Prevalence of intestinal parasitic diseases in school children of rural areas of district Lower Dir, Pakistan / Prevalência de doenças parasitárias intestinais em escolares de áreas rurais do distrito de Lower Dir, Paquistão

Present study was conducted among school children to recognize the prevalence of IPIs in rural communities of district Dir Lower, Pakistan. A sum of 324 samples of stool were collected (210 boys and 114 girls). Used direct smear method and formol ether sedimentation concentration technique for processing the samples. The result shows that 82% (n=266) were found infected comprised 64.8% male and 35.1% females. Children of the age group 10 to 12 years were found extremely infected 94.2% while 4-6 year age group were having minimum ratio of infection 72%. Current study shows mono parasitism in 50.6% of the students while 22.2% were infected with 2 species and 7.40% were infected with three species of parasites. Seven species of intestinal parasites were reported include Ascaris lumbricoid in male (n=122) 58.0% and in female (n=65) 57.0% followed by Hook worm (n=88) 41.9% and (n=44) 38.5%; Tania saginata (n=44) 20.9% and (n=24) 21.0%; Entrobius vermicularis (n=32) 15.2% and (n=16) 14.0%; Trichuris trichura (n=25) 11.9% and (n=22) 19.2%; Hymenolepis nana (n=24) 11.4% and (n=18) 15.7% and Entameoba histolytica (n=16) 7.61% and (n=14) 12.2% in male and females respectively. The study indicates that most occurring intestinal parasite in the current study were Ascaris lumbricoides 58.0% (n=122) followed by hookworms 41.9% (n=88). Male students were more infected than females in the present study.

O presente estudo foi conduzido entre crianças em idade escolar para reconhecer a prevalência de IPIs em comunidades rurais do distrito de Dir Lower, Paquistão. Foram coletadas 324 amostras de fezes (210 meninos e 114 meninas). Método de esfregaço direto usado e técnica de concentração de sedimentação de formol éter para processar as amostras. O resultado mostra que 82% (n = 266) dos infectados eram 64,8% do sexo masculino e 35,1% do feminino. Crianças da faixa etária de 10 a 12 anos foram encontradas extremamente infectadas 94,2%, enquanto a faixa etária de 4 a 6 anos apresentava proporção mínima de infecção de 72%. O estudo atual mostra monoparasitismo em 50,6% dos alunos, enquanto 22,2% estavam infectados com 2 espécies e 7,40% estavam infectados com três espécies de parasitas. Sete espécies de parasitas intestinais foram relatadas incluindo Ascaris lumbricoid em machos (n = 122) 58,0% e em fêmeas (n = 65) 57,0% seguido por anzol (n = 88) 41,9% e (n = 44) 38,5%; Tania saginata (n = 44) 20,9% e (n = 24) 21,0%; Entrobius vermicularis (n = 32) 15,2% e (n = 16) 14,0%; Trichuris trichura (n = 25) 11,9% e (n = 22) 19,2%; Hymenolepis nana (n = 24) 11,4% e (n = 18) 15,7% e Entameoba histolytica (n = 16) 7,61% e (n = 14) 12,2% em homens e mulheres, respectivamente. O estudo indica que os parasitas intestinais que mais ocorreram no presente estudo foram Ascaris lumbricoides 58,0% (n = 122), seguidos por ancilóstomos 41,9% (n = 88). Estudantes do sexo masculino foram mais infectados do que do sexo feminino no presente estudo.

Parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables sold in open markets: a public health threat / Contaminação parasítica de vegetais frescos vendidos em mercados abertos: uma ameaça para a saúde pública

Vegetables eating raw are a leading source of transmission of infective forms of pathogenic internal parasites among human beings. This research was conducted from April to October, 2017 to assess the parasitic contamination of vegetables sold at main vegetable markets in districts Lower Dir and Peshawar, Pakistan. Eight hundred specimens of different vegetables were purchased and soaked in physiological saline solution, shaken with a mechanical shaker for 20 minutes and processed by sedimentation concentration method. Results revealed that only 19.7% (n=158/800) of the vegetables were found to be contaminated with single or multiple parasite species. Ascaris lumbricoides (the large round worm) 12.3% (n=99/800) was the most commonly detected pathogen and Taenia saginata (the beef tapeworm) 1.62% (n=13/800) was the least frequently detected one. Interestingly, significant p value (p>0.05 at 95%CI) between the number of examined and contaminated for all the variables studied including education status of the vendors, markets location, type of vegetables, means of display, washed before display, washing source of water and market type. The findings of this study evidenced that consumption of raw vegetables possesses great risk of getting parasitic infections in Lower Dir and Peshawar districts, Pakistan. Instructing the sellers and the public about parasitic disease transfer and their hygiene can reduce the infection rate of parasites of human origin.

Os vegetais crus são a principal fonte de transmissão de formas infecciosas de parasitas internos patogênicos entre os seres humanos. Esta pesquisa foi realizada de abril a outubro de 2017 para avaliar a contaminação parasitária de vegetais vendidos nos principais mercados de vegetais nos distritos de Lower Dir e Peshawar, Paquistão. Oitocentos exemplares de diferentes vegetais foram adquiridos e embebidos em solução salina fisiológica, agitados em agitador mecânico por 20 minutos e processados pelo método de concentração por sedimentação. Os resultados revelaram que apenas 19,7% (n = 158/800) das hortaliças estavam contaminadas com uma ou várias espécies de parasitas. Ascaris lumbricoides (o verme redondo grande) 12,3% (n = 99/800) foi o patógeno mais comumente detectado e Taenia saginata (a tênia da carne) 1,62% (n = 13/800) foi o menos freqüentemente detectado. Curiosamente, valor de p significativo (p> 0,05 em IC de 95%) entre o número de examinados e contaminados para todas as variáveis estudadas incluindo escolaridade dos vendedores, localização dos mercados, tipo de vegetais, meios de exposição, lavado antes da exposição, fonte de lavagem de água e tipo de mercado. Os resultados deste estudo evidenciaram que o consumo de vegetais crus possui grande risco de contrair infecções parasitárias nos distritos de Lower Dir e Peshawar, no Paquistão. Instruir os vendedores e o público sobre a transferência de doenças parasitárias e sua higiene pode reduzir a taxa de infecção de parasitas de origem humana.

Ten Cases of Taenia saginata Infection Confirmed by Analysis of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 rDNA Region in the Republic of Korea

From October 2015 to August 2018, tapeworm proglottids were obtained from 10 patients who were residents of Daegu and Gyeongbuk provinces and had a history of raw beef consumption. Most of them had no overseas travel experience. The gravid proglottids obtained from the 10 cases had 15–20 lateral uterine branches. A part of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) DNA of the 10 cases, amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and digested with AleI restriction enzyme, produced the same band pattern of Taenia saginata, which differentiated from T. asiatica and T. solium. Sequences of ITS1 and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) showed higher homology to T. saginata than to T. asiatica and T. solium. Collectively, these 10 cases were identified as T. saginata human infections. As taeniasis is one of the important parasitic diseases in humans, it is necessary to maintain hygienic conditions during livestock farming to avoid public health concerns.

Four Taeniasis saginata Cases Diagnosed at a University Hospital in Korea

In recent years, the taeniasis has been rarely reported in the Republic of Korea (Korea). But in this study, we intend to report 4 taeniasis cases caused by Taenia saginata during a 5-month period (February to June 2018) at a unversity hospital in Gwangju, Korea. Worm samples (proglottids) discharged from all cases were identified by phenotypic and molecular diagnostics. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences showed 99.4–99.9% identity with T. saginata but, differed by 4% from T. asiatica and by 7% from T. multiceps, respectively. We found that tapeworms in 2 cases (Cases 2 and 3) yielded exactly the same sequences between them, which differed from those in Cases 1 and 4, suggesting intra-species variation in tapeworms. These taeniasis cases by T. saginata infection in this study, which occurred within a limited time period and region, suggest the possibility of a mini-outbreak. This study highlights the need for further epidemiological investigation of potentially overlooked cases of T. saginata infection in Korea.

Perfil da implantação de cisticercos de Taenia saginata em sítios musculares não usuais e sua importância para a Saúde Pública / Profile of Taenia saginata cysticerci implantation in unusual sites and its importance for public health

A cisticercose bovina é uma zoonose de distribuição mundial. No Brasil, o controle é realizado através do diagnóstico anatomopatológico durante a inspeção post-mortem nos matadouros. Objetivou-se neste estudo determinar a localização de cisticercos nos tecidos rotineiramente inspecionados e sobretudo nos tecidos não rotineiramente inspecionados, verificando a viabilidade dos cisticercos em bovinos infectados de forma experimental (grupo 1) e natural (grupo 2) com ovos de Taenia saginata. Em ambos os grupos foram analisados os tecidos rotineiramente inspecionados nas linhas de inspeção, de acordo com os padrões estabelecidos na legislação do Brasil. Adicionalmente, no grupo 1 foram selecionadas outras regiões anatômicas, representadas por quatro cortes comerciais (acém, alcatra, contrafilé, paleta), além do fígado, esôfago, diafragma e pilares. Com relação à frequência dos cisticercos no grupo 1, nos cortes comerciais, foram encontrados 8,2% de cisticercos no acém, 6,6% na paleta, 6,2% no contrafilé e 5,8% na alcatra. Outros tecidos não rotineiramente inspecionados para a exclusiva pesquisa por cisticercos que apresentaram lesões foram o diafragma, fígado e o esôfago, com 2,7%, 12,0% e 1,2% respectivamente. No grupo 1, os sítios rotineiramente inspecionados predominantes foram o coração (37,7%), músculos mastigatórios (17,1%) e língua (2,3%). No grupo 2 foram encontrados 61,8% dos cisticercos totais no coração, seguido dos músculos mastigatórios (38,2%) e fígado (10,2%). Com relação à viabilidade dos cisticercos no grupo 1, os viáveis predominaram na alcatra (80,0%), diafragma (71,4%) e esôfago (66,7%), já os cisticercos inviáveis predominaram nos músculos mastigatórios (77,3%), coração (76,3%), fígado (71,0%) e língua (50%). No grupo 2, o fígado apresentou 87,5% de cisticercos inviáveis, seguidos da língua (66,7%) e coração (63,2%), e nos tecidos mastigatórios foram encontrados 68,3% de cisticercos viáveis (68,3%). O alto percentual de cisticercos viáveis encontrado nos cortes comerciais, inclusive nos bovinos naturalmente infectados, representa um alerta para a Saúde Pública, pois, no Brasil, são frequentemente consumidos sem sofrer o devido tratamento térmico para inativação do cisticerco, aumentando consideravelmente a chance de infecção por teniose. Os resultados revelaram amplo perfil da manifestação anatomopatológica da cisticercose em diferentes tecidos de bovinos experimentalmente e naturalmente infectados, considerando-se tecidos musculares rotineiramente inspecionados ou não. Assim, o aprimoramento da inspeção sanitária das carcaças bovinas pode incrementar o controle do complexo teniose-cisticercose, diminuindo os riscos para a saúde pública.(AU)

Cysticercosis is a worldwide zoonosis, which demands proper control and monitoring during all beef production chain. In Brazil, the key point for controlling this zoonosis is the anatomopathological exam conducted in slaughterhouses during the post-morten inspection. This study aimed to describe the cysticerci location in tissues not usually examined during the inspection, and to check their viability in bovines infected with Taenia saginata eggs (group 1: experimental; group 2: natural). After slaughtering, animal from both groups were routinely examined for cysticercosis, according official Brazilian standards; group 1 animals were also examined in additional anatomic regions: end cuts (chuck, rump, strip loin, and shoulder), liver, esophagus, diaphragm and pillars. In group 1, cysticerci were identified in chuck (8.2%), shoulder (6.6%), strip loin (6.2%), and rump (5.8%), and also in tissues that are not usually considered during routine inspection, such as diaphragm (2.7%), liver (12.0%) and esophagus (1.2%). Still in group 1, the routine inspection identified cysticerci in hearth (37.7%), head muscles (17.1%), and tongue (2.3%). In group 2, cysticerci were identified in hearth (61.8%), head muscles (38.2%), and liver (10.2%). The viability of cysticerci were predominant in rump (80.0%), diaphragm (71.4%) and esophagus (66.7%) in animals from group 1, while non-viable cysticerci were more frequent in head muscles (77.3%), hearth (76.3%), liver (71.0%), and tongue (50.0%). In group 2, head muscles presented 68.3% of the viable cysticerci, while non-viable cysticerci were identified in liver (87.5%), tongue (66.7%), and hearth (63.2%). The high frequencies of viable cysticerci in end cuts available for consumers, including natural infected bovines, is a Public Health concern, once in Brazil these products were usually consumed without proper heat treatment, increasing the risks of T. saginata infection. The obtained results demonstrated the anatomopathological distribution of cysticercosis in different tissues in experimental and natural infected bovines, considering tissues that are routinely and not routinely examined during inspection. Then, the inspection procedures could be improved by adding such analysis in its routine procedures, in order to increase the proper control of the taeniasis-cysiticercosis complex and to decrease the Public Health risks.

Geospatial distribution and risk factors for bovine cysticercosis in the state of Rondônia, Brazil / Distribuição espacial e fatores de risco para a cisticercose bovina no Estado de Rondônia, Brasil

This study focused on assessing the prevalence, geospatial distribution and risk factors for bovine cysticercosis in cattle from the state of Rondônia, Brazil, through the years 2012 to 2015. The prevalence established was 0.014% (95% C.I. 0.013-0.014), with a higher detection of unviable cysticerci (84.80%). The municipalities of Itapuã do Oeste, Candeias do Jamari, Nova Brasilândia D'Oeste, Pimenteiras do Oeste, Porto Velho, Nova Mamoré, Urupá and Guajará-Mirim had higher risk (OR>1; p<0.05) for cysticercosis occurrence compared with the municipality of Castanheiras (OR=1). The Administrative Regions of Porto Velho, Guajará-Mirim, Colorado D'Oeste, Cacoal, Ji-Paraná had higher risk (OR>1; p<0.05) for cysticercosis occurrence in the slaughtered animals than those reared in Ariquemes Administrative Region (OR=1). Some variables such as human population density (OR=2.15; 2.15-2.16), percentage of urban houses with inappropriate sewage system (OR=1.91, 1.91-.1.92) and percentage of inappropriate rural sewage system (OR=1.14, 1.14-1.14) were significantly associated (p<0.05) with the occurrence of bovine cysticercosis. In conclusion, the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis in the state of Rondônia was 0.014% (95% C.I. 0.013-0.014) and higher-risk areas were identified, providing useful information to Official Sanitary Inspection System in order to improve cysticercosis detection. Also, human population density and the lack of appropriate sewage system in urban and rural areas are closely related to bovine cysticercosis occurrence in this state.(AU)

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a prevalência, distribuição espacial e fatores de risco para a ocorrência de cisticercose bovina em animais abatidos oriundos do Estado de Rondônia, Brasil, entre os anos de 2012 a 2015. A prevalência observada foi de 0,014% (I.C. 95% 0,013-0,014), com maior detecção de cisticercos inviáveis (84,80%). Os municípios de Itapuã do Oeste, Candeias do Jamari, Nova Brasilândia D'Oeste, Pimenteiras do Oeste, Porto Velho, Nova Mamoré, Urupá e Guajará-Mirim apresentaram maior risco (OR>1; p<0.05) para a ocorrência da enfermidade quando comparadas ao município de Castanheiras (OR=1). As Regiões Administrativas de Porto Velho, Guajará-Mirim, Colorado D'Oeste, Cacoal, Ji-Paraná, respectivamente, apresentaram maior risco (OR>1; p<0.05) para a ocorrência de cisticercose nos bovinos abatidos comparadas à Região Administrativa de Ariquemes (OR=1). Algumas variáveis como a densidade populacional humana (OR=2,15; 2,15-2,16), percentual de domicílios urbanos com saneamento inadequado (OR=1,91, 1,91-1,92) e percentual de saneamento rural inadequado (OR=1,14, 1,14-1,14) apresentaram-se como fatores de risco significativos (p<0.05) para a ocorrência de cisticercose bovina. Conclui-se que a prevalência de cisticercose bovina no Estado de Rondônia foi 0,014% (I.C. 95% 0,013-0,014) e que áreas de maior ocorrência puderam ser identificadas, fornecendo informações a serem utilizadas pelo Serviço de Inspeção Federal para melhorar a detecção dos casos. Ainda, a densidade da população humana e a deficiência de sistemas de tratamento de esgotos urbanos e rurais estão intimamente relacionadas com a ocorrência da cisticercose bovina neste estado.(AU)

Animal movement network analysis as a tool to map farms serving as contamination source in cattle cysticercosis / Rede de movimentação animal como ferramenta para mapear fazendas fontes de contaminação para a cisticercose em gado

Bovine cysticercosis is a problem distributed worldwide that result in economic losses mainly due to the condemnation of infected carcasses. One of the difficulties in applying control measures is the identification of the source of infection, especially because cattle are typically acquired from multiple farms. Here, we tested the utility of an animal movement network constructed with data from a farm that acquires cattle from several other different farms to map the major contributors of cysticercosis propagation. Additionally, based on the results of the network analysis, we deployed a sanitary management and drug treatment scheme to decrease cysticercosis' occurrence in the farm. Six farms that had commercial trades were identified by the animal movement network and characterized as the main contributors to the occurrence of cysticercosis in the studied farm. The identification of farms with a putative risk of Taenia saginata infection using the animal movement network along with the proper sanitary management and drug treatment resulted in a gradual decrease in cysticercosis prevalence, from 25% in 2010 to 3.7% in 2011 and 1.8% in 2012. These results suggest that the animal movement network can contribute towards controlling bovine cysticercosis, thus minimizing economic losses and preventing human taeniasis.(AU)

A cisticercose bovina é um problema distribuído mundialmente e que resulta em perdas econômicas, principalmente devido à condenação de carcaças infectadas. Uma das dificuldades em se controlar esta zoonose no Brasil é a prática de aquisição de bovinos de múltiplas fazendas, tornando quase impossível a identificação da fazenda de origem do gado infectado, onde as medidas de controle devem ser aplicadas. Objetivou-se avaliar uma rede de movimentação animal construída com dados de uma fazenda de gado de corte que adquire animais de diferentes locais, com o objetivo de mapear as fazendas que mais contribuíam para a propagação da cisticercose. Adicionalmente, com base na análise da rede de movimentação, manejo sanitário e protocolo de tratamento adequados foram aplicados para diminuir a ocorrência de cisticercose na fazenda em estudo. Seis propriedades que tinham trocas comerciais foram identificadas pela rede de movimentação de bovinos e caracterizadas como as principais contribuintes para a ocorrência da cisticercose na fazenda em estudo. A identificação de fazendas com risco de infecção por Taenia saginata por meio da rede de movimentação animal juntamente com o manejo sanitário e protocolo de tratamento adequados resultaram em diminuição gradual da prevalência da cisticercose de 25%, em 2010, para 3,7% em 2011 e 1,8% em 2012. Estes resultados sugerem que a estratégia de análise da rede de movimentação do gado, associadas ao manejo sanitário e tratamento adequados podem contribuir para o controle da cisticercose bovina, minimizando assim as perdas econômicas e prevenindo a teníase humana.(AU)

Historical Details about the Meat Consumption and Taeniases in Joseon Period of Korea

Previous paleoparasitological studies of Joseon specimens established that the prevalence of Taenia infection was not much different from that of the early 20th century Korean population. As many of taeniases originally diagnosed as Taenia saginata in South Korea were revealed to be actually Taenia asiatica, which share a common intermediate host with T. solium (the pig), Joseon people must have ingested raw pork frequently. However, the current examination of extant Joseon documents revealed that the population ate significant amounts of beef even if the beef ban was enforced; and pork was not consumed as much as we thought. Considering the meat consumption pattern at that time, Joseon people should have been infected by T. saginata more frequently than T. asiatica. This may suggest a low prevalence of T. saginata metacestodes in cattle compared to that of T. asiatica metacestodes in pigs, possibly due to the traditional way of rearing pigs (using human feces). This letter gives us a chance to reconsider the existing preconception about parasitic infections in Korean history though we are still hard to accurately estimate the historical patterns of taeniases at this stage.

Perfil da transmissão e prevalência da cisticercose bovina em propriedades rurais do Triângulo Mineiro / Transmission and prevalence profile of bovine cysticercosis in rural properties of Triangulo Mineiro, Brazil

A cisticercose pode acometer o bovino, que desenvolve a larva da Taenia saginata. Apesar da importância da cisticercose para a saúde pública, para a saúde animal e para economia, a realidade epidemiológica da ocorrência dessa zoonose no Brasil é pouco conhecida. No estado de Minas Gerais a maioria dos dados é obtida dos serviços oficiais de Inspeção Sanitária nos matadouros-frigoríficos, sendo poucas as informações baseadas em dados de campo oriundos de animais vivos. Com o objetivo de avaliar a situação epidemiológica da cisticercose bovina em pequenas e médias propriedades rurais de quatro municípios, situados na região do Triângulo Mineiro, se pesquisou a ocorrência e os principais fatores de risco associados à transmissão da doença nessas propriedades. Dessa forma, foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico de corte transversal envolvendo as 68 propriedades localizadas nas zonas rurais dos quatro municípios, onde foram coletadas 1002 amostras de sangue bovino e aplicado um questionário epidemiológico. O diagnóstico sorológico da cisticercose foi realizado por triagem pelo teste ELISA indireto e os casos suspeitos foram submetidos ao Imunoblot para confirmação. Este estudo revelou a prevalência de 4,7% de cisticercose bovina nas propriedades da zona rural dos municípios amostrados, no período de julho a agosto de 2013. Os fatores que se mostraram estatisticamente significantes para a transmissão da cisticercose foram a expertiness do responsável pela propriedade (RC 5,81 IC 1,87-8,66), a renda familiar (RC 6,02 IC 1,33-8,77) e a qualidade da água da propriedade (RC 9,40 IC 1,97-9,59). Outros fatores foram observados com menor significância. Esses resultados identificaram os principais fatores que interferem na transmissão da cisticercose bovina, permitindo subsidiar medidas de prevenção e controle dessa importante zoonose na região do Triângulo Mineiro.(AU)

Cysticercosis can affect cattle which develop the larvae Taenia saginata. Despite the importance of cysticercosis for public animal health and for the economy, the epidemiological reality of such zoonosis in Brazil is little known. In the southeastern region of the State of Minas Gerais most of the data are obtained from the official Sanitary InspectionServices in slaughterhouses, but little information based on field data from live animals. In order to assess the epidemiological situation of bovine cysticercosis in small and medium-sized rural properties of four municipalities, located in the region of Triângulo Mineiro, we searched the occurrence and the major risk factors associated with transmission of the disease in those properties. We conducted a cross-sectional epidemiological study involving 68 properties located in rural areas of the four municipalities, where there were collected 1002 bovine blood samples and applied an epidemiological questionnaire. The serological diagnosis of cysticercosis was conducted by sorting through indirect ELISA test, and the suspected cases were subjected to Immunoblot for confirmation. This study revealed the prevalence of 4.7% of bovine cysticercosis in rural properties of the municipalities sampled from July to August 2013. The factors which were statistically significant for the transmission of cysticercosis were the expertise of those responsible for the property (OR 5.81 IC 1,87-8.66), the family income (OR 6.02 IC 1.33-8.77) and the water quality of the property (OR 9.40 IC 1.97-9.59). Other factors observed were of lower significance. These results identified the main factors which interfere in the transmission of bovine cysticercosis, allowing to subsidize preventive measures and to control this important zoonotic disease in the region of Triângulo Mineiro.(AU)

Traditional Living Habits of the Taz Tundra Population: A Paleoparasitological Study

An excavation of the Vesakoyakha II–IV and Nyamboyto I burial grounds was conducted during the 2014 field season, and soil samples from intact burials dating from the 19th and 20th centuries, respectively, were analyzed to determine interactions between parasites and host/vectors. Considering the discovery of Diphyllobothrium sp. and Taenia sp. eggs in soil samples from the pelvic region, diphyllobothriasis was the most frequent helminthic infection among the Taz Nenets. The Nyamboyto Nenets mainly consumed uncooked fish, while the Vesakoyakha Nenets had a bigger variety in food choices, including reindeer meat. Nenets children were given raw fish from early childhood. The paleoparasitological results corroborate rare ethnographic records about the consumption of uncooked reindeer cerebrum which led to beef tapeworm helminthiases. This is the first parasitological report of helminthic diseases among the Taz Nenets, and, as such, it provides insight into their subsistence activities and food patterns and broadens our understanding of their health condition.

Relevant peptides of Taenia crassiceps for the diagnosis of bovine cysticercosis by immunoblot / Peptídeos relevantes de Taenia crassiceps para o diagnóstico da cisticercose bovina pelo immunoblot

Given the limited knowledge about the diagnosis of bovine cysticercosis by immunoblot, the aim of this study was to assess the applicability of this test, identifying key peptides with diagnostic value. Immunoblot assays were performed using total larval antigen of Taenia crassiceps and 60 sera of positive bovines for cysticercosis (30 naturally and 30 experimentally infected with T. saginata eggs), 30 sera of negative bovines for cysticercosis and 30 sera of bovines with other diseases (fascioliasis, hydatidosis and tuberculosis). The peptides of greater diagnostic importance, in descending order of accuracy (%), were as follows: 6-8kDa (90.8%), 129-143kDa (74.2%), 99-105kDa (71.7%) and 14-19kDa (71.1%). Cross-reactions, due to fascioliasis and hydatidosis, were observed in the four intervals of peptides highlighted. The results demonstrate that the total antigen of T. crassiceps has peptides with a high diagnostic potential; therefore, the immunoblot is useful in the diagnosis of bovine cysticercosis.

Tendo em vista o conhecimento limitado sobre o diagnóstico da cisticercose bovina pelo immunoblot, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a aplicabilidade desse teste, identificando os principais peptídeos com valor diagnóstico. Foram realizados ensaios de immunoblot, utilizando antígeno total de larva de Taenia crassiceps e 60 soros de bovinos positivos para a cisticercose (30 naturalmente e 30 experimentalmente infectados com ovos de T. saginata), 30 soros de bovinos negativos para a cisticercose e 30 soros de bovinos com outras patologias (fasciolose, hidatidose e tuberculose). Os peptídeos de maior importância diagnóstica, em ordem decrescente de acurácia (%), foram os seguintes: 6-8 kDa (90,8%), 129-143 kDa (74,2%), 99-105 kDa (71,7%) e 14-19 kDa (71,1%). Reações cruzadas, em decorrência da fasciolose e hidatidose, foram observadas nos quatro intervalos de peptídeos ressaltados. Os resultados demonstram que o antígeno total de T. crassiceps possui peptídeos com alto potencial diagnóstico, sendo, portanto, o immunoblot útil no diagnóstico da cisticercose bovina.

Cisticercose suína e bovina - ocorrência em abatedouros do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Swine and bovine cysticercosis ­ occurrence in slaughterhouses located at São Paulo State, Brazil

Objetivou-se determinar a frequência de ocorrência da cisticercose em carcaças suínas e bovinas em 56 abatedouros sob fiscalização do Serviço de Inspeção do Estado de São Paulo (SISP) durante os anos 2008 a 2013. Para os 1.305.723 suínos abatidos no período foram detectados cisticercos em apenas 125 (0,01%) animais, dos quais 116 (92,80%) estavam calcificados. Determinou-se que dos 1.434.445 bovinos, 24.278 (1,69%) apresentaram cisticercos, dos quais 19.826 (81,67%) apresentavamse calcificados. Também se observou uma relação inversa (P < 0,05) entre as variáveis tempo e frequência de ocorrência. A maior ocorrência nessa espécie evidencia que são necessárias melhorias nas práticas sanitárias preventivas durante a criação desses animais, como a adoção das Boas Práticas Agropecuárias (BPA) para reduzir a ocorrência da cisticercose a níveis baixos igualmente observados para os suínos.

This study was focused on the determination of cysticercosis prevalence in swine and cattle carcasses in 56 slaughterhouses under supervision from Inspection Service of São Paulo State (SISP) between the years 2008 and 2013. Amongst the 1,305,723 pigs slaughtered, cysticercosis was present in only 125 (0.01%) of them in which, 116 (92.80%) were calcified. Nonetheless, cysticercosis was present in 24,278 (1.69%) of the 1,434,445 bovine carcasses evaluated; 19,826 (81.67%) were calcified. An inverse relationship (P <0.05) between time and the disease occurrence variable was observed. Sanitary preventive practices improvements, such as the Good Agricultural Practices, are required during the cattle rearing in order to decrease the cysticercosis occurrence to low prevalence levels as observed in swine rearing.

Complexo teniose-cisticercose: ocorrência em abatedouro de bovinos e conhecimento de estudantes do ensino médio e consumidores no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Taeniosis-cysticercosis: occurrence during cattle slaughter and students and consumers knowledge in the Central Region of São Paulo State, Brazil

O complexo teniose-cisticercose bovina é considerado uma zoonose de grande impacto em saúde pública e animal, que acarreta em importantes perdas econômicas decorrentes da condenação de vísceras e carcaças durante o abate desses animais. O presente trabalho objetivou realizar o diagnóstico de situação do complexo teniose-cisticercose na Região Central do Estado de São Paulo através da determinação da ocorrência da enfermidade em um abatedouro, e também pela avaliação do perfil dos consumidores e do conhecimento de alunos do ensino médio sobre a epidemiologia do complexo teniose-cisticercose. Quanto á ocorrência de cisticercose na região observou-se a frequência de 3,06% entre os 1.667 bovinos abatidos. Quanto aos consumidores entrevistados, observou-se grande desconhecimento sobre a enfermidade, e também sobre os perigos oriundos do consumo de alimentos de origem desconhecida ou indevidamente preparados. O mesmo desconhecimento foi observado através da aplicação dos questionários aos estudantes. Conclui-se que a região carece de medidas efetivas para o controle da enfermidade, principalmente no tocante à educação da população sobre a importância da enfermidade, seus aspectos epidemiológicos e métodos de prevenção.

The bovine taeniosis-cysticercosis complex is considered a zoonosis of major impact on public and animal health, resulting in economic losses resulting from carcasses condemnation during these animals slaughter. This study aimed to perform a diagnosis of the situation of the taeniosis-cysticercosis complex in the Central Region of São Paulo State by establishing the occurrence of the disease in a slaughterhouse, establishing the consumer and profile and high school students knowledge about the disease. There was 3.06% for cysticercosis in 1.667 cattle slaughtered during the study. About the consumers, it was observed ignorance about the disease, and the risks on the consumption of foods with unknown origin or improperly cooked. The same ignorance was observed in high school students. It can be concluded that the region cares effective measures to control the disease, especially regarding public education about the importance of the disease and prevention

Parasites transmitted to human by ingestion of different types of meat, El-Minia City, El-Minia Governorate, Egypt

Meat-borne parasites are Sarcocystis species, Toxoplasma gondii, Taenia saginata, Taenia solium and Trichinella spiralis. A total of 300 animals including 100 cattle, 100 goat, and 100 pigs, slaughtered in El-Minia governmental slaughterhouses. From each animal, five samples were taken from different muscles [esophageal, tongue and cardiac] and different organs [liver and brain]. Meat samples were examined macroscopic and microscopic [direct, homogenization and H and E staining] for detection of the above-mentioned parasites. Serum samples were subjected to IHA for detection of T. gondii specific antibodies. This study revealed that Sarcocystis species were the highest parasites that could be detected, with overall prevalence of 80%, which was statistically significant [P

Conhecimento de manipuladores de carne sobre o complexo teniose-cisticercose e Boas Práticas de Manipulação de alimentos em Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brasil / Meat handlers knowledge of taeniosis-cysticercosis complex and goodmanufacturing practices in Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil

O estudo objetivou avaliar o conhecimento de manipuladores de carne do Município de Jaboticabal, Estado de São Paulo, sobre o complexo teniose-cisticercose e sobre as Boas Práticas de Manipulação dos alimentos. Participaram do estudo 25 estabelecimentos, dos quais nove de pequeno porte, dez de médio porte e seis de grande porte. A coleta de dados foi feita por aplicação de questionários estruturados com 21 questões fechadas que contemplaram dados quantitativos e qualitativos. Cada questão foi considerada como uma variável e as respostas foram analisadas descritivamente e pelo método de Análise de Correspondência. Através dos resultados pode-se verificar que os profissionais entrevistados desconheciam o assunto, sinalizando falta de capacitação para identificar possíveis perigos, como a cisticercose. Numericamente, as empresas de porte médio foram as que apresentaram melhor nível de conhecimento sobre boas práticas de manipulação, apesar de não ter sido constatada diferença estatística relevante no nível de conhecimento sobre o complexo teniose-cisticercose em relação ao porte da empresa.  Conclui-se que há necessidade de um trabalho de educação sanitária direcionado a esses profissionais.

This study aimed to evaluate meat handler’s knowledge of teniasis-cysticercosis complex and Good food Handling Practices insupermarkets, grocery stores, and butcher shops from Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil. For that, were evaluated 25 commercialestablishments, of which nine are small merchants, ten are medium-sized shops, and six were considered as large super-markets.Data were collected with closed questionnaires with 21 questions on quantitative and qualitative information. Each question wasconsidered as a single variable and the answers were analyzed descriptively and by correspondence analysis multivariate statistics.The data show the interviewed professionals were unaware of the issue, indicating lack of training for recognition of possible risks,as the cysticercosis. Despite the medium-sized establishments showed better results, the overall results are equivalent on thestatistical analysis. Therefore, sanitary educational practices directed to these professionals are strongly recommended to improvefood safety.

Cholecystitis due to helminthic infection

Helminthic infections were reported from tropical and subtropical locations in the world. The parasitic helminths develop and migrate to different organs. Unusual cases may afflict the gallbladder and the biliary tract. The parasites invade the bile ducts and cause inflammation, fibrotic lesions, acute and chronic cholecystitis. In this article, we reported three unusual cases of parasitic infection in Kermanshah, Iran. The worms were isolated from gallbladder and biliary tract. The specimens were diagnosed by macroscopic features and staining methods. Ascaris lumbricoides, Taenia saginata and adult type fasciola hepatica isolated from gall bladder and biliary duct. Cholecystectomy was done on all patients suffering from gall bladder inflammation and obstruction

Recent Situation of Taeniasis in Mongolia (2002-2012)

Epidemiological situation of taeniasis in Mongolia was assessed based on mitochondrial DNA identification of the parasite species. Multiplex PCR was used on a total of 194 proglottid specimens of Taenia species and copro-PCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays were utilized for detection of copro-DNA of 37 fecal samples from taeniasis patients submitted to the Mongolian National Center for Communicable Diseases (NCCD) from 2002 to 2012. In addition, 4 out of 44 calcified cysts in beef kept in formalin since 2003 were evaluated for histopathological confirmation of cattle cysticercosis. All proglottid specimens and stool samples were confirmed to be Taenia saginata by multiplex PCR and by copro-PCR and LAMP, respectively. Cysts collected from cattle were morphologically confirmed to be metacestodes of Taenia species. T. saginata taeniasis was identified from almost all ages from a 2-year-old boy up to a 88-year-old woman and most prominently in 15-29 age group (37%, 74/198) followed by 30-44 age group (34.8%, 69/198 ) from 15 of Mongolia's 21 provinces, while cattle cysticerci were found from 12 provinces. The highest proportion of taeniasis patients was in Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia.

Four Cases of Taenia saginata Infection with an Analysis of COX1 Gene

Human taeniases had been not uncommon in the Republic of Korea (=Korea) until the 1980s. The prevalence decreased and a national survey in 2004 revealed no Taenia egg positive cases. However, a subsequent national survey in 2012 showed 0.04% (10 cases) prevalence of Taenia spp. eggs suggesting its resurgence in Korea. We recently encountered 4 cases of Taenia saginata infection who had symptoms of taeniasis that included discharge of proglottids. We obtained several proglottids from each case. Because the morphological features of T. saginata are almost indistinguishable from those of Taenia asiatica, molecular analyses using the PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) were performed to identify the species. The PCR-RFLP patterns of all of the 4 specimens were consistent with T. saginata, and the cox1 gene sequence showed 99.8-100% identity with that of T. saginata reported previously from Korea, Japan, China, and Cambodia. All of the 4 patients had the history of travel abroad but its relation with contracting taeniasis was unclear. Our findings may suggest resurgence of T. saginata infection among people in Korea.

Lesões parasitárias encontradas em bovinos abatidos para consumo humano / Parasitic lesions observed in cattle slaughtered for human consumption

During a period of 28 months (January 2011-April 2013) periodical visits were made to four cattle slaughter houses to collect samples of lesions found in cattle slaughtered for human consumption. Three hundred and three lesions were collected, 25% of which were caused by six different parasites: The metacestodes of Echinocccus granulosus (hydatid cysts), Fasciola hepatica, the metacestodes of Taenia saginata (Cysticercus bovis), Oesophagostomum radiatum, Eurythrema coelomaticum, and Paramphistomum cervi. Gross and microscopic aspects of the lesions caused by these worms are profusely illustrated and a detailed description of both pathological aspects, gross and microscopic, are provide in the hopes that the neophyte veterinary meat inspector can benefit from them in the task of recognition and interpretation of the significance of these lesion both to human and animal health. In regard to the two latter objectives, the life cycle, and the pathogenicity to the animal and human hosts, and the destination of the affected carcass or organ in the line of inspection are discussed for each parasite.

Durante um período de 28 meses (janeiro 2011-abril 2013) foram feitas visitas periódicas a quarto abatedouros frigoríficos de bovinos para colher lesões regularmente encontradas em bovinos abatidos para consumo humano. Trezentas e três lesões foram colhidas, 25% das quais eram causadas por seis parasitas diferentes: o metacestoide de Echinocccus granulosus (cisto hidático), Fasciola hepatica, o metacestoide de Taenia saginata (Cysticercus bovis), Oesophagostomum radiatum, Eurythrema coelomaticum e Paramphistomum cervi. Os aspectos macro e microscópicos causados por esses vermes são profusamente ilustrados e uma descrição macro e microscópicadas lesões é fornecida na esperança de auxiliar o inspetor de carnes iniciante na tarefa de reconhecer e interpretar o significado dessas lesões tanto para a saúde animal quanto para a saúde humana. Com respeito a esses últimos objetivos, o ciclo evolutivo, e os efeitos nos hospedeiros animal e humano, e ainda a destinação da carcaça ou órgão afetado na linha de inspeção, são discutidos para cada parasita.