Efeito da suplementação de suínos em terminação com diferentes associações entre minerais sobre o desempenho, as características de carcaça e a viabilidade econômica / Effect of supplementation of finishing swines with different associations between minerals on performance, carcass characteristics and economic viability

Objetivou-se, com este estudo, verificar a influência da suplementação com diferentes associações entre minerais orgânicos sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça, bem como avaliar sua viabilidade econômica, para suínos em terminação. Foram utilizados 88 machos castrados, divididos entre quatro tratamentos: controle com dieta basal e suplementação com CrFe, MgSe e CrFeMgSe, durante os 28 dias que antecederam o abate. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com parcela experimental representada por dois animais. Os animais suplementados com CrFeMgSe apresentaram piores índices de peso final, ganho de peso diário e consumo durante todo o período, com consequente redução no peso de carcaça, menor profundidade de lombo, área de olho-de-lombo e menor quantidade de carne magra na carcaça. Houve um aumento no custo da dieta para os grupos CrFe, MgSe e CrFeMgSe, respectivamente. O uso de cromo mais ferro e magnésio mais selênio, associados dois a dois, não altera os parâmetros de desempenho e as características de carcaça. A associação dos quatro minerais, no entanto, promove piora nessas características e aumenta o custo da dieta.(AU)

This study aimed to verify the influence of supplementation with different associations between organic minerals on performance, carcass characteristics and economic viability for finishing swine. 88 castrated males were divided in four treatments: control with basal diet and supplementation with CrFe, MgSe and CrFeMgSe during the 28 days prior to slaughter. The experimental design was randomized blocks with an experimental plot represented by two animals. The animals supplemented with CrFeMgSe had worse final weight, daily weight gain and consumption throughout the period, with consequent reduction in carcass weight, lower loin depth, loin eye area and amount of lean meat. There was an increase in the effective operational cost of diet with CrFe, MgSe and CrFeMgSe groups, respectively. The use of chromium plus iron and magnesium plus selenium, associated two by two, did not alter the performance parameters and carcass. However, the four minerals association promote a worsening in these characteristics and increase the cost of production.(AU)

Análise bioeconômica do farelo de arroz na recria de bezerras de corte em azevém / Bioeconomics analyses of rice brain use for reaning of beef heifers on Italian ryegrass pasture

Objetivou-se avaliar a economicidade, o desempenho produtivo e o desenvolvimento das estruturas corporais relacionadas ao trato reprodutivo de bezerras de corte mantidas exclusivamente em pastagem de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) ou em pastagem de azevém recebendo 0,5 e 1,0% do peso corporal (PC) de farelo de arroz integral (FAI) como suplemento. O método de pastejo foi o rotativo, e o intervalo entre pastejos foi estabelecido considerando-se a soma térmica necessária para a emissão de 1,5 folha de azevém (187,5ºC). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com medidas repetidas no tempo. O ganho médio diário das bezerras não diferiu entre os sistemas alimentares. A taxa de lotação e o ganho de peso por área foram maiores quando as bezerras receberam 1,0% do PC de farelo de arroz integral. A maior margem bruta foi observada quando as bezerras receberam 0,5% de FAI. O custo variável obtido para os diferentes sistemas alimentares apresentou comportamento crescente em função dos níveis de FAI, superando o uso exclusivo do azevém em 49,4% e 81,8%. O peso corporal final, o escore de condição corporal e o escore do trato reprodutivo não diferiram entre os sistemas alimentares. Considerando-se um animal adulto com peso corporal médio de 450kg, as bezerras ao início do experimento apresentaram 34% do peso corporal adulto e peso corporal final médio de 56% do peso adulto. A utilização de níveis de farelo de arroz integral (FAI) na recria de bezerras de corte sob pastejo rotativo em azevém não modifica o ganho médio diário e o escore do trato reprodutivo. O fornecimento de 1% de FAI mostrou efeito substitutivo, proporcionando um incremento de 31,2% na taxa de lotação e de 38,3% no ganho por área. O sistema alimentar AZ0,5 permitiu uma maior margem bruta; já o retorno financeiro direto foi positivo em todos os sistemas alimentares, com melhor retorno calculado para o uso exclusivo do azevém.(AU)

The experiment was carried out with the objective of evaluating the gross margin, the productive and reproductive performance of beef heifers kept exclusively on ryegrass pasture (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) or ryegrass receiving 0.5 and 1.0% of body weight (BW) of whole rice bran as supplement. The grazing method was the rotational and the interval between grazings was set by the thermal sum required for the appearing of 1.5 ryegrass leaf (187.5ºC). The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measures. Heifers average daily gain did not differ between the feeding systems. The stocking rate and weight gain per area were higher when heifers received 1.0% BW of whole rice bran. The higher gross margin was observed when heifers received 0.5% BW. The variable cost obtained for the different feeding systems showed increasing behavior depending on the WRB levels, surpassing the exclusive use of ryegrass in 49.4% and 81.8%. The final body weight, body condition score and reproductive tract score did not differ between the feeding systems. Considering an adult animal with an average body weight of 450kg, the heifers at the beginning of the experiment showed 34% of mature body weight and final average body weight of 56% of adult weight. The use of rice bran levels (FAZ) in the rearing of beef heifers under rotational grazing on ryegrass does not change the average daily gain and the reproductive tract score. The supply of 1% FAI showed substitutive effect, providing an increase in capacity of 31,2% and 38.3% rate of the gain per area. The food system AZ0,5 allowed a higher gross margin, as the economic return was positive in all food systems, with better return calculated for the exclusive use of ryegrass.(AU)

Herbal Supplement Sales in US Increase 8.5% in 2017, Topping $8 Billion. Strongest sales growth in more than 15 years bolstered by continued popularity of Ayurvedic herbs and new formulations of botanicals with general health and nutrition benefits

In 2017, retail sales of herbal dietary supplements in the United States surpassed $8 billion for the first time, reaching an estimated total of $8.085 billion. Consumer spending increased by approximately $633 million, or 8.5%, from 2016 ­ the strongest US sales growth for herbal supplements in more than 15 years. Total US retail sales have increased every year since 2004, and since then, consumer spending on herbal supplements has nearly doubled.

Bats and zoonotic viruses: can we confidently link bats with emerging deadly viruses?

An increasingly asked question is 'can we confidently link bats with emerging viruses?'. No, or not yet, is the qualified answer based on the evidence available. Although more than 200 viruses - some of them deadly zoonotic viruses - have been isolated from or otherwise detected in bats, the supposed connections between bats, bat viruses and human diseases have been raised more on speculation than on evidence supporting their direct or indirect roles in the epidemiology of diseases (except for rabies). However, we are convinced that the evidence points in that direction and that at some point it will be proved that bats are competent hosts for at least a few zoonotic viruses. In this review, we cover aspects of bat biology, ecology and evolution that might be relevant in medical investigations and we provide a historical synthesis of some disease outbreaks causally linked to bats. We provide evolutionary-based hypotheses to tentatively explain the viral transmission route through mammalian intermediate hosts and to explain the geographic concentration of most outbreaks, but both are no more than speculations that still require formal assessment.

Desempenho e análise econômica de novilhos Nelore submetidos a diferentes estratégias de suplementação alimentar nas fases de recria e engorda / Performance and economic analysis of Nelore submitted to different strategies for supplementary feeding during rearing and fattening

Avaliou-se o desempenho produtivo e a eficiência econômica de diferentes estratégias de suplementação alimentar na fase de recria e engorda de novilhos Nelore. O experimento foi dividido em três períodos, seca, água e terminação. Cinquenta e quatro bezerros com peso médio inicial de 169,6kg foram divididos em oito tratamentos, sendo cada tratamento uma estratégia de suplementação alimentar. No período da seca, os animais receberam suplemento proteico-energético-mineral com ingestão média diária de 0,1% do peso vivo médio (PV) para os tratamentos A, B, C, D, e 0,2 por cento do PV para os tratamentos E, F, G e H. No período das águas, os novilhos dos tratamentos A, B, E e F receberam suplemento proteico-energético-mineral com ingestão média diária de 0,5 por cento do PV, e os novilhos dos tratamentos C, D, G e H receberam suplementação mineral. No período de terminação, os animais dos tratamentos B, D, F e H receberam suplemento proteico-energético-mineral com ingestão média diária de 1,4 por cento do PV, e os animais dos tratamentos A, C, E e G foram engordados em confinamento. Houve diferença estatística (p<0,05) para o peso final acumulado (PF). Os maiores valores de PF foram de 492,0; 475,1 e 473,1kg para os animais dos tratamentos F, B e H, respectivamente. Os animais dos tratamentos que receberam suplemento 1,4 por cento do PV na terminação permaneceram 70 dias a mais do que os animais que foram engordados em confinamento. Todas os tratamentos foram economicamente viáveis, contudo o tratamento G apresentou o maior resultado de caixa, VPL e TIR, sendo eles R$349,00; R$252,10 e 2,45 por cento, respectivamente. A suplementação de proteína, energia e minerais a pasto ou em confinamento reduziu a idade ao abate dos animais e constitui uma alternativa economicamente viável para produção de bovinos de corte.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the production performance and economic efficiency of different strategies of supplementation on the rearing and fattening of Nelore calves. The experiment was divided in to three periods, Drought, Rainy and Finishing. Fifty four calves with average initial weight of 169.6 kg were divided in eight treatments, each treatment with one supplementation strategy. During the dry season the animals were protein-energy and mineral supplemented with an average daily intake of 0.1 percent of body weight (BW) for strategies A, B, C, D and 0.2 percent of BW for strategies E, F, G and H. During the rainy season, animals from strategies A, B, E and F were protein-energy and mineral supplemented with an average daily intake of 0.5 percent of BW and strategies C, D, G and H received only mineral supplementation. During the finishing period, animals from strategies B, D, F and H were protein-energy and mineral supplemented with an average daily intake of 1.4 percent of BW and animals from strategies A, C, E and G were fattened in feedlots. There was statistical difference (p<0.05) for the cumulative final weight (FW). Higher values of FW were 492.0, 475.1 and 473.1kg for animals from strategies F, B and H respectively. Animals from strategies supplemented 1.4 percent of BW remained 70 days more in the termination period than animals fattened in feedlots. All strategies were economically viable, however, strategy G had a major cash result, net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR), R$ 349.00; R$ 252.10 and 2.45 percent respectively. Protein, energy and mineral supplementation on pasture or feedlot reduces the age at slaughter of animals and is an economically viable alternative for production of beef cattle.

Uso de hierro en forma de medicamento en gestantes colombianas / Pregnant Colombian females' iron in take in drug form

Objetivo Caracterizar el consumo de hierro en forma de medicamento en un grupo de embarazadas colombianas. Metodología Estudio observacional descriptivo, se obtuvo información de mujeres en control prenatal y/o atención del parto en 4 ciudades de Colombia. Las fuentes de información fueron entrevistas a gestantes y registros de historia clínica. Resultados La muestra fue de 1 637 mujeres en 15 instituciones. A 1 396 mujeres (85,3 %) les recomendaron consumir hierro, recomendación realizada por médico al 85,3 % de ellas, el 86,8 % tuvo adherencia al tratamiento. Al 84,7 % el hierro fue suministrado por la empresa aseguradora de salud, el 11,9 % lo compró a sus expensas. El 90,0 % de gestantes anémicas y el 82,8 % de las no anémicas consumieron hierro en forma de medicamento, en conjunto, en el 37,2 % de las gestantes el consumo de suplencia de hierro fue pertinente (es decir, lo necesitaban, se les recomendó y lo consumieron o no le necesitaban, no se recomendó y/o no lo consumieron). Discusión Se recomienda y se consume hierro independientemente de presentar anemia. Se invita a reflexionar sobre la utilidad de los programas que promueven el consumo masivo de esta sustancia en forma de medicamento durante el embarazo, programas que parecen desconocer las causas fundamentales de los problemas nutricionales que aquejan a la población.

Objective Describing a group of pregnant Colombian females' iron intake, in drug form. Methodology This was an observational descriptive study; information was collected in 4 Colombian cities regarding pregnant females during antenatal control or when giving birth. Information sources consisted of interviews with pregnant women and their clinical records. Results The sample consisted of 1,637 female sat tending 15 institutions. An iron intake was recommended for1, 396 women (85.3 %); a doctor made such recommendation in 85.3 % of cases and adherence was 86.8 %. Health insurance was used by 84.7 % of the females for supplying iron; 11.9 % of them bought it themselves. Iron intake as medication for anemic pregnant females was 90.0 % and 82.8 % in non-anemic ones. Iron intake supply was appropriate in 37.2 % of the pregnant females (i.e. they needed it, someone recommended it for them and they consumed it, or they didn't need it, someone didn't recommend it to them and/or they did not take it). Discussion Iron intake was recommended and consumed regardless of anemia status. The results invite to think on the usefulness of programs promoting the mass intake of iron as a medication during pregnancy. Such programs seem to be unaware of the fundamental causes of people's nutritional problems.

Análisis de costo efectividad de la vitamina A en niños menores de 5 años en Colombia / Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) regarding vitamin A in children aged less than 5 years-old in Colombia

Objetivo evaluar la costo-efectividad relativa del uso de vitamina a en los niños menores de 5 años en la disminución de eventos de diarrea, malaria y la mortalidad, bajo la perspectiva del sistema de salud colombiano (SGSSS). Materiales y Métodos se construyó unárbol de decisión con muertes evitadas como desenlace. Las probabilidades se extrajeron de la literatura y los costos de fuentes oficiales. El umbral de costo-efectividad fue tres veces el producto interno bruto (PIB) per cápita colombiano de 2012. Se realizaron análisis de sensibilidad determinísticos, probabilísticos y curva de aceptabilidad. Resultados En una cohorte de cien mil niños, la administración de vitamina a, frente no hacerlo, representaría un ahorro en costos de atención médica de $ 340.306.917, debido a que reduce el número de eventos de diarrea (4.268) y de malaria (76), así como los casos en los que se requiere hospitalización. En todos los análisis de sensibilidad se obtuvo un ahorro para el sistema. Conclusión Dentro del sistema de salud colombiano, la suplementación con vitamina a para niños menores de 5 años, comparado con no hacerlo, es la estrategia menos costosa y más efectiva (dominante).

Objective Evaluating the relative cost-effectiveness of using vitamin A in children aged less than 5-years-old regarding the reduction of events involving diarrhoea, malaria and mortality from the Colombian health-related social security system (CHSSS). Materials and Methods A decision tree was constructed, using deaths averted as outcome. Probabilities were taken from the pertinent literature and costs from official sources. The cost-effectiveness threshold was three times greater than the per capita Colombian gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012. Probabilistic and deterministic sensitivity analyses were made and cost effectiveness acceptability curves were drawn. Results Providing a cohort of 100,000 children with vitamin A (as opposed to not doing so) would represent a saving regarding medical attention costs of $ 340,306,917 due to the number of events involving diarrhea (4,268) and malaria (76), having become reduced, as well as cases requiring hospitalization. A saving for the CHSSS was consistently obtained in sensitivity analysis. Conclusion Providing vitamin supplements for children aged less than 5 years-old would seem to be the least costly and most effective (dominant) strategy for the CHSSS, i.e. compared to not doing so).

Amamantamiento restringido y suplementación sobre la eficiencia reproductiva en vacas del sistema doble propósito / Restricted suckling and supplementation on the reproduction efficiency in cows under double purpose system

Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la suplementación y el sistema de amamantamiento sobre la eficiencia reproductiva postparto en vacas F1 (Holstein x Cebú) de primer parto manejadas bajo el sistema de doble propósito. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron 13 vacas y se conformaron cuatro tratamientos utilizando un diseño al azar, con un arreglo factorial 2 x 2 con dos sistemas de alimentación (suplementadas y no suplementadas) y dos sistemas de amamantamiento (restringido y tradicional)con tres repeticiones por grupo experimental: T1– suplementadas x restringido – T2– suplementadas x tradicional – T3 – no suplementadas x restringido – T4 - no suplementadas x tradicional. Resultados. El porcentaje de actividad ovárica lúteal y presentación de estro postparto encontrado para los tratamientos T1; T2; T3 y T4 fue 0 por ciento; 0 por ciento; 0 por ciento y 33.33 por ciento (P>0,05). El porcentaje de anestro postparto encontradoen el mismo orden fue 100 por ciento; 100 por ciento; 100 por ciento y 66.66 por ciento (P>0,05) respectivamente. Conclusiones. El estudio permitió concluir que la suplementación y el sistema deamamantamiento no tuvieron efecto positivo sobre la eficiencia reproductiva postparto en vacas F1 (Holstein x Cebú) de primer parto manejadas bajo el sistema de doble propósito

Objetive. To evaluate the effect of supplementation and suckling system on the reproductive efficiency postpartum in F1 (Holstein x Zebú) first calving cows under double purpose system. Materials and methods. 13 cows were used and four treatments were applied using a random design, with a factorial arrangement 2 x 2 with two feeding systems (supplemented and no supplemented) and 2 suckling systems(restricted and traditional) with three repetitions per experimental group: T1 -supplemented x restricted - T2 - supplemented x traditional - T3 - no supplemented x restricted - T4 - no supplemented x traditional. Results. The rate of luteal ovarian activity and the presentation of postpartum estrous found for treatments T1; T2; T3 and T4 was 0%; 0%; 0% and 33.3% (P>0,05). The percentage of postpartumanestrous in he same order was 100%; 100%; 100% and 66.6% (P>0,05) respectively. Conclusions. The supplementation and suckling systems did not have positive effect on the postpartum reproduction efficiency in F1 (Holstein x Zebú) first calving cowsunder double purpose system.

Seeking optimal means to address micronutrient deficiencies in food supplements: A case study from the Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Project.

In seeking to improve the micronutrient contents of a food supplement used in a major community-based nutrition project in Bangladesh, operations research was conducted to compare the provision of needed micronutrients through additional food sources (fresh or dried fruits or vegetables), a micronutrient multi-mix, and a combination of the two. Micronutrient gaps (the difference between micronutrient requirements and actual micronutrient intake) were estimated for four groups of project beneficiaries, with target intakes defined as requirements for iron, calcium, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin B12 recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization. Primary focus was placed on iron and vitamin A. Cost and bulk constraint analyses, based on cost of supplement, feasibility of delivery, and serving volume needed to achieve micronutrient targets, were used for comparing the supplement options. In terms of these analyses, the micronutrient multimix proved, by far, to be the most advantageous. Food options, however, are arguably desirable in that they provide dietary benefits additional to that of known micronutrients and may increase demand to boost production of domestic fruits and vegetables for the population as a whole. The study concludes that it is cost-effective to use powdered micronutrient mixes for such specific purposes as enrichment of supplementary food and food fortification, but encourages production and consumption of micronutrient-rich foods through programme messages and activities.

Cost of syrup versus capsule form of vitamin A supplementation.

The study was done to estimate the cost of each dose of vitamin A (2,00,000 Units) to the health system when delivered as a capsule, applicap or as syrup form. The cost of distribution of vitamin A supplements was estimated for the manufacturers, district and delivery level. The lowest cost per dose was for capsules in plastic jar (Rs. 0.99) and the highest was for the syrup in glass bottle (Rs. 1.29), the option currently being practiced. The distribution costs were least for the capsule, which compensates for its higher production cost. The cost of syrup was also more due to high degree of wastage compared to capsules. While cost is an important issue, other operational factors need also to be considered.

Policy of universal salt iodization in Bangladesh: do coastal people benefit?

Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) are a serious public-health problem in Bangladesh and in other countries. Use of iodized salt has been promoted to solve the problem. A study was conducted in eight unions of Chakaria upazila in the Cox's Bazar district of Bangladesh during 1997-1998 to determine the prevalence of use of iodized salt, explore the reasons behind nonuse, and identify the socioeconomic correlates of its use. A quantitative survey was conducted to collect information from 21,190 households on socioeconomic status, demographic characteristics, and the kind of salt used. In-depth interviews and focus-group discussions were also conducted to understand the situation further. The results revealed that only 1.9% of the households used iodized salt. Strong barriers that limit their use of iodized salt included the wide availability of coarse salt, lack of knowledge about the link between iodized salt and IDD, and the high cost of iodized salt. Households in the salt-producing localities and those that are economically disadvantaged tend to use iodized salt less than others. Understanding of the prevalent situation will allow the policy-makers to take measures to improve the situation in the salt-producing areas.