Patient suspected susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia: impact of the disease

Abstract Introduction Malignant Hyperthermia (MH) is an inherited hypermetabolic syndrome triggered by exposure to halogenated anesthetics/succinylcholine. The lack of knowledge regarding this condition might be associated with the rare occurrence of MH reaction and symptoms. Methods This observational study evaluated 68 patients from 48 families with confirmed or suspected MH susceptibility due to medical history of MH reaction or idiopathic increase of creatine kinase or MH-related myopathies. Participants were assessed by a standardized questionnaire and submitted to physical/neurological examination to assess the characteristics of patients with MH, their knowledge about the disease, and the impact suspected MH had on their daily lives. Results Suspected MH impacted the daily life of 50% of patients, creating difficulties in performing surgical/clinical/dental treatment and problems related to their family life/working/practicing sports. The questionnaire on MH revealed a correct answer score of 62.1 ± 20.8 (mean ± standard deviation) on a scale 0 to 100. Abnormal physical/neurological examination findings were detected in 92.6% of susceptible patients. Conclusions Suspected MH had impacted the daily lives of most patients, with patients reporting problems even before MH investigation with IVCT. Patients showed a moderate level of knowledge about MH, suggesting the need to implement continuing education programs. MH susceptible patients require regular follow-up by a health team to detect abnormalities during physical and neurological examination.

Lista de medicamentos esenciales para el manejo de pacientes que ingresan a unidades de cuidados intensivos con sospecha o diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19 / List of essential drugs for the management of patients admitted to intensive care units with suspected or confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19

En el transcurso de la pandemia de COVID-19, numerosos países, de ingresos bajos, medianos y alto, han visto agotadas sus reservas de medicamentos esenciales necesarios para el manejo de los pacientes con COVID-19 en las unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI). El plan de preparación para emergencias sanitarias de los países requiere incluir una lista de medicamentos esenciales y otros dispositivos médicos necesarios en las UCI para afrontar emergencias sanitarias. La lista de medicamentos esenciales para el manejo de pacientes que ingresan a unidades de cuidados intensivos con sospecha o diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19 es un documento de orientación fundamental que ayuda a los sistemas de salud de los países a priorizar los medicamentos esenciales que deben estar ampliamente disponibles y ser asequibles para manejar los pacientes en las UCI durante las situaciones de emergencia sanitaria, en este caso con sospecha o diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19. Está dirigida a las autoridades sanitaras y a los encargados del manejo del sistema de salud de los países. Esta lista incluye fundamentalmente los medicamentos considerados esenciales para el manejo de los cuadros clínicos que con se observan con mayor frecuencia en pacientes hospitalizados en UCI a causa de una infección por SARS-CoV-2. No se incluyen la mayoría de los medicamentos que comúnmente se encuentran en las UCI para el manejo de otras patologías, comorbilidades o la estabilización del paciente (p. ej., insulina o antihipertensivos), salvo aquellos que pueden requerirse para el tratamiento o apoyo (p. ej., bloqueantes neuromusculares o anestésicos) de las dolencias generadas por la infección. Tampoco se incluyen medicamentos específicos para el tratamiento de la infección por SARS-CoV-2, puesto que no existe, por el momento, evidencia científica de alta calidad que avale su uso, salvo en el contexto de ensayos clínicos controlados. Un equipo de expertos en el tema realizó una búsqueda de información sobre la atención de pacientes en UCI durante la pandemia de COVID-19, en Medline (a través de PubMed), Cochrane, Tripdatabase, Epistemonikos y en buscadores generales de internet (Google). Se identificaron también revisiones o guías generadas por ministerios de Salud de varios países de la Región de las Américas, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), el Instituto Nacional de Salud y Excelencia Clínica (NICE) de Reino Unido, los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC) de Estados Unidos y los Institutos Nacionales de Salud (NIH) de Estados Unidos.

Estratégia educativa com profissionais de enfermagem sobre hipertermia maligna em um centro cirúrgico cardiovascular / Educational strategy with nursing professionals on malignant hypertermia in a cardiovascular surgical center / Estrategia educativa con profesionales de enfermería en hipertermia maligna en un centro quirúrgico cardiovascular

Objetivos: Avaliar o conhecimento da equipe de enfermagem do centro cirúrgico (CC) sobre hipertermia maligna (HM), antes e depois de aula expositiva, e implantar kit para tratamento da HM com os anestesiologistas. Método: Estudo quase experimental do tipo antes e depois. Coleta de dados com 43 profissionais (três enfermeiros, sete técnicos e 33 auxiliares) do CC de um hospital de cardiologia de São Paulo. Aplicaram-se cinco questões antes e depois de aula expositiva, e utilizaram-se teste exato de Fisher e teste de McNemar. Após análise da literatura e dos materiais do setor e reunião com equipe médica, elaborou-se um kit de tratamento. Resultados: Houve diferença significante (p<0,05) em relação ao conhecimento da equipe sobre HM; após a aula, viu-se progresso nas três categorias (auxiliares 89,42%, técnicos 90% e enfermeiros 100%). As questões com porcentagem acima de 90%, após a aula, foram: definição de HM, agentes desencadeantes e tratamento. Foi elaborado e implantado um kit de tratamento. Conclusão: Avaliou-se o conhecimento da equipe de enfermagem sobre HM, antes e depois da aula expositiva, e implantou-se kit de tratamento. O conhecimento da equipe foi satisfatório após a aula ministrada.

Objectives: To evaluate the knowledge of the nursing staff of the surgical center (SC) about malignant hyperthermia (MH), before and after lecture, and to implant a kit for the treatment of MH with anesthesiologists. Method: Quasi-experimental before and after study. Data collection with 43 professionals (three nurses, seven technicians and 33 assistants) from the SC of a cardiology hospital in São Paulo. Five questions were applied before and after lecture, and McNemar and Fisher's exact tests were used. After analyzing the literature and industry materials and meeting with the medical team, a treatment kit was prepared. Results: There was a significant difference (p <0.05) regarding the team's knowledge about MH; After class, progress was seen in the three categories (assistants 89.42%, technicians 90%, and nurses 100%). The questions with percentage above 90% after class were: definition of MH, triggering agents, and treatment. A treatment kit was developed and implemented. Conclusion: The knowledge of the nursing staff about MH before and after the lecture was evaluated, and a treatment kit was implemented. The knowledge of the team was satisfactory after the taught class.

Objetivos: Evaluar el conocimiento del personal de enfermería del quirófano (CQ) sobre la hipertermia maligna (HM), antes y después de la conferencia, e implantar un kit para el tratamiento de HM con anestesiólogos. Método: Cuasi-experimental antes y después del estudio. Recopilación de datos con 43 profesionales (tres enfermeras, siete técnicos y 33 asistentes) del CQ de un hospital de cardiología en São Paulo. Se aplicaron cinco preguntas antes y después de la conferencia, y se utilizaron la prueba exacta de Fisher y la prueba de McNemar. Después de analizar la literatura y los materiales de la industria y de reunirse con el equipo médico, se preparó un kit de tratamiento. Resultados: Hubo una diferencia significativa (p<0.05) con respecto al conocimiento del equipo sobre MH; Después de la clase, se observó progreso en las tres categorías (auxiliares 89.42%, técnicos 90% y enfermeras 100%). Las preguntas con un porcentaje superior al 90% después de la clase fueron: definición de MH, agentes desencadenantes y tratamiento. Se desarrolló e implementó un kit de tratamiento. Conclusión: Se evaluó el conocimiento del personal de enfermería sobre MH antes y después de la conferencia, y se implementó un kit de tratamiento. El conocimiento del equipo fue satisfactorio después de la clase impartida.

Eficacia de tres dosis de succinilcolina en la inducción de secuencia rápida / Effectiveness of three doses of succinylcholine in rapid sequence induction

Introducción: La intubación de secuencia de rápida es un procedimiento que minimiza el tiempo necesario para asegurar la vía respiratoria en pacientes con alto riesgo de broncoaspiración. Objetivo: Comparar la eficacia de tres dosis de succinilcolina en la inducción de secuencia rápida en pacientes con estómago y la calidad de la intubación, así como los efectos secundarios de dichos fármacos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, de corte transversal para evaluar la calidad de la intubación con inducción de secuencia rápida en pacientes de urgencia, con estómago lleno. Se administraron 0,4 mg/kg de succinilcolina al grupo I, 0,6 mg/kg al grupo II y 1 mg/kg al grupo III. En todos los pacientes se evaluó la vía respiratoria. El estudio se realizó en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico "Hermanos Ameijeiras" entre agosto de 2013 y 2016. Resultados: El tiempo de visualización de las cuerdas vocales fue rápido en los tres grupos. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron en el grupo III, seguido del grupo II. Las condiciones de intubación fueron excelentes en el grupo III (90 %), buenas en grupo II (80 %) y regulares en el grupo I (70 %). Las variables hemodinámicas mostraron diferencias significativas entre grupos (p=0,008). Conclusiones: Se determinó la eficacia del empleo de tres dosis de succinilcolina en la inducción de secuencia rápida, con intubación óptima y segura cuando se empleó la succinilcolina a dosis de 1 mg/kg; pero con mayor porcentaje de alteraciones hemodinámicas como efectos adversos(AU)

Introduction: Rapid sequence intubation is a procedure that minimizes the time required to guarantee the respiratory airway in patients with high risk of bronchoaspiration. Objectives: To compare the quality of intubation with three doses of succinylcholine in rapid sequence induction in patients with full stomach, as well as the side effects of such drugs. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the quality of intubation with rapid sequence intubation in emergency patients and with full stomach. The group I was administered 0.4 mg/kg of succinylcholine; the group II, 0.6 mg/kg; and the group III 1 mg/kg. The respiratory airway was assessed in all patients. The study was carried out in Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical Surgical Hospital, between August 2013 and 2016. Results: The time of visualization of the vocal folds was fast in the three groups. The best results were obtained in the group III, followed by the group II. The intubation conditions were excellent in the group III (90%), good in the group II (80%), and fair in the group I (70%). The hemodynamic variables showed significant differences among the three groups (p=0.008). Conclusions: The effectiveness was determined of using three doses of succinylcholine in rapid sequence intubation, with optimal and safe intubation when succinylcholine was used at doses of 1 mg/kg, but it had a higher percentage of hemodynamic alterations as adverse effects(AU)

Rocuronio versus succinilcolina en el paciente obeso tratado con cirugía bariátrica laparoscópica / Rocuronium versus succinylcholine in the obese patient treated with laparoscopic bariatric surgery

Introducción: Las personas obesas son consideradas pacientes de riesgo para la intubación, de modo que el tiempo entre la pérdida de la consciencia y la intubación de la tráquea debe ser el más corto posible. Objetivo: Evaluar las condiciones de intubación traqueal en obesos tratados con cirugía bariátrica laparoscópica al usar rocuronio comparado con succinilcolina. Métodos: Estudio cuasiexperimental, comparativo y transversal realizado en el Hospital Universitario Gral. Calixto García, desde enero de 2016 hasta diciembre de 2017, en 64 pacientes obesos programados electivamente para cirugía bariátrica laparoscópica, divididos en dos grupos: Grupo S: succinilcolina 1 mg/Kg de peso real y Grupo R: rocuronio 0,6 mg/Kg de peso ideal. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, índice de masa corporal, tiempo de latencia, índice de bloqueo máximo, condiciones de intubación y efectos secundarios. Resultados: El rango de edad que predominó en ambos grupos fue 40 a 59 años, y en su mayoría mujeres. El mayor número de pacientes presentaron una obesidad grado III y estado físico ASA II. Los tiempos medios de latencia e índices de bloqueo máximo fueron significativamente menores en los pacientes en que se usó succinilcolina respecto a los que usaron rocuronio. Las condiciones de intubación a los 40 seg en los dos grupos, según la escala de Cooper, fueron excelentes y buenas, sin diferencias significativas. Conclusiones: El rocuronio es una alternativa segura para conseguir condiciones óptimas de intubación en pacientes obesos tratados con cirugía bariátrica laparoscópica, al compararlo con la succinilcolina(AU).

Introduction: Obese people are considered patients at risk for intubation, so that the time between loss of consciousness and intubation of the trachea should be as short as possible. Objective: To evaluate the conditions of tracheal intubation in obese patients treated with laparoscopic bariatric surgery when using rocuronium compared to succinylcholine. Methods: Quasi-experimental, comparative and cross-sectional study carried out in General Calixto García University Hospital, from January 2016 to December 2017, in 64 obese patients electively scheduled for laparoscopic bariatric surgery, divided into two groups: Group S: succinylcholine 1 mg/Kg of real weight and Group R: rocuronium 0.6 mg/Kg of ideal weight. The variables analyzed were: age, sex, body mass index, latency time, maximum blocking index, intubation conditions and side effects. Results: The age range that predominated in both groups was 40 to 59 years, and mostly women. The highest number of patients presented a grade 3 obesity and physical state ASA II. Mean latency times and maximal blockade rates were significantly lower in patients in whom succinylcholine was used than in those who used rocuronium. The conditions of intubation at 40 seconds in the two groups, according to the Cooper scale, were excellent and good, without significant differences. Conclusions: Rocuronium is a safe alternative to achieve optimal intubation conditions in obese patients treated with laparoscopic bariatric surgery, when compared to succinylcholine(AU)

Effects of intubation with a double-lumen endotracheal tube on intraocular pressure during rapid sequence induction using succinylcholine chloride in patients with or without underlying systemic hypertension

BACKGROUND: Tracheal intubation is closely associated with increases in intraocular pressure (IOP); however, the effects of double-lumen tube (DLT) intubation on IOP have not been validated. Systemic hypertension (HTN) is another factor that may increase IOP. In this study, we observed differences in IOP increases between DLT and single-lumen tube (SLT) intubation, and evaluated the influence of underlying HTN during rapid sequence induction.METHODS: Sixty-eight patients were allocated into one of the following group: SLT/without HTN (n = 17), SLT/HTN (n = 17), DLT/without HTN (n = 17), and DLT/HTN (n = 17). An SLT was inserted for orthopedic or gynecological surgery, and a DLT was inserted for lung surgery after rapid sequence induction using succinylcholine. IOP was measured before anesthetic induction and until 10 min after intubation using a handheld tonometer (Tono-Pen AVIA®).RESULTS: In the DLT/without HTN and DLT/HTN groups, the maximum increases in IOPs after tracheal intubation were 7.9 and 12.2 mmHg, respectively, compared to baseline. In the SLT/without HTN and SLT/HTN groups, the maximum increases were 5.0 and 4.9 mmHg, respectively, compared to baseline. In comparisons between patients with and without underlying HTN, the values of IOPs were comparable.CONCLUSIONS: Tracheal intubation with a DLT is associated with more increases in IOPs than with an SLT in rapid sequence induction. Well-controlled underlying hypertension did not increase IOP during tracheal intubation.

Duración del bloqueo neuromuscular con succinilcolina y su relación con niveles de colinesterasa plasmática en pacientes sépticos: Hospital Central Universitario Dr. Antonio María Pineda / Neuromuscular blockade duration with succinylcholine and its correlation with levels of plasma cholinesterase in septic patients: Hospital Central Universitario Dr. Antonio María Pineda

La succinilcolina es un fármaco neuromuscular despolarizante generalmente utilizado en el contexto de protocolo de intubación de secuencia rápida indicada en pacientes en los cuales es necesario asegurar la vía aérea en menos de sesenta segundos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con el objetivo de determinar la duración del bloqueo neuromuscular con succinilcolina y los niveles de colinesterasa plasmática en pacientes sépticos intervenidos en el Hospital Central Universitario Dr. Antonio María Pineda. Se incluyeron 30 pacientes con sepsis con un promedio de edad de 49,6 ± 17,4 años y predominio del sexo masculino (70%); la principal indicación de cirugía abdominal fue obstrucción intestinal (36,6%) y peritonitis secundaria (23,3%). Los valores de colinesterasa plasmática se registraron disminuidos en 42,8% de los hombres y 33,3% de las mujeres encontrándose valores promedios de 5554,1 ± 1220,5 U/L y 4770,1 ± 1627,4 U/L, respectivamente. La duración del bloqueo neuromuscular fue mayor de 14 minutos en 66,6% de las mujeres; el promedio de duración fue de 14,4 ± 5,1 min (mujeres) y 9,4 ± 4,3 min en hombres. Hubo una pobre correlación entre los niveles de colinesterasa plasmática y la duración así como el tiempo de recuperación del bloqueo neuromuscular. En conclusión, el bloqueo neuromuscular prolongado debido a la baja actividad de la colinesterasa después de la administración de succinilcolina se presenta en menos de la mitad de los pacientes sépticos estudiados(AU)

Succinylcholine is a depolarizing neuromuscular drug generally used in the context of rapid sequence intubation indicated in patients in whom it is necessary to secure the airway in less than sixty seconds. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in order to determine the duration of neuromuscular blockade with succinylcholine and plasma cholinesterase levels in septic patients admitted at Hospital Central Universitario Dr. Antonio Maria Pineda. A sample of 30 patients with sepsis were studied, with a mean age of 49.6 ± 17.4 years, predominantly male (70%). The main indication for abdominal surgery was intestinal obstruction (36.6%) and secondary peritonitis (23.3%). Diminished values of plasma cholinesterase were recorded in 42.8% of men and 33.3% of women; mean plasma levels were 5554.1 ± 1220.5 U/L and 4770.1 ± 1627.4 U/L, respectively. Duration of neuromuscular blockade was longer in women (66.6%) with an average duration of 14.4 ± 5.1 min and 9.4 ± 4.3 min for men. A poor correlation between cholinesterase plasmatic levels and duration as well as time of recovery of neuromuscular blockage was found. Prolonged neuromuscular blockade is due to low cholinesterase activity after administration of succinylcholine and occurs in less than half of septic patients studied(AU)

Estimation of the effect-site equilibration rate constant using the time-to-peak effect of muscle relaxants measured by train-of-four stimulation during general anesthesia induction / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The concept of the effect-site concentration of anesthetic agents is important. The effect compartment model can be explained using the concepts of effect-site concentration and effect-site equilibration rate constant (k e0). This study confirms that the time-to-peak effect (tpe ) can be measured easily in clinical practice by applying a priming dose and train-of-four (TOF) during general anesthesia induction, and k e0 can be calculated from the tpe of the four muscle relaxants that are commonly used in general anesthesia. METHODS: Eighty patients who received general anesthesia were divided into the succinylcholine, rocuronium, atracurium, or vecuronium groups. Priming doses of muscle relaxants were administered. The effects of muscle relaxants were quantified by recording the twitch response of the adductor pollicis muscle after stimulating the ulnar nerve. The tpe was measured at the lowest TOF value. k e0 was calculated from the measured tpe . RESULTS: The k e0 values of the succinylcholine, rocuronium, atracurium, and vecuronium groups were 0.076 (0.030)/min, 0.228 (0.122)/min, 0.062 (0.011)/min, and 0.077 (0.019)/min, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to estimate k e0 from the tpe of muscle relaxants using a priming dose and TOF during general anesthesia induction.

Desenvolvimento e avaliação de ambiente virtual de aprendizagem para capacitação em hipertermia maligna / Development and assessment of a virtual learning environment for training in malignant hyperthermia / Desarrollo y evaluación del entorno virtual de aprendizaje para capacitación en la hipertermia maligna

Objetivo: Desenvolver e avaliar a execução de um ambiente virtual de aprendizagem (AVA) intitulado "Teleducação em Hipertermia Maligna", visando a promover educação em saúde para equipes de enfermagem em centro cirúrgico. Método: Estudo de validação de tecnologia do tipo pesquisa de desenvolvimento metodológico com abordagem quanti-qualitativa, revelando o processo de criação e avaliação de um programa multimídia educacional no formato website como AVA para profissionais de enfermagem em centro cirúrgico e especialistas em informática em saúde. Resultados: A avaliação dos especialistas mostrou grande aceitabilidade do programa, recebendo classificação de "muito bom" para a maioria dos itens avaliados. Conclusão: O ambiente virtual de aprendizagem desenvolvido mostrou-se uma ferramenta eficaz para apoiar o ensino sobre hipertermia maligna a equipes de enfermagem em centro cirúrgico.

Objective: To develop and assess the performance of a virtual learning environment (VLE) called "Tele-education in Malignant Hyperthermia" to promote health education for surgery nursing teams. Method: This is a technology validation study of methodological development research with quantitative and qualitative approach. It revealed the process of creation and assessment of an educational multimedia program as a VLE website for nursing professionals of surgery centers and for experts in health informatics. Results: The experts' assessment showed great acceptability of the program and received a classification of "very good" in most of the assessed items. Conclusion: The developed virtual learning environment is an effective tool to support teaching on malignant hyperthermia for nursing teams of surgery centers.

Objetivo: Desarrollar y evaluar la ejecución de un entorno virtual de aprendizaje (EVA) llamado "Teleeducación en Hipertermia Maligna", con el propósito de promover la educación en salud para equipos de enfermería en centros quirúrgicos. Método: Estudio de validación de la tecnología de la pesquisa del desarrollo metodológico, con abordaje cuantitativo y cualitativo, que reveló un proceso de creación y evaluación de un programa de multimedia educacional en formato de sitio electrónico como EVA para profesionales de enfermería en centros quirúrgicos y expertos en informática aplicada a la salud. Resultados: La evaluación de los expertos mostró una gran aceptabilidad del programa con el recibimiento de la clasificación "muy bueno" para la mayoría de los ítems evaluados. Conclusión: El entorno virtual de aprendizaje desarrollado se mostró una herramienta eficaz para apoyar la enseñanza de la hipertermia maligna a los equipos de enfermería en centros quirúrgicos.

Inadvertent injection of succinylcholine as an epidural test dose / Injeção inadvertida de succinilcolina como uma dose teste epidural

Abstract Background and objectives: Epidural action of neuromuscular blocking agents could be explained under the light of their physicochemical characteristics and epidural space properties. In the literature there are few cases of accidental neuromuscular agent's epidural administration, manifesting mainly with neuromuscular blockade institution or fasciculations. Case report: We report a case of accidental succinylcholine administration as an epidural test dose, in a female patient undergoing scheduled laparotomy, under combined general and epidural anesthesia. Approximately 2 min after the succinylcholine injection the patient complained for shortness of breath, while mild fasciculations appeared in her trunk and face, managed by immediate general anesthesia institution. With the exception of a relatively longer duration of neuromuscular blockade compared with intravenous administration, no neurological or cardiovascular sequelae or other symptoms of local or systemic toxicity were observed. Conclusions: Oral administration of diazepam seems to lessen the adverse effects from accidental epidural administration of succinylcholine. The meticulous and discriminative labeling of syringes, as well as keeping persistent cautions during all anesthesia procedures remains of crucial importance.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: A ação epidural de agentes bloqueadores neuromusculares pode ser explicada à luz de suas características físico-químicas e propriedades do espaço epidural. Na literatura existem poucos casos sobre a administração acidental em espaço epidural de agente neuromuscular que se manifesta principalmente com a instituição de bloqueio neuromuscular ou fasciculações. Relato de caso: Relatamos um caso de administração acidental de succinilcolina como uma dose teste epidural em uma paciente submetida à laparotomia programada, sob anestesia combinada geral e peridural. Aproximadamente dois minutos após a injeção de succinilcolina, a paciente queixou-se de falta de ar, enquanto fasciculações leves apareceram em seu tronco e rosto, tratadas com a instituição imediata de anestesia geral. Exceto pela duração relativamente longa do bloqueio neuromuscular em comparação com a administração intravenosa, sequelas neurológicas ou cardiovasculares ou outros sintomas de toxicidade local ou sistêmica não foram observados. Conclusões: A administração oral de diazepam parece diminuir os efeitos adversos da administração epidural acidental de succinilcolina. A meticulosidade e discriminação dos rótulos das seringas, bem como os cuidados persistentes mantidos durante todos os procedimentos de anestesia, continuam a ser de importância crucial.

Pregnancy and Delivery in a Generalized Dystonia Patient Treated with Internal Globus Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation: a Case Report

Internal globus pallidus (GPi) deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been widely accepted as an effective treatment modality of medically refractory dystonia. However, there have been few studies regarding the safety issue of pregnancy and childbirth related with DBS. This report describes a female patient who was pregnant and delivered a baby after GPi DBS surgery. A 33-year-old female patient with acquired generalized dystonia underwent bilateral GPi DBS implantation. She obtained considerable improvement in both movement and disability after DBS implantation. Four years later, she was pregnant and the obstetricians consulted us about the safety of the delivery. At 38-weeks into pregnancy, a scheduled caesarian section was carried out under general anesthesia. After induction using thiopental and succinylcholine, intubation was done quickly, followed by DBS turn off. For hemostasis, only bipolar electrocautery was used. Before awakening from the anesthesia, DBS was turned on as the same parameters previously adjusted. After delivery, she could feed her baby by herself, because the dystonia of left upper extremity and hand was improved. Until now, she has been showing continual improvement and being good at housework, carrying for children, with no trouble in daily life. This observation indicates that the patients who underwent DBS could safely be pregnant and deliver a baby.

Airway obstruction by dissection of the inner layer of a reinforced endotracheal tube in a patient with Ludwig's angina: A case report

Intraoperative airway obstruction is perplexing to anesthesiologists because the patient may fall into danger rapidly. A 74-year-old woman underwent an emergency incision and drainage for a deep neck infection of dental origin. She was orally intubated with a 6. 0 mm internal diameter reinforced endotracheal tube by video laryngoscope using volatile induction and maintenance anesthesia (VIMA) with sevoflurane, fentanyl (100 µg), and succinylcholine (75 mg). During surgery, peak inspiratory pressure increased from 22 to 38 cmH₂O and plateau pressure increased from 20 to 28 cmH₂O. We maintained anesthesia because we were unable to access the airway, which was covered with surgical drapes, and tidal volume was delivered. At the end of surgery, we found a longitudinal fold inside the tube with a fiberoptic bronchoscope. The patient was reintubated with another tube and ventilation immediately improved. We recognized that the tube was obstructed due to dissection of the inner layer.

Prophylactic use of pregabalin for prevention of succinylcholine-induced fasciculation and myalgia: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study / Uso profilático de pregabalina para prevenção de mialgia e fasciculação induzidas por succinilcolina: estudo randômico, duplo-cego e controlado por placebo

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Succinylcholine is commonly used to achieve profound neuromuscular blockade of rapid onset and short duration. OBJECTIVE: The present study compared the efficacy of pregabalin for prevention of succinylcholine-induced fasciculation and myalgia. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, placebo controlled, double blinded study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients of both genders undergoing elective spine surgery were randomly assigned to two groups. Patients in Group P (pregabalin group) received 150 mg of pregabalin orally 1 h prior to induction of anesthesia with sips of water and patients in Group C (control group) received placebo. Anesthesia was induced with fentanyl 1.5 mcg/kg, propofol 1.5-2.0 mg/kg followed by succinylcholine 1.5 mg/kg. The intensity of fasciculations was assessed by an observer blinded to the group allotment of the patient on a 4-point scale. A blinded observer recorded postoperative myalgia grade after 24 h of surgery. Patients were provided patient-controlled analgesia with fentanyl for postoperative pain relief. RESULTS: Demographic data of both groups were comparable (p > 0.05). The incidence of muscle fasciculation's was not significant between two groups (p = 0.707), while more patients in group C had moderate to severe fasciculation's compared to group P (p = 0.028). The incidence and severity of myalgia were significantly lower in group P (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Pregabalin 150 mg prevents succinylcholine-induced fasciculations and myalgia and also decreases the fentanyl consumption in elective sine surgery.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA: A succinilcolina é comumente usada para atingir um bloqueio neuromuscular profundo, de início rápido e de curta duração. OBJETIVO: Comparar a eficácia de pregabalina na prevenção de mialgia e fasciculação induzidas por succinilcolina. DESENHO: Estudo prospectivo, randômico, duplo-cego e controlado por placebo. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Pacientes de ambos os sexos submetidos a cirurgia eletiva de coluna foram aleatoriamente divididos em dois grupos. Os pacientes do Grupo P (pregabalina) receberam 150 mg de pregabalina oral uma hora antes da indução da anestesia e os pacientes do Grupo C (controle) receberam placebo. A anestesia foi induzida com fentanil (1,5 mcg/kg) e propofol (1,5-2,0 mg/kg), seguidos de succinilcolina 1,5 mg/kg. A intensidade da fasciculação foi avaliada por um observador, cego para a alocação dos grupos, com uma escala de 4 pontos. Um observador cego registrou o grau pós-operatório de mialgia após 24 horas de cirurgia. Para o alívio da dor no pós-operatório, fentanil foi usado em sistema de analgesia controlada pelo paciente. RESULTADOS: Os dados demográficos de ambos os grupos eram comparáveis (p > 0,05). A incidência de fasciculação muscular não foi significativa entre os dois grupos (p = 0,707), enquanto mais pacientes do Grupo C apresentaram fasciculação de moderada a grave em relação ao Grupo P (p = 0,028). A incidência e a gravidade da mialgia foram significativamente menores no grupo P (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Pregabalina (150 mg) previne mialgia e fasciculação induzidas por succinilcolina, além de diminur o consumo de fentanil em cirurgia eletiva de coluna.

Desarrollo tecnológico de succinilcolina infantil 100 mg, inyectable en solución / Technological development of 100 mg infant succinylcoline, injectable in a solution

Objetivo: desarrollar una nueva formulación inyectable en solución acuosa de succinilcolina, para uso pediátrico. Métodos: se utiliza la materia prima cloruro de succinilcolina con demostrada calidad para el diseño de la formulación. Fueron ensayadas tres variantes de formulación, durante seis meses, a una temperatura de 25±2 oC y una humedad relativa de 60±5 por ciento, se analiza la influencia de los componentes y el envase sobre el contenido del fármaco. Resultados: la formulación envasada en bulbos 6R, sin agentes preservantes, se selecciona como la mejor variante. Los tres lotes a escala de laboratorio cumplieron con los parámetros de calidad establecidos y se realizó el escalado piloto. Conclusiones: se comprobó la factibilidad del desarrollo del inyectable en solución de succinilcolina infantil 100mg(AU)

Objective: to develop a new injectable formulation in aqueos solution of succinylcoline for pediatric uses. Methods: the raw material for the formulation was succinylcoline chloride with proven quality for this design. Three variants of formulation were tested for six months at a temperature of 25±2 oC and relative humidity of 60±5 percent. The influence of the components and of the packing on the contents of the drug was analyzed. Results: the formulation packed in flasks 6R with no preserving agent was chosen as the best. Three batches at lab scale met the set quality parameters and also a pilot scale-up was performed. Conclusions: the feasibility of the development of an injectable product in 100mg infant succinylcoline solution(AU)

Enfoque basado en riesgo desde la etapa de desarrollo del producto succinilcolina infantil 100 mg / Risk-based approach from the development phase of 100mg infant succinylcoline product

Introducción: en la actualidad las guías emitidas por la Agencia de Medicamentos y Alimentos, de los EU considera que los procesos fallan porque las fuentes no son debidamente identificadas, eliminadas o controladas y plantean un nuevo enfoque de Buenas Prácticas de Producción basado en riesgos. Objetivo: aplicar un enfoque basado en riesgos en el aseguramiento de la calidad desde la etapa de desarrollo del producto succinilcolina 100 mg. Métodos: se realizó una breve descripción del proceso mediante un diagrama de bloque, se empleó el Árbol de Fallas como herramienta para identificar las posibles fuentes de falla; la valoración de riesgos partiendo de la identificación de las posibles fuentes de fallos se ejecutó a través de un método matricial. Se identificó un orden de prioridad en la toma de acciones correctivas para eliminar o mitigar el riesgo de ocurrencia. Resultados: el diagrama de bloque permitió tener un conocimiento sobre el proceso, lo que contribuyó de forma decisiva a un mejor ejercicio de la gestión de riesgos. El Árbol de Fallas resultó útil al revelar de forma gráfica las diferentes combinaciones de fallos e interrelaciones entre causa y efecto que pudieran dar lugar al evento tope indeseado. El método empleado para la valoración de riesgos permitió determinar las prioridades, siendo el tiempo extensivo de llenado (fuera de 2-8 °C) el componente crítico a considerar con especial atención; si se tiene en cuenta que la estabilidad de este producto se puede afectar a temperaturas superiores a estas, por lo que disponer de un plan de acciones correctivas acorde a los riesgos identificados permitirá la eliminación o mitigación de las mismas. Conclusiones: la herramienta de gestión de riesgos permitió identificar desde la etapa de desarrollo del producto succinilcolina 100 mg, las principales fuentes de fallas relacionadas con este proceso(AU)

Introduction: the guidelines presently issued by the Food and Drug Agency of the United States considers that processes fail because the sources are not duly identified, eliminated or controlled and submit a new approach of Good Manufacture Practice based on risks. Objective: to apply a risk-based approach to the quality assurance from the development phase of the 100 mg succinylcoline product. Methods: the process was briefly described through a block diagram with Failure Tree as a tool for identification of possible sources of failures; the risk assessment based on the detection of the possible sources of failures was made with the matrix method. An order of priority was given in the implementation of corrective actions to eliminate or mitigate the risk of occurrence. Results: the block diagram allowed knowing the process, which contributed in a decisive way to a better application of risk management. The Failure Tree proved to be useful when showing in a graphical way the different failure combinations and interrelations between cause and effect that might give rise to the unwanted top event. The method for the risk assessment made it possible to determine priorities, being the long time of filling (not within 2 to 8oC) the critical component to be specially considered if one takes into account that stability of the product may be affected by higher temperatures, therefore, a plan of corrective actions according to the identified risks will allow their elimination or mitigation. Conclusions: the risk management tool allowed identifying the main process-related sources of failures from the very development phase of the 100 mg succinylcoline product.

Pholcodine consumption and immunoglobulin E-sensitization in atopics from Australia, Korea, and Japan

BACKGROUND: Accumulating data indicates that pholcodine (PHO)-consuming countries have higher sero-prevalences of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-antibodies to PHO and suxamethonium (SUX) and increased frequencies of IgE-mediated anaphylaxis to neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) than nonconsuming. Withdrawing PHO-containing cough syrups resulted in a significant decrease of cases with anaphylaxis in Scandinavia. Nevertheless, the European Medicines Agency in 2011 advised to continue the unrestricted use throughout the European Union. OBJECTIVE: To extend studies on PHO consumption and prevalence of IgE-sensitization to morphine (MOR), PHO, and SUX to countries representing high (Australia), and low (Korea and Japan), consumers, respectively. METHODS: IgE-antibodies to SUX, MOR, and PHO in atopic subjects were determined by immunoassay and compared with official figures for PHO consumption and reported anaphylaxis to NMBA. RESULTS: The prevalences of IgE-antibodies to PHO, MOR, and SUX were 10%, 8.6%, and 4.3%, respectively, in Australia. The corresponding figures for Japan were 0.8%, 0.8%, and 1.5%, and for Korea 1.0% to PHO and 0.5% to MOR and SUX. Of the SUX-positive sera, 100% were positive to PHO or MOR in Australia and 0% in Japan and Korea. CONCLUSION: The study supports previous findings; exposure to PHO may induce IgE-antibodies to the substituted ammonium ion epitope of NMBAs, thus increasing risk of NMBA-induced anaphylaxis considerably. However, other, still unknown factors occasionally might induce IgE-antibodies to SUX.

Optimal precurarizing dose of rocuronium to decrease fasciculation and myalgia following succinylcholine administration / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Succinylcholine commonly produces frequent adverse effects, including muscle fasciculation and myalgia. The current study identified the optimal dose of rocuronium to prevent succinylcholine-induced fasciculation and myalgia and evaluated the influence of rocuronium on the speed of onset produced by succinylcholine. METHODS: This randomized, double-blinded study was conducted in 100 patients randomly allocated into five groups of 20 patients each. Patients were randomized to receive 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05 and 0.06 mg/kg rocuronium as a precurarizing dose. Neuromuscular monitoring after each precurarizing dose was recorded from the adductor pollicis muscle using acceleromyography with train-of-four stimulation of the ulnar nerve. All patients received succinylcholine 1.5 mg/kg at 2 minutes after the precurarization, and were assessed the incidence and severity of fasciculations, while myalgia was assessed at 24 hours after surgery. RESULTS: The incidence and severity of visible muscle fasciculation was significantly less with increasing the amount of precurarizing dose of rocuronium (P < 0.001). Those of myalgia tend to decrease according to increasing the amount of precurarizing dose of rocuronium, but there was no significance (P = 0.072). The onset time of succinylcholine was significantly longer with increasing the amount of precurarizing dose of rocuronium (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Precurarization with 0.04 mg/kg rocuronium was the optimal dose considering the reduction in the incidence and severity of fasciculation and myalgia with acceptable onset time, and the safe and effective precurarization.

Anesthetic management for reentry sternotomy in a patient with a full stomach and pericardial tamponade from left ventricular rupture.

A 57-year-old man presented with chest pain and shortness of breath 1 month after left ventricular aneurysmectomy and ventricular septal defect closure for post-infarct left ventricular aneurysm and ventricular septal defect. Echocardiography revealed a large recurrent ruptured inferior left ventricular aneurysm with high-velocity flow into a 5 cm posterolateral pericardial effusion. Thirty minutes earlier, the patient had eaten a full meal. Rapid sequence induction was performed with midazolam, ketamine, and succinylcholine. Moderate hypotension was treated effectively and the patient tolerated controlled transition to cardiopulmonary bypass. The ventricular defect was oversewn and reinforced with bovine pericardium. The patient had a difficult but ultimately successful recovery. Options for anesthetic management in the setting of tamponade and a full stomach are discussed, with a brief review of the evidence relating to this clinical problem.