Adolescent Scoliosis Screening in Nara City Schools: A 23-Year Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study. PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of idiopathic scoliosis, define the distribution of the curve magnitude, evaluate the accuracy of Moire topography as a screening tool, and investigate the cost-effectiveness of our screening system. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Early detection of idiopathic scoliosis provides the opportunity for conservative treatment before the deformity is noticeable. We believe that scoliosis screening in schools is useful for detection; however, screening programs are controversial owing to over referral of students who do not require further testing or follow-up. In Japan, school scoliosis screening programs are mandated by law with individual policies determined by local educational committees. We selected Moire topography as the scoliosis screening tool for schools in Nara City. METHODS: We selected Moire topography as the scoliosis screening tool for schools in Nara City. We screened boys and girls aged 11-14 years and reviewed the school scoliosis screening results from 1990 to 2012. RESULTS: A total of 195,149 children aged 11-14 years were screened. The prevalence of scoliosis (defined as > or =10degrees curvature) was 0.057%, 0.010%, and 0.059% in fifth, sixth, and seventh grade boys and 0.337%, 0.369%, and 0.727% in fifth, sixth, and seventh grade girls, respectively. The false-positive rate of our Moire topography was 66.7%. The minimum cost incurred for scoliosis detection in one student was 2,000 USD. CONCLUSIONS: The overall prevalence of scoliosis was low in the students of Nara City schools. Over 23 years, the prevalence of scoliosis in girls increased compared to that in the first decade of the study.

Prevalence Study of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis in Ten-, Eleven-Year Olds for 10 Years / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: School screening for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) was conducted for 10 years and the prevalence of scoliosis as well as the size and types of curvature were investigated. The outcomes and existing research results were comparatively analyzed and the usefulness of the moire topography as a screening tool was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Moire topography was used in screening of 413,351 10- and 11-year-old from 2002 to 2011; simple standing entire spine x-rays of selected examinees were taken. When the Cobb angle was 10degrees or higher, the condition was deemed to be scoliosis, and the size, location, and types of curvature were recorded. RESULTS: The average prevalence over the 10 years was 0.4% (0.3%-0.5%) and the trends in yearly prevalence did not change significantly. The ratio of boys-to-girls prevalence rates for the 10 years was 1.0:3.8. The rate of those with scoliosis whose curvature was 10degrees-19degrees, 20degrees-29degrees, and 30degrees-39degrees was 71%, 24%, and 4%, respectively. King-Moe type III accounted for the largest portion at 45%, followed by type IV at 35%, type II at 11%, type I at 7%, and type V at 5%. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of scoliosis in the subjects was similar for the 10 years but differed from previous research results. The size, location, and types of curvature were similar to those reported in previous research. The differences in prevalence from existing research are considered to be due to the screening method used. Therefore, conduction of additional research on effective screening tests is necessary.

Moiré topography: an alternative to scoliosis evaluation in student's health

Moire's Topography (MT) is a method that detects scoliosis through shadows assymetry arised in the back. Few studies have discussed time of application, interpretation and operating cost. The aim of this study was to analyze operating aspescts of MT in students and to verify postural alterations by MT in the same group. 58 boys were analyzed in this study and through MT, the presence of shadow (fringes) in the back were evaluated where each assymetry corresponds to about 10º in Cobb's angle. MT marks were used to determine possible deviation. Data of interest received descriptive statistic analysis in variables such as total body mass, body mass index (BMI), weight, scoliosis, average time of analysis and diagnostic, and also the operation cost evaluation of equipment. Subjects (9,91 ± 0,79 years) showed total body mass of 37,83 ± 10,45kg, stature 1,42 ± 0,11m and BDI 18,53 ± 4,15 kg/m². The average time of analysis was 3,25 ± 0,29min. Among subjects 75% had deviation of one fringe in toracolumbar region that shows a scoliosis less than 10º. MT represented a fast method and of low operation cost that could be an important instrument in the screening of scoliosis. We concluded that MS confirmed to be practical and of easy handling where 94,6% subjects showed scoliosis. Our data suggests that the MSP insertion in the students' health care program of scoliosis identification is possible...

A Estereofotografia de Moiré (EFM) é um método que através da assimetria das sombras formadas no dorso detecta escoliose. Poucos os estudos tem discutido o tempo de análise, interpretação e custo operacional desta técnica. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram analisar os aspectos operacionais da (EFM) em escolares e; verificar desvios posturais pela EFM nesse mesmo grupo. Neste estudo foram analisadas 58 meninos e através da EFM, foram avaliadas a presença de sombras (franjas) no dorso, onde cada assimetria corresponde cerca de 10º no ângulo de Cobb. As marcações do EFM foram utilizadas para determinar os possíveis desvios. Os dados interesse receberam tratamento estatístico descritivo nas variáveis massa corporal total, índice de massa corporal (IMC), estatura, escoliose, tempo médio de análise e diagnóstico e, uma avaliação do custo operacional do equipamento. Os sujeitos (9,91 ± 0,79 anos) apresentaram uma massa corporal total de 37,83 ± 10,45kg, estatura 1,42 ± 0,11m e o IMC de 18,53 ± 4,15 kg/m². O tempo médio para análise foi de 3,25 ± 0,29min. Na amostra, 75% tiveram um desvio de até uma franja na região toracolombar o que indica uma escoliose menor que 10º. A EFM constituiu um método rápido e de baixo custo operacional podendo ser um instrumento importante no rastreamento de escoliose. Concluímos que a EFM de confirmou ser prático e de fácil manuseio que 94,6% dos sujeitos apresentaram escoliose. Os nossos dados sugerem que a é viável a inserção da EFM nos programas de saúde em escolares de detecção das escolioses...

Lentes progressivas: análise da potência do astigmatismo induzido / Progressive addition lenses: analysis of the power of induced astigmatism

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a potência do astigmatismo induzido nas lentes progressivas em um deflexômetro. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídas onze lentes progressivas com poder longe de +1,00D e adição 2,00D para perto. Avaliou-se o astigmatismo induzido em doze pontos do campo intermediário, sendo seis de cada lado do corredor progressivo no deflexômetro. RESULTADOS: Existem diferenças significativas entre as somas dos astigmatismos induzidos de cada lado do corredor progressivo e no total geral nestas lentes estudadas, com coeficiente de variação com forte dispersão (CV 10 a 13%). CONCLUSÃO: Existe uma variação importante das potências dos astigmatismos induzidos nas lentes progressivas...

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate induced astigmatism in progressive addition lenses into deflectometer measurements. METHODS: Eleven progressive addition lenses were included with power away from +1.00D and addition 2.00D. Induced astigmatism was assessed twelve points in the zone intermediate, with six on each side of the progressive corridor in deflectometer. RESULTS: There are significant differences between the sums of induced astigmatism on each side of the corridor and in the general in progressive addition lenses studied, with coefficient of variation with strong dispersion (CV 10-13%). CONCLUSION: There is an important variation of the power of induced astigmatism in progressive addition lenses...

The appearance test of a molar tooth with phase shift shadow moiré / 生物医学工程学杂志

Modern photo-mechanics testing techniques are widely used in industrial circles and academic circles. In order to solve the problem of biomedical engineering, shadow moiré method is used in oral and dental area in our study. A molar tooth was tested by phase shift shadow moiré method. Through testing molar tooth, the results show that shadow moiré method could be used for measuring the appearance of the oral area and concave and convex parts of molar tooth could also be distinguished and shown by interference patterns. The characteristics of shadow moirh are that it does't need exerting load on the specimen and could realize non-contact measurement.

evaluation of sea surface topography models based on the combination of the satellite altimetry and the global geoid models in the Persian Gulf

One of the difficulties in using absolute altitudes is the separation between the mean open sea level and geoid. Theoretically, geoid is the base level in absolute altitudes, but practically, the mean open sea level is used as a base level for absolute altitudes. The difference between these two levels is called as the sea surface topography. In this research, it is dealt the mean sea level modeling by using the observations of three altimeter satellites [i.e. Topex/Poseidon, Jason-1 and GFO] in Persian Gulf and then it is dealt with the evaluation of existing models of the sea surface topography based on the altimeter satellites data and the global geopotential geoid models [i.e. European Improved Gravity model of the Earth by New techniques, Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer, Earth Gravitational Model 2008. The results of this research indicate that the sea surface topographical model resulting from the EIGEN06C geoid is the most precise model with changes range between -2.482 m and -1.511 m and mean -0.23 m

Application of image processing technique in scoliosis detection / 生物医学工程学杂志

Scoliosis, the abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, is an idiopathic disease often suffered by teenagers. Normally medical doctors use X-rays to measure the Cobb angle, and then assess the severity of scoliosis with it. In this paper, we point out the superiorities of image processing technique through analyzing the existing methods in the diagnosis of scoliosis. Two kinds of image processing technique are mainly introduced for scoliosis detection. The moiré stripe images show an asymmetric deformation pattern between the left-hand side and the right-hand side of human back, and these associate with Cobb angle to detect scoliosis. In order to check scoliosis through accurate three-dimensional surface features of human back, we in the second technique use different optical imaging methods to reconstruct the three-dimensional surface model of the patient's back, and extract the characteristics of the reconstructive human back to diagnose the disease. Both approaches tried to describe symmetry discrimination of human back and correlated it with the Cobb angles. Finally, we look forward to the future development in the application of image processing technique for scoliosis detection.

Topografia de Moiré como Método de Avaliação Postural: Revisão do Estado da Arte / Moiré Topography as a Method of Postural Evaluation: State of the Art Review

Desde 1970, o fenômeno de moiré vem sendo empregado como método de diagnóstico clínico em análises topográficas do corpo humano. Como método de avaliação postural, a topografia de moiré (TM) auxilia na análise dos desvios posturais nos planos frontal, sagital e transverso, através de uma única fotografia (topograma) obtida do dorso do indivíduo. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica cuja abordagem incluiu as principais características do fenômeno de moiré e sua utilização como método topográfico para as análises clínicas, sobretudo aquelas relacionadas aos desvios posturais. Foi feito um levantamento bibliográfico nas principais fontes de pesquisa acadêmica internacionais e nacionais, e todo o material passou por critérios de seleção e análise preestabelecidos. Os resultados demonstraram uma evolução no método da topografia de moiré, isto é, percebeu-se uma preocupação crescente em melhorar a precisão e a acuidade do método, bem como em facilitar as interpretações dos topogramas por meio da utilização de softwares. Em destaque, observou-se a prevalência do uso das técnicas de moiré de Sombra e de Projeção nas análises clínicas, em detrimento de outras técnicas de moiré. Somado a isso, os procedimentos metodológicos parecem não estar bem definidos na literatura. ..

Interferometría en aplicaciones odonto-estéticas / Interferometry on odonto-esthetic applications

Introducción y Objetivo: La armonía facial es un elemento que juega un rol importante en la estética del rostro humano, contribuyendo casi en su totalidad al ajuste de las deformaciones producidas en el mismo, debido a la ausencia de una prótesis total o su errada colocación. El objetivo del presente estudio está enfocado a determinar y visualizar a través de imágenes y su respectivo levantamientotopográfico, las dimensiones verticales del rostro humano, con la finalidad de detectar de manera precisa las medidas necesarias, en cuanto a rehabilitación protésica se refiere. Materiales yMétodos: Tres casos clínicos: un caso edéntulo total antes y después de la rehabilitación protésica, al cual se le aplicó la técnica de proyección lineal y el cálculo de las dimensiones verticalesrespectivas, los otros dos casos uno se le aplicó la técnica de proyección lineal y el otro se le aplicó la técnica de patrones moiré, a todos se les realizó el levantamiento topográfico de la imagen en 3D. Resultados: La propuesta aplicada en seres humanos permite el cálculo de los parámetros quelogran armonía del perfil facial y el levantamiento de las imágenes en 3D basada en dos técnicasde interferometría: proyección lineal y patrones moiré. Conclusión: Ambas técnicas, ofrecen alodontólogo la visualización en 3D del rostro además, la técnica de proyección lineal permite la obtención de las medidas requeridas con mayor precisión y con técnicas no invasivas.

Introduction and Objective: Facial harmony is an element that plays an important role in the esthetics of the human face, contributing almost totally to the adjustment of deformations produced in it due to the absence of complete denture or its incorrect installment. The objective of this study isto determine and visualize through images and their topographical elevation, the vertical dimensionsof the human face with the objective of detecting in a precise manner the necessary measurements regarding prosthetic rehabilitation. Materials and Methods: The sample comprises three cases: a completely edentulous patient before and after prosthetic rehabilitation on whom the linear projection technique and the calculation of the respective vertical dimensions was applied; on the secondcase a technical linear projection was used and on the third one the moiré patterns technique wasapplied; all were performed with 3D image mapping. Results: The proposal applied to humans allows the calculation of parameters that achieve harmony of the facial profile and mapping of 3Dimages, based on two interferometry techniques: linear projection and Moiré patterns. Conclusion: Both techniques offer the dentist a 3D visualization of the face, and in addition the linear projection technique allows obtaining the required measurements with greater precision and with a noninvasivetechnique.

Idiopathic Scoliosis in the Eleven Years Old: Prevalence Study / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: To evaluate the epidemiological findings of idiopathic scoliosis in eleven years olds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 18,521 adolescents who were eleven years old were screened for scoliosis. There were 10,204 boys and 8,317 girls. The adolescents who had an abnormal moire topography were assessed subsequently using standardized clinical and radiological examinations. The scoliotic curve was defined as a curve of 10 or more. RESULTS: The prevalence of scoliosis was 0.31 per cent (57 of 18,521 adolescents), and most of the curves (42; prevalence, 0.23 per cent) were small (10 to 19 degrees). The ratio of boys to girls was 1:4.7 overall. Thoracolumbar curves were the most common type of curve identified, followed by thoracic and lumbar curves. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of idiopathic scoliosis in eleven year olds was 0.31 per cent. The size and pattern of idiopathic scoliosis were similar with those in the adolescents twelve years and older reported in the literature.

Desenvolvimento da técnica de Moiré de sombra como alternativa de baixo custo para análise postural / Development of shadow Moiré technique as an alternative low-cost method for postural evaluation

Este estudo objetiva desenvolver uma técnica alternativa, fidedigna e de custo reduzido ao raio X, para avaliar a postura humana e problemas posturais. O método é baseado em um tipo de técnica de Moiré que usa sombra para definir diferentes padrões de imagens. Foram construídos, testados e comparados três protótipos para padronizar as variáveis importantes inerentes a esta técnica. Testes preliminares realizados com os protótipos 1 e 2 demonstraram suas limitações e conduziram ao desenvolvimento do protótipo final, que possibilitou visualizar a região torácica dorsal do indivíduo com melhor qualidade. A precisão desse terceiro protótipo, realizada através dos cálculos de calibração, apresentou um desvio padrão de 0,051, indicando uma baixa variação entre as franjas. Acredita-se que este estudo motivará o uso desta técnica como alternativa de baixo custo para uso em diferentes avaliações relacionadas à postura humana e doenças associadas.

Utilização da tecnica de Moire para detectar alterações posturais / Utilization of Moire topography to detect postural deformities

O aparecimento de desvios na coluna ocorre em criancas e adolescentes durante a fase de crescimento, podendo levar a deformidades graves e comprometer a postura. Existem varias...

Comparison of measurements of disc topographic parameters between manual and computer assisted planimetry of disc photographs.

The aim of this study was to compare disc topographic measurements by manual- and computer-assisted planimetry of optic disc photographs. For 20 patients with glaucoma and 15 normal subjects, the optic disc photographs were evaluated by manual and computer assisted planimetry. The results indicated that absolute rim area and rim to disc area were significantly larger with manual- than with computer-assisted planimetry of disc photographs in glaucomatous patients. Coefficients of correlations between disc topographic measurements of both methods were r=0.81 [glaucoma] and 0.81 [normal] for rim area, r=0.67 [glaucoma] and 0.62 [normal] for rim to disc area and r=0.78 [normal] and 0.66 [glaucoma] for total disc area. It was concluded that the parameters of optic disc topography vary widely with different methods of measurement. So, currently used parameters were revised when more accurate and meaningful parameters become available to characterize the optic nerve and its pathologically induced changes

Fotopodometria "moiré" quantitativa na avaliaçäo do arco plantar longitudinal medial / \"Moiré\" topography to evaluate the medial longitudinal plantar arch

Foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para avaliar quantitativamente o arco plantar medial, usando-se a técnica topográfica moiré. De 30 adultos normais, foram obtidos moldes gessado positivos de pé direito que serviram como objetos de estudo. Esses moldes, após serem traçados com linhas referenciais, foram posicionados de maneira padronizada atrás de uma tela construída com fios de náilon espaçados 0,5 mm entre si. Esse conjunto foi iluminado com uma fonte de luz de modo a formar padröes de franjas moiré na superfície plantar do molde, que foram fotografadas. As figuras das fotografias foram analisadas segundo fórmula geométrica dos padröes moiré, de modo a calcular a profundidade do arco plantar em uma linha referencial. Essas medidas foram comparadas com as medidas diretas obtidas no molde por meio de um paquímetro e tomando por referência o plano formado por uma placa de acrílico apoiada de maneira padronizada na superfície plantar. Os resultados obtidos com as duas medidas foram comparados subjetivamente pela análise visual de gráficos cartesianos, bem como objetivamente por regressäo linear. Houve alto coeficiente de correlaçäo entre as medidas obtidas com as duas técnicas e as curvas cartesianas apresentaram a mesma forma e praticamente se superpuseram. Foi concluído que o método topográfico moiré foi adequado na caracterizaçäo da forma e quantificaçäo do arco plantar medial do pé. Entretanto, o posicionamento do objeto de estudo e a padronizaçäo dos parâmetros geométricos devem ser seguidos criteriosamente

A técnica topográfica moiré aplicada ao estudo da superfície plantar do pé / Moire topography applied to the study of foot plantar surface

A topografia moiré é um método óptico bioestereométrico de estudar a forma tridimensional de um objeto. O fenômeno ocorre quando duas telas säo superpostas ou uma tela é convenientemente iluminada, de modo a produzir sombra sobre um objeto. Originam-se várias franjas, cujo padräo vai refletir a forma espacial do objeto. Neste trabalho, estudamos o padräo moiré na superfície plantar de 16 pés normais de adultos. Eles foram examinados através de uma tela especialmente constrída, iluminados por uma lâmpada de projetor de diapositivos e fotografados. Constatou-se que o padräo moiré normal depende muito do posicionamento do pé e é formado predominantemente por anéis ou ovais concêntricos localizados no calcanhar, sobre a cabeça do primeiro metatarsiano e sobre os quarto e quinto metatarsianos. Na regiäo do arco plantar, é formado por franjas de curvaturas longas paralelas que se esmaecem à medida que se aproximam da borda medial do pé. Säo apresentadas propostas de melhoria do método e desenvolvimento de pesquisas futuras