils of various populations of S. lavandulifolia Vahl were rich in monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids.</p>

Anti-hyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Achillea santolina and Stachys athorecalyx extracts on complete Freund's adjuvant-induced short-term inflammation in male wistar rats

Immune system is involved in the etiology and path physiologic mechanisms of inflammation. Medicinal plants are an important source of substances which are claimed to induce nonspecific immune modulator effects. Given the above information and the role of IL-6 in inflammation and pain induction, this study investigated the effects of Achillea santolina and Stachys athorecalyx methanolic and defatted extracts on cmpiete Freund-s adjuvant [CFA] -induced short term inflammation in male Wistar rats. Inflammation was induced on day zero by CFA injection in hind paw of rats. Methanolic and defatted extractions were prepared form aerial parts of both plants. 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg doses of extracts were selected for IP treatment during 6 days after CFA injection. Results indicated dose related effects of A. santolina and S. athorecalyx extracts on edema, hyperalgesia and serum IL-6 level during inflammation. Although, both methanolic and defatted extracts of S. athorecalyx showed a significant reduction in the inflammatory symptoms, no significant differences was observed between these two kinds of extracts of S. athorecalyx with respect to their anti inflammatory effects. Only methanolic extract of A. santolina was effective during CFA-induced inflammation. These results could suggest that short-term administration of A. santolina and S. athorecalyx extracts possess potent anti-inflammatory effects and modulate paw edema, hyperalgesia and serum IL-6 level during CFA-induced inflammation. In addition, these dose-dependent effects may mediate via different extract supplements which need more investigations

[Effect of powder of stachys ivandulifolia flowers on primary dysmenorrhea]

Because of importance and outbreak of dysmenorrhea and that's effect on life of 50% populations in the world [women], this study was done. This study was performed to evaluate therapeutic effects of Stachys Ivandulifolia on primary dysmenorrhea in 18 - 25 years old women. This research was a double - blind randomized clinical trial, that had been done on 50 women in 18 - 25 years old and 50 - 60 kg in weight that suffering from primary dysmenorrhea. Intensity of pain was evaluated by visual analog scale [VAS]. Stachys Ivandulifolia was given them as a traditional method. Such as lOg of powder of stachys flowers, three times a day, for 5 days [2 days before pain up to 3 days after pain]. Then they were followed up for three cycles. Duration and intensity of pain and side effect of drugs was evaluated after utilization. Statistical analysis was performed using t-test, chi-square. After Utilization, duration of pain was statistically significant [p=0/000]. It can be concluded that the use of Stachys Ivandulifolia on traditional method is effective in curing primary dysmenorrhea and it has no side effects resulting. In addition, it is effective on pattern of pain and increases tolerance

[ effects of pretreatment with achillea santolina and stachys athorecalyx extracts on CFA-induced acute inflammation in male rats]

Inflammatory symptoms, hyperalgesia and edema, as a physiologic responses for stimulus can mediate via different mediators such as cytokines. Medicinal plants are an important source of substances which are claimed to induce anti-inflammatory effects. Regarding to these and on account of the Interlukine-6 roles in hyperalgesia and edema induction, the aim of this study explained to investigation of the pre-treatment effects of Achillea santolina and Stachys athorecalyx extracts on inflammation which induced by CFA in male Wistar rats. Methanolic and defatted extractions were done on aerial parts of the both plants. Achillea santolina and Stachys athorecalyx 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg doses of extracts were selected for treatment. Results indicated that pre-treatment with defatted and methanolic extracts of S. athorecalyx significantly decrease CFA-induced hyperalgesia and edema dose-dependently. At same situation only methanolic extract of A. santolina was effective in inflammatory signs reduction. It can concluded that A. santolina and S. athorecalyx extracts can be effective candidate for pre-treatment of inflammation, but the effective substances of them are different and need to be more investiged

[Evaluation of anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of methanol extracts of some species of Stachys and Melia]

The gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori [H. pylori], identified in 1982, is now recognized as the primary etiological factor associated with the development of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. The growing problem of antibiotic resistance by the organism demands the search for novel compounds from plant based sources. The present study is aimed at evaluating the anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of 10 Iranian plant extracts on clinical isolates of H. pylori. Gastric biopsy samples were obtained from patients presenting with gastroduodenal complications. H. pylori was isolated from the specimens following standard microbiology procedures. The disk diffusion method was used to determine the susceptibility of 12 isolates to methanol plant extracts [Fruit and leaves of Melia azedarach, Melia indica and aerial parts of Stachys setifera, Stachys turcomanica, Stachys trinervis, Stachys subaphylla, Stachys byzanthina, Stachys persica, Stachys inflata, Stachys laxa]. The plants tested at 8 mg/disc concentration demonstrated anti-Helicobacter pylori activity with zone diameters of inhibition ranging from 12-38 mm. Of these, Stachys setifera [aerial parts], Melia indica [Fruit] and Melia azedarach [leaves] showed the most potent anti -H. pylori activity on the isolates. Due to the rise in antibiotic resistance, new sources of anti-H. pylori drugs are needed. The use of medicinal plants may have potential benefit in eradicating such problems. According to the results of this study, further studies will be necessary to investigate the effects of other plants of Iran against H. pylori infectio

Evaluation of antibacterial activities of some medicinal plants from north-West Iran

Aim of the present study was to screen the antibacterial activities of some medicinal plants extracts traditionally used in Azarbaijan area [Iran]. Thirty-six extracts obtained from different parts of ten plants including Tanacetum balsam ita L. [Copmositae], Muscari caucasicum Baker [Hyacinthaceae], Equisetum arvense L. [Equisetaceae], Achillea millefollum L. [Copmositae], Stachys fruticulosa M. Bieb. [Labiatae], Stachys schtschegleevii Sons. ex, Grossh. [Labiatae], Salvia sahendica Boiss and Buhse [Labiatae], Phlomis caucasica Rech. f. [Labiatae], Etchium italicum L. [Boraginaceae] and Thalictrum minus L. [Ranunculaceae] from north-west Iran with traditional medicinal use were examined for their antibacterial activities against some Gram-negative strains such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella paratyphi and Serratia marcescens, also, Gram-positive strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Staph. epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Bacillus cereus. The filter paper disc diffusion method as well as broth serial dilution technique were applied to screen the antibacterial efficacy of the extracts and determination of minimum inhibitory values. Results indicated that the majority of tested plant extracts had antibacterial activity at least against one of the selected bacteria, with the exception of Muscari caucasicum. Methanol extract of the aerial part of Thalictrum minus L. [Ranunculaceae] showed the most potent antibacterial activity against Staph. Aureus with MIC value of 0.3125 mg/ml. The results of this study show that most of the studied plants are potentially a good source of antimicrobial agents and support the traditional applications of some of the tested plants

Trypanocidal activity of some medicinal plants against the epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi

Some of medicinal plants are a potential source of new drugs to improve the treatment of Chagase disease whose treatment is still a challenge. Here in this screening, the in vitro trypanocidal activity of some fractions for 16 medicinal plants, collected from the northern part of Iran, has been reported. Aerial parts of the plants were dried carefully and followed by extraction with hexane and methanol, successively, by maceration at room temperature. Different concentrations of the plant extracts in ethanol were investigated against the epimastigotes of T. cruzi. The movement of epimastigotes was observed under a microscope. We assumed that immobilized organisms were died. The negative control contained ethanol in the same proportion utilized to dissolve the drugs. Each assay was performed in duplicate together with gentian violet as a positive control Results show that hexane extracts of Rubus hyrcanus and Salvia sclerae have been observed the most activity against the epimastigotes of T. cruzi [MLC = 12.5 micro g/ml]. None of methanol fractions shows trypanocidal activity except Salvia sclerae [MLC = 50 micro g/ml]. Echium amoenum, Satureja macrantha, S. atropatana and Stachys laxa did not display activity lower than 100 micro g/ml in both hexane and methanol extracts. Some of Iranian medicinal plants [Salvia sclerae, Marrubium vulgare and Rubus hyrcanus] could be the promising source of active components against the epimastigotes of T. cruzi and need to further phytochemical and pharmacological studies

[Antimicrobial effects of methanolic extracts of some species of stachys and phlomis]

The genus Phlomis and Stachys [Labiatae] are widely distributed in Iran. There are no reports on the antimicrobial activity of some of these plants. The medicinal properties attributed to the genus Phlomis and Stachys prompted us to investigate the antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extracts of Phlomis bruguieri, P. herba-venti, P.olivieri, Stachys byzantina, S. inflate, S. lavandulifolia and S. laxa. The antimicrobial activity of these plants were studied using the disc diffusion methods [10,50, 100, 250, 500, 750, and 100 micro g/disc] and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] values [10 micro g/ml to 25 mg/ml] against Staphylococcus aureus PTCC 1112, Streptococcus sanguis PTCC 1440, Escherichia coli PTCC1330, Pseudomonas aeroginosa PTCC 1074, Klebsiella pneumoniae PTCC 1053, Aspergilus niger PTCC 5011 and Candida albicans PTCC 5027. The methanolic extracts of the aerial parts of Phlomis bruguieri, P. herba-venti, P. olivieri, Stachys byzantina, S. inflate, S. lavandulifolia and S. laxa exhibited concentration-dependent antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria. The methanolic extracts were more active against Gram-positive microorganisms [Streptococcus sanguis and Staphylococcus aureus]. The extracts did not show any antifungal activity. The results concluded that the methanolic extracts of these plants have a potential source of antibacterial of natural origin

HPLC-ESI/MS analysis of stachydrine and its metabolites in rat urine / 药学学报

<p><b>AIM</b>To identify the main metabolites of stachydrine in rat.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The ionization, cleavage and chromatographic characteristics of stachydrine were studied by using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI/MS) for the first time. These characteristics of stachydrine were used as the basis for the analyses of metabolites in rat urine. The 0 - 24 h urine samples of rats after ig 25 mg x kg(-1) stachydrine were collected and purified by using C10 solid-phase extraction cartridge, and then analyzed by HPLC-ESI/MS to identify stachydrine and its metabolites.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The parent drug (stachydrine), 6 phase I metabolites (N-demethyl, dehydrogenation, ring-oxidation) and 2 phase II metabolites (glycine conjugates of 2 ring-oxidation products) were identified existing in rat urine.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The presented method was proved to be sensitive, rapid, high selective and specific for the identification of stachydrine and its metabolites in rat urine.</p>