Parto Prematuro: Tratamiento con nifedipino versus atosiban. Revisión Bibliográfica Teórica / Preterm Labor: nifedipine vs atosiban treatment. Bilbiographic theoretical review

Introducción: La amenaza de parto pretérmino es un problema de salud pública mundial y nacional. La prematuridad viene acompañada de complicaciones como inmadurez pulmonar y lesiones del sistema nervioso central, que requieren de tratamiento oportuno.Objetivo: Establecer una comparación objetiva de los resultados del tratamiento de la ame-naza de parto prematuro, mediante el uso de Nifedipina o Atosiban, realizando una revisión teórica actualizada del tema, con el propósito de ofrecer a la comunidad científica, una he-rramienta de consulta, sobre un tema frecuente y de alto riesgo materno fetal.Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos: Google Scholar, Pubmed, Wiley Online Library, Biomed, Scopus, Medes, Medline, Pro Quest, Gale, Scopus, y ScIELO, Se incluyeron artículos publicados en revistas indexadas de alto impacto, en los últimos 5 años. Se valoró la calidad de los artículos incluidos, utilizando la metodología de Sacket, y el riesgo de sesgo, según la metodología Cochrane. Resultados: Se observó un consenso entre los autores consultados en que no existen dife-rencias significativas en el efecto tocolítico de atosiban y nifedipino Conclusiones:La literatura académica parece coincidir en que la efectividad de atosiban y ni-fedipino como agentes tocolíticos es similar, con ambos medicamentos se consigue prolongar el embarazo con riesgo de parto pretérmino, que es el propósito fundamental de la tocolisis.

Background: The threat of preterm birth is a global and national public health problem. Prematurity is linked to complications such as pulmonary immaturity and central nervous system lesions, which require timely treatment. Objective: To perform an objective comparison of the results of the treatment of the threat of premature delivery, using nifedipine or atosiban, carrying out an updated theoretical review of the subject, to offer the scientific community a tool for research on a frequent subject of high maternal and fetal risk. Materials y Methods: There was a bibliographic search in specialized databases. Articles published in high impact indexed journals in the last 5 years were included. The quality of the articles included was assessed, using the Sacket methodology, and the risk of bias, accor-ding to the Cochrane methodology. Results: There was an agreement among the authors consulted there are no significant differences in the tocolytic effect of atosiban and nifedipine. Conclusions: The academic literature seems to agree that the effectiveness of atosiban and nifedipine as tocolytic agents is similar, with both drugs prolonging pregnancy with the risk of preterm delivery, which is the fundamental purpose of tocolysis.

Parto pré-termo espontâneo sem rotura de membranas: intervenções para evitar o parto pré-termo / Spontaneous preterm birth without rupture of membranes: interventions to prevent preterm birth

A prematuridade é uma síndrome com múltiplos fatores de risco e cuja causa permanece desconhecida, mas, independentemente da etiologia, a parturição converge para uma via final comum de esvaecimento, dilatação e encurtamento do colo uterino. Do ponto de vista hormonal, o responsável por esse processo é a progesterona. A prevenção de quadros de prematuridade pode basear-se em tratamentos medicamentosos como a administração diária de comprimidos de progesterona; intervenções cirúrgicas para a contenção da cérvice uterina com fios inabsorvíveis mantidos até o termo, a cerclagem cervical; e o pessário cervical, dispositivo de silicone que envolve e inclina o colo uterino, evitando sua abertura. Para propor qualquer intervenção profilática ou terapêutica, a avaliação ultrassonográfica via transvaginal no segundo trimestre gestacional desempenha papel crucial. Apresentamos neste terceiro e último artigo da série sobre parto pré-termo espontâneo as intervenções terapêuticas e o rastreamento do colo uterino.(AU)

Preterm birth is a syndrome with multiple risk factors, with unknown etiology. Parturition converges to a final path with uterine cervix effacement, dilation and shortening and progesterone is the hormone responsible for this process. Preterm birth prevention relies on daily administration of progesterone pills; cerclage as a surgical intervention; or cervical pessary, a vaginal silicone device that enfolds and deflects the cervix, avoiding its opening. To propose any of these interventions it is crucial to evaluate the cervix during the second trimester by transvaginal ultrasound. Here, in the third and last article regarding preterm birth without membrane disruption, we present therapeutic interventions and ultrasound screening.(AU)

Adesão dos profissionais de saúde a práticas pré- e neonatais de redução da mortalidade neonatal: 2004 versus 2012 / Providers’ compliance with practice guidelines of prenatal and neonatal care to reduce neonatal mortality: 2004 versus 2012

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar a adesão dos profissionais de saúde a práticas de assistência pré-natal e neonatal para reduzir a mortalidade neonatal. Métodos: Estudo não controlado, do tipo antes-e-depois, que avaliou a mudança ocorrida entre os anos 2004 e 2012, após as intervenções propostas pelo Comitê Municipal de Investigação de Óbitos Infantis, Fetais e de Morte Materna (COMAI) na cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, na frequência de indicadores de processo de melhoria na assistência perinatal. Foram estudados 254 pacientes no ano de 2004 e 259 no ano de 2012. Resultados: Foi observado aumento de 65% na frequência do uso de corticoide pré-natal entre gestantes em trabalho de parto prematuro com idade gestacional ≤ 34 semanas (frequência de uso de 38,0 e 62,8% em 2004 e 2012, respectivamente; p < 0,001) e de 35% no uso de surfactante entre recém-nascidos ≤ 34 semanas de idade gestacional (41,3 e 55,6% em 2004 e 2012, respectivamente; p = 0,025), assim como uma redução de 16% na presença de hipotermia (70,8 e 59,4% em 2004 e 2012, respectivamente; p = 0,009) na admissão à unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal. Conclusão: Houve melhora em algumas das práticas de assistência pré-natal e neonatal. Ao final do período estudado, as frequências de uso de corticoide pré-natal e de surfactante foram menores do que as relatadas internacionalmente. No mesmo sentido, a frequência de hipotermia na admissão à unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal foi maior do que a observada em países desenvolvidos.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To evaluate providers’ compliance with practice guidelines of prenatal and neonatal care in order to reduce neonatal mortality. Methods: Uncontrolled before-and-after study designed to evaluate changes that occurred between 2004 and 2012, after the interventions proposed by the Municipality Committee of Research on Child Deaths, Foetal and Maternal Death (COMAI) on the frequency of the process indicators for perinatal assistance improvement. A total of 254 patients were studied in 2004 and 259 patients in 2012. Results: During the study period, there was an increase of 65% in the use of prenatal corticosteroids among pregnant women in preterm labor with gestational age of ≤ 34 weeks (rate of use of 38.0 and 62.8% in 2004 and 2012, respectively; p < 0.001), 35% of increase in the use of surfactant among newborns with ≤ 34 weeks of gestational age (41.3 and 55.6% in 2004 and 2012, respectively; p = 0.025) and a reduction of 16% in the prevalence of hypothermia (70.8 and 59.4% in 2004 and 2012, respectively; p = 0.009) at the neonatal intensive care unit admission. Conclusions: Prenatal and neonatal care practices improved between 2004 and 2012. At the end of the study period, rates of use of antenatal steroids and surfactant were lower than figures reported internationally. Similarly, the frequency of hypothermia at the neonatal intensive care unit admission was higher than the occurrence observed in developed countries.

Trabalho de parto prematuro: diagnóstico e manejo / Premature labor: diagnosis and management

O parto prematuro é um dos maiores desafios obstétricos na atualidade, apresentando altas taxas de morbimortalidade perinatal. O presente capítulo foi elaborado com o objetivo de uniformizar condutas para o diagnóstico e manejo terapêutico do trabalho de parto prematuro.

Preterm birth is a major obstetrical challenges nowadays, presenting high rates of perinatal morbidity and mortality. This chapter has been elaborated with the objective of standardize practices for the diagnosis and therapeutic management of preterm labor.

Efectividad y seguridad de atosiban en mujeres embarazadas con trabajo de parto pretérmino / Dexrazoxane to Prevent Cardiac Damage in Patients Under 18 with Hodgkin's Lymphoma or Acute Lymphoid Leukemia on Chemotherapy with Anthracyclines

Introducción: el parto pretérmino es definido como el parto producido antes de la semana 37 de edad gestacional. En Colombia es la principal causa de la morbilidad y mortalidad en el período neonatal. La incidencia del parto prematuro es cercana al 12%, con tasas estables en las últimas décadas, que se pueden deber a la complejidad de fisiopatología o a la falta de conocimientos de la condición. Es responsable a nivel mundial de la muerte en menores de 1 año. Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad y seguridad del atosiban en mujeres gestantes con trabajo de parto pretérmino. Metodología: la evaluación fue realizada de acuerdo con un protocolo definido a priori. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática hasta noviembre de 2014 en MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects y LILACS, sin restricciones de idioma ni fecha de publicación. Se identificaron las RSL y ECA que cumplieran los criterios de elegibilidad. La calidad de los estudios fue valorada con la herramienta AMSTAR. Las características de los estudios fueron extraídas a partir de las publicaciones originales. Los resultados se presentan de acuerdo al reporte de la RSL. Resultados: el atosiban no disminuye la proporción de parto antes de las 48 horas de inicio del tratamiento comparado contra placebo con un RR=1.05 (IC 95% 0,15-7,43), ni comparado contra betamiméticos RR=0,89 (IC 95% 0,66-1,22), ni comparado contra nifedipino RR=1,09 (IC 95% 0,44-2,73). Tampoco disminuye el parto antes de la semana 37 con un RR=1,17 (IC 95% 0,99-1,37) al compararlo contra el placebo y de 1,56 (IC 95% 1,13-2,14) al compararlo contra la nifedipina. Aumentó la probabilidad de parto antes de la semana 28 al compararse contra el placebo RR=3,11 (IC 95% 1,02-9,51). Mostró un mejor perfil de seguridad para eventos adversos maternos al compararlo contra betamiméticos RR=0,47 (IC 95% 0,35-0,62) y contra nifedipino RR=0,38 (IC 95% 0,21-0,68), pero no contra placebo. Conclusiones: no existe evidencia a favor del uso de atosiban en vez de placebo, betamiméticos o nifedipino para la disminución del parto pretérmino antes de la semana 37 ni 28 de edad gestacional. Tampoco disminuye la proporción de partos pretérminos antes de las 48 horas de inicio del tratamiento. El atosiban no fue superior a los comparadores para disminuir los eventos adversos neonatales. Mostró beneficio para la disminución de los efectos adversos maternos cuando se comparó contra betamiméticos o nifedipino. Los ECA incluidos en la RSL identificada tienen alta probabilidad de sesgos por lo cual los resultados se deben evaluar con precaución.(AU)

Efectividad del tratamiento de la amenaza de parto pretérmimo con progesterona natural micronizada / Effectiveness of treatment of threatened labor preterm micronized natural progesterone

Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de la progesterona natural micronizada administrada vía oral y del fenoterol administrado vía endovenosa, en el tratamiento de las pacientes con diagnóstico de amenaza de parto pretérmino. Métodos: Estudio experimental tipo ensayo terapéutico en pacientes que acudieron al Hospital Universitario de Caracas. Resultados: 15 pacientes del grupo estudio con progesterona presentaron resultados satisfactorios (X² = 155,837, df = 18); del grupo control, 13 pacientes con resultados satisfactorios (X² = 133,093, df = 18). La efectividad absoluta en el grupo de estudio fue de 0,68 contra 0,59 del grupo control (X² = 0,393; df = 1; P < 0,531). Conclusiones: Los tratamientos con progesterona natural micronizada y fenoterol demostraron ser inhibitorios de la dinámica uterina, a partir de la segunda hora de iniciado el tratamiento, evitando su progreso hacia trabajo de parto en un 90 %. La progesterona natural micronizada es efectiva en el tratamiento de la amenaza de parto pretérmino y se debe considerar su uso como alternativa terapéutica.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of micronized natural progesterone administered orally and intravenously administered fenoterol in the treatment of patients with a diagnosis of preterm labor. Method: The type of therapeutic trial in patients attended at the Hospital Universitario de Caracas. Results: 15 patients in the progesterone study showed satisfactory results (X² = 155.837 df = 18); the control group, 13 patients with satisfactory results (X² = 133.093 df = 18). The absolute effectiveness in the study group was 0.68 against 0.59 in the control group (X² = 0.393 df = 1, P < 0.531). Conclusions: Treatment with micronized natural progesterone and fenoterol proved inhibitory uterine dynamics from the second hour of starting treatment preventing its progress toward labor by 90 %. The micronized natural progesterone is effective in the treatment of preterm labor and should be considered as an alternative therapeutic use.

Sulfato de magnésio: um avanço na neuroproteção fetal? / Magnesium sulfate: an improvement in fetal neuroprotection?

A paralisia cerebral é a causa mais comum de deficiência motora na infância. É uma doença complexa e de caráter não progressivo, que se caracteriza por distúrbios motores secundários alesões cerebrais ou a anomalias oriundas das fases iniciais de desenvolvimento do cérebro. O fator de risco mais importante para paralisia cerebral é o nascimento pré-termo, cuja incidência tem aumentado significativamente. Como consequência, a ocorrência da paralisia cerebral também tem aumentado, a despeito da melhoria da sobrevida dos fetos pré-termos. O risco da paralisia cerebral é tanto maior quanto menores a idade gestacional e o peso ao nascimento. Dessa forma, estratégias que se mostrarem efetivas para reduzir a paralisia cerebral nesses recém-nascidos deveriam ser implementadas com o objetivo de diminuir os seus efeitos danosos nos indivíduos e suas famílias, nos serviços de saúde e na sociedade como um todo. O sulfato de magnésio tem se mostrado como um promissor agente neuroprotetor fetal. Desde a década de 1990, estudos resultantes das suas indicações para prevenção das convulsões eclâmpticas ou para tocólise têm evidenciado uma redução nas taxas de paralisia cerebral e leucomalácia periventricular em prematuros. Publicações mais recentes, incluindo diretrizes internacionais, têm avançado na recomendação sobre os regimes terapêuticos e na construção de algoritmos para utilização do sulfato de magnésio como agente neuroprotetor fetal.

Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of motor disability in childhood.It is a complex and non-progressive disorder, which is characterized by motor disturbances secundary to brain injuries or anomalies resulting from the early stages of brain development. The most important risk factor forthe occurrence of cerebral palsy is preterm birth, which has increased significantly. As a result, the incidence of cerebral paralysis has also increased despite the improvement in the survival of preterm fetuses. The risk of cerebral palsy increases with the reduction of gestational age and birth weight. Thus, strategies that have proved effective in reducing cerebral palsy in these infants should be implemented in order to decrease their harmful effects on individuals and their families, on health services and society as a whole. Magnesium sulfate has been shown as a promising fetal neuroprotective agent. Since the 1990s, studies arising from its indications for prevention of eclamptic seizures or tocolysis have shown a reduction in the rates of cerebral palsy and periventricular leukomalacia in preterm infants. More recent publications, including international guidelines,have advanced in the recommendation on treatment regimens and the construction of algorithms for use of magnesium sulfate as a fetal agent.

Intervenções obstétricas no parto pré-termo: revisão da literatura e atualização terapêutica / Obstetric interventions in preterm birth: a literature review and therapeutic update

A prematuridade constitui-se em tema de grande repercussão em saúde pública e individual. Persiste como a maior causa de morbimortalidade perinatal e suas consequências envolvem efeitos imediatos e tardios potencialmente graves. Existe ainda grande limitação na identificação precoce dos casos de trabalho de parto pré-termo quanto à adoção de medidas capazes de prevenir suas complicações, entretanto, muitos avanços foram obtidos em função de como melhor oferecer assistência àgestante e ao recém-nascido, além da difusão de centros de terapia intensiva neonatal. Esta revisão objetiva apresentar as medidas terapêuticas capazes de minimizar as consequências do parto pré-termo. Devem ser empregadas, sempre que houver indicação, as medicações para tocólise, maturação pulmonar fetal, neuroproteção e prevenção de infecções, uma vez que qualquer intervenção capaz de melhorar o prognóstico fetal possui forte impacto social, psicológico e financeiro nas famílias afetadas por esse problema.

Prematurity is an important theme that impacts greatly both public and individual health. It is still the highest cause of morbimortality in the perinatal period and its consequences include potentially severe immediate and late effects. Although there are still severe limitations to the early identification of preterm labor as well as in the measures to avoid complications, many advances have been made in terms of assistance topregnant mothers and neonates, including more widespread neonatal intensive care centers. This review aims to present therapeutic measures that can minimize the consequences of preterm delivery. Whenever indicated, medication for tocolysis, fetus lung maturation, neural protection, and infection prevention must be prescribed, given that any intervention capable of improving fetal prognosis has relevant social, psychological and financial impact on affected families.

Effects of Abdominal Breathing on State Anxiety, Stress, and Tocolytic Dosage for Pregnant Women in Preterm Labor

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of abdominal breathing on state anxiety, stress and tocolytic dosage for pregnant women in preterm labor. METHODS: The participants were 60 pregnant women in preterm labor who were hospitalized from April to July, 2009. Thirty participants were assigned to the experimental group and 30 to the control group. None of them had any other complications except preterm labor. The modified Mason's breathing technique was used with the experimental group 3 times a day for 3 days. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire and chart review, and analyzed with the SPSS 13.0 WIN program. RESULTS: "State anxiety of the experimental group will be lower than that of the control group" was supported. "Stress of the experimental group will be lower than that of the control group" was supported. "The Ritodrine dosage for the experimental group will be lower than that of the control group" was supported. "The Atosiban dosage for the experimental group will be lower than that of the control group" was supported. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that abdominal breathing is an effective nursing intervention for pregnant women in preterm labor.

Human chorionic gonadotropin in treatment of preterm labour

Preterm labour is a major healthcare problem throughout the world; it is a major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, that is not significantly altered by the current drug therapies, most of which are associated with significant maternal or fetal side effects. To evaluate the role of human chorionic gonadotrophin [HCG] in the treatement of preterm labour. Fifty-seven women with preterm labour were enrolled in this clinical trial at Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital/department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology - Baghdad/Iraq during the period from April, 1st 2006 till November, 30th 2006, and were assigned to receive a single intramuscular injection of 5000 units of HCG followed by a drip of 10000 units of HCG in 500 ml 5% dextrose over 6 hours. 30 women continued the study and the mean prolongation of the pregnancy was calculated for all of them. The mean prolongation of pregnancy was 32.97 +/- 17.6 days and it was highest among gestational ages of 29.30 weeks [43.3% +/- 19.85 days], with the mean gestational age at birth was 35.7 +/- 2.8 weeks. All babies born to these women had weight appropriate for their gestational age at birth with a mean birth weight of 2.7 +/- 0.64 kg and 60% of babies weighed > 2.5 kg at birth. It was shown through this trial that human chorionic gonadotropin was effective in exhibiting potent tocolysis and prolonging pregnancy in preterm labour without causing adverse effects to the mothers or their babies. This can make a major contribution to the management of this common obstetrical complication

Condutas para o trabalho de parto prematuro / Management of preterm labor

O parto prematuro é a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade neonatal. Cerca de 75 por cento dos nascimentos prematuros são decorrentes do trabalho de parto espontâneo. A patogenia do parto prematuro espontâneo é complexa e o sucesso do seu manejo depende da pesquisa cuidadosa dos riscos maternos e fetais para dar continuidade ou não à gestação. O objetivo deste artigo é fazer uma revisão do diagnóstico do trabalho de parto prematuro, tocólise, corticoterapia, tratamento antibiótico e assistência ao parto prematuro

Ritodrine in the treatment of preterm labour: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Results on the effect of ritodrine in the treatment of preterm labour are different all over the world. Therefore, a concrete conclusion cannot be drawn from a single randomized control trial (RCT). In this study, we selected a large number of RCTs worldwide on the treatment of preterm labour comparing ritodrine and placebo or magnesium sulfate and by applying meta-analysis, evaluated the effect of ritodrine in the treatment of preterm labour. METHODS: We searched and identified 20 RCTs about ritodrine versus placebo, and ritodrine versus magnesium sulphate in the main medical data resources (MEDLINE, PubMed, CBMdisc, Cochrane Library and EMBASE) from January 1970 to December 2001 published in English and Chinese literature. We abstracted data about delay of gestation, gestational age at delivery, birth weight, severe neonatal respiratory system diseases, perinatal deaths, and administration to contraction-ceased interval, etc. RESULTS: The odds ratio (OR) of 1 day (d) delay in 10 RCTs on ritodrine in preterm labour versus placebo was 2.95 (95%CI 2.15, 4.04), and OR of 2d delay was 1.91 (95%CI 1.49, 2.45), both differences were statistically significant. There were no significant difference on the OR of birth > or =37 wk, birth weight > or =2500 g, severe respiratory morbidity and perinatal mortality. The OR of 2d delay of four RCTs from abroad on ritodrine versus magnesium sulphate was 1.56 (95%CI 0.62, 3.94), and OR of 7d delay was 1.45 (95%CI 0.80, 2.62), both without significant difference. But the combined estimated rate difference (CERD) of side effects interruption rate was 12 per cent with significant difference. There were six Chinese RCTs on ritodrine and magnesium sulphate. The OR of 1d delay was 3.95 (95%CI 1.98, 7.88), and OR of neonatal death was 0.45 (95%CI 0.22, 0.93), both with significant difference. The average administration to contractionceased interval were 2.5 and 6.3 h, respectively, with CERD being -4.2 h. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: In treating preterm labour, ritodrine can significantly prolong a short interval more quickly but with relatively more side effects than magnesium sulphate. Stratified RCTs for different gestational ages and different labour stages should be designed for further study.

Oral salbutamol for treatment of preterm labor.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the value of oral salbutamol for the inhibition of preterm labor. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Medical records of the department from January 1, 1991 to December 31, 1999 were reviewed for all idiopathic preterm labors that were inhibited by oral salbutamol and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Of 132 pregnancies, 81.1% (95%CI, 74.4, 87.7) were prolonged for more than 24 hours, 59.8% (95%CI, 51.5, 68.2) for more than 2 days, 32.6% (95%CI, 24.6, 40.6) for more than 1 week, and 8.3% (95%CI, 4.2, 14.4) for more than 4 weeks. Tachycardia (pulse rate > 100 beats/min) occurred in 85.6% of the patients, but those with a pulse rate higher than 140 beats/min occurred in only 3%. Hypotension occurred in only 0.8%. Neonatal complications occurred in 28%, while respiratory distress syndrome occurred in 22.7% of the babies. Perinatal mortality in the present study was 7.6 per 1,000 births. When comparing the pregnancy outcome between groups regarding the prolongation time, the pregnancy outcome was significantly better in the group that had a prolongation time of at least 48 hours. CONCLUSION: Oral salbutamol proved to be another effective method that inhibits preterm labor and consequently prolongs pregnancy. Because it requires no intensive medical nursing care and observations, and no discomfort of an intravenous line, oral salbutamol may be an alternative drug in the management of preterm labor.

A comparative study between nifedipine and isoxsuprine in the suppression of preterm labour.

Preterm labour and delivery remains a major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Numerous drugs and interventions have been used to prevent and inhibit preterm labour but none have been found to be completely effective with the choice being further limited by troublesome side effects. This study compares in a prospective and randomised design the efficacy and safety of the calcium antagonist Nifedipine with the beta mimetic Isoxsuprine. 81.25% of patients receiving Nifedipine and 70% of those receiving Isoxsuprine achieved successful tocolysis. The mean prolongation of pregnancy with Nifedipine was 25+/-19.85 days and with Isoxsuprine it was 19.18+/-17.82 days. Maternal side effects were similar in both groups with hypotension and tachycardia being the commonest. Discontinuation rates were also similar with pulmonary oedema and severe hypotension being the reasons for foregoing tocolysis. It can be concluded that Nifedipine is a safe and effective alternative to Isoxsuprine for suppressing preterm labour.

The efficacy of terbutaline and magnesium sulfate in the management of preterm labor.

Ninety-six patients with preterm labor at 28 weeks to 35 weeks gestation were randomized to terbutaline or magnesium sulfate untill 36 weeks gestation, 25 patients were excluded from the study. Of the remaining 71 patients, 35 patients received terbutaline and 36 patients received magnesium sulfate. The result of the study showed that, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) regarding time to stop, mean gestational age at delivery, time gained, failure rate, time to recurrent labor and readmission for recurrent labor, birth weight, apgar score and fetal survival. Serious maternal side effects were not observed with terbutaline or magnesium sulfate, although the majority of women also received dexamethasone. Neither drug caused serious adverse neonatal effects.

Análise da adequação e da efetividade do uso de tocolíticos no trabalho de parto prematuro / Analysis of adequacy and effectiveness in the use of tocolytics in preterm labor

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade do atendimento ao trabalho de parto prematuro em maternidades públicas do Rio de Janeiro, utilizando referentes, indicadores e padrões de processo e de resultado derivados de evidências científicas. Na análise de processo, o padrão utilizado para o uso de tocolíticos betamiméticos foi de 100 por cento, considerando os referentes derivados. Na análise de resultados, o padrão foi a ocorrência de parto prematuro em 11 por cento das pacientes dentro de 24 h e em 24 por cento dentro de 48 h da admissão hospitalar. O uso de tocolíticos ocorreu em 18,7 por cento das pacientes admitidas em trabalho de parto prematuro. Na faixa de idade gestacional de 28 a 33 semanas e seis dias, especialmente importante para a sobrevivência neonatal, o uso de tocolíticos foi feito em 32,6 por cento das pacientes. Parto prematuro ocorreu em 59 percet das pacientes dentro de 24 h e em 64 percent das pacientes dentro de 48 h da admissão, resultados consistentes com o baixo uso de tocolíticos observado. A efetividade da assistência ao trabalho de parto prematuro, medida pela taxa de nascimentos prematuros, foi baixa. Os achados das correspondentes análises de processo e resultado foram consistentes

Estudio ORACLE: protocolo y estado actual de la investigación en la Argentina / ORACLE study: protocol and present status of the investigation in Argentine

ORACLE es una investigación aleatorizada factorial pragmática multicéntrica, dirigida desde la Universidad de Leicester (Reino Unido), cuyo objetivo es verificar el rol de la antibióticoterapia (eritromicina y/o augmentina y/o placebo) en la amenaza de parto prematuro (APP), con o sin rotura prematura de membranas (RPM). Los puntos finales principales son mortalidad perinatal y morbilidad neonatal severa. El tamaño muestral propuesto es de 10.000 casos. Participan 164 maternidades de 16 países y se llevan incluidos 7.364 pacientes. Argentina, que inició su gestión en agosto de 1997, a marzo de 1999 lleva incluidos 762 pacientes, reclutados entre las 9 maternidades participantes, sitas en Buenos Aires, provincia de Buenos Aires y Salta. Dos de ellas, figuran 2º y 3º en la lista de hospitales con mayor índice de reclutamiento en el mundo. El 88 por ciento de las ingresadas presentó APP y el 12 por ciento, RPM. Ambas situaciones se combinaron en el 8 por ciento de ellas. La mediana de la edad gestacional al ingreso es 32 semanas (cuartilos: 29 y 34). El 82,6 por ciento ya finalizó su participación y sólo hay un 2 por ciento de pérdidas de seguimiento. El 58 por ciento de los nacimientos ocurrió al término. La mediana de peso al nacer es 2.870 g (cuartilos 2.250 y 3.250). El 27 por ciento requirió UTI y la mortalidad perinatal es 3,6 por ciento. No se han registrado efectos adversos fetoneonatales atribuibles a las medicaciones del estudio. Los efectos adversos maternos suman 14 casos y han sido los habituales ante el consumo de antibióticos.

Nifedipina: una opción en uteroinhibición comparado con el uso de Fenoterol / Nifedipine: an option in utero inhibition compared with the use of Fenoterol

La prematuridad y el bajo peso al nacer, continúan siendo críticos problemas de salud pública. El diagnóstico y la prevención del parto pretérmino por tanto constituyen un objetivo primordial en obstetricia. Existen diversos protocolos de manejo de la amenaza de parto pretérmino, con riesgo de cada uno de ellos tanto materno como fetal, por lo que muy diversos esquemas terapéuticos los cuales son en su gran mayoría inaccesibles por su alto costo para la población general en nuestro país. El presente estudio pretende determinar si la Nifedipina ejerce alguna acción terapéutica sobre esta patología comparada con el uso de Fenoterol. La Nifedipina, una dihidropiridina, bloqueadora de la entrada de calcio ha diso usada en el tratamiento de parto pretérmino. Se studiaron en este trabajo prospectivo 40 pacientes, usando Nifedipina y un grupo control tratado con Fenoterol, de 40 pacientes. Encontramos que el 92.5 por ciento de pacientes manejados con Nifedipina su actividad uterina desapareció en la primera hora de tratamiento y el 94 por ciento para el grupo de Fenoterol. Los efectos adversos más frecuentes para Nifedipina fueron taquicardia leve (72 por ciento) y cefalea (59 por ciento) para el grupo de fenoterol taquicardia leve (72 por ciento) y cefalea (25 por ciento)