Sintomas visuais e insuficiência de convergência em docentes universitários / Visual symptoms and convergence insufficiency in university teachers

Resumo Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência de desconforto visual e insuficiência de convergência (IC) em docentes universitários. Métodos: Tratar-se de um estudo transversal, com 60 docentes de ambos os sexos, tendo sido utilizado o questionário Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey, validado para a população brasileira. Resultados: Dos docentes entrevistados 55,0% eram do sexo feminino. 48,3% responderam dedicar menos que duas horas por dia à leitura, sendo que 40,0% dos entrevistados disseram que fazem pausas de 30 minutos à uma hora durante a leitura e 63,3% afirmaram passar entre 2 a 5 horas por dia em frente ao computador. Em relação à investigação sobre as doenças do sistema visual, 25,0% relataram apresentar miopia, sendo que 55,0% dos indivíduos usam óculos e destes 41,7% o usam com frequência. Quanto à investigação da prevalência de insuficiência de convergência, obteve-se frequência de (1,8) %. Conclusão: Constatou-se que a maioria dos entrevistados se apresentou com desconforto visual e uma pequena porcentagem foram acometidos pela IC.

Abstract Objective: To investigate the prevalence of visual discomfort and convergence failure in professors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done, consisting of 60 teachers of both sexes, of the Centro Universitário FAG, which used the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey, validated for the Brazilian population. Results: Of those surveyed 55.0% are female. 48.3% respondents spend less than two hours a day reading, with 40.0% of respondents said they do 30-minute breaks for one hour during reading and 63.3% said they spend between 2-5 hours a day in front of the computer. With regard to research on diseases of the visual system, 25.0% reported having myopia, with 55.0% of individuals use these glasses and 41.7% use it frequently. The research of the prevalence of convergence insufficiency, gave an average of 12.4(1.8) %. Conclusion: It was found that most respondents presented with visual discomfort and small percentages were affected by CI.

Dynamic distance direct ophthalmoscopy, a novel technique to assess accommodation in children.

Aim: To describe and compare dynamic distance direct ophthalmoscopy (DDDO) with dynamic retinoscopy (DR) in assessment of accommodation in children. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study had four components. Component 1: to understand the characteristic digital images of DDDO. Component 2: to compare DDDO with DR for detection of accommodative defects in children (1–16 years). Component 3: to compare DDDO with DR for the detection of completeness of pharmacologically induced cycloplegia in children (5–16 years) and Component 4: to assess which one of the two techniques was more sensitive to detect onset of cycloplegia after instillation of 1% cyclopentolate eye drops. Results: Component 1: image analysis of DDDO on two subjects (7 years and 35 years) demonstrated superior pupillary crescent that progressively disappeared with increasing accommodation. Concurrently an inferior crescent appeared that became bigger in size with increasing accommodation. Component 2: the prevalence of defects in accommodation was 3.3% (33/1000 children). Three had unilateral accommodation failure. Sensitivity of DDDO was 94%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value 100%, negative predictive value 99%, and clinical agreement (kappa) 0.97. Component 3: in the detection of completeness of pharmacologically induced cycloplegia (n=30), the sensitivity of DDDO was 94%, specificity 96%, positive predictive value 97%, negative predictive value 93% and kappa 0.9. DR had two false positives. DDDO had one false negative. Component 4: DDDO detected onset of pharmacologically induced cycloplegia 5 min earlier than DR (n=5). Conclusion: DDDO is a novel, simple, clinical and reliable method to assess accommodation in young children. This test can assess the accommodative response of both eyes simultaneously.

Trastornos neurológicos en niños con síndrome de Down / Prevalence of neurological disorders among children with Down syndrome

Background: Neurological disturbances are common problems in children with Down Syndrome (DS). Aim: To determine the prevalence of neurological disorders affecting children with Down Syndrome. Patients and Methods: Review of medical records of253 children aged from 1 day to 23 years affected with DS, attended at a public hospital and a University clinic. Results: The overall prevalence of neurological disorders was 38.7%. The most common problems were ocular motor disorders in 26% of cases and epilepsy in 12%. Conclusions: Neurological disorders are more common in children with DS than in the general population. Motor ocular disorders and epilepsy are the predominant disturbances detected.

Síndrome de Parinaud asociado a otros estrabismos / Parinaud syndrome associated with other strabismus

Objetivo: Describir los estrabismo asociados al Síndrome de Parinaud (SP). Métodos: Se estudiaron pacientes con SP de 1998 a 2004 asociados a otros estrabismos. Resultados: Total 18 pacientes, 6 mujeres y 12 hombres. Edad: 28 años DE 22 (10; 1C 95 por ciento). Lesión al III nervio craneal en 15 pacientes (79 por ciento), II nervio: 8 pacientes (44.4 por ciento), VII nervio: 3 pacientes, hemiparesia: 3, lesión a IV nervio 2, parálisis bilateral de III nervio 2, nistagmus 2, Síndrome de foville 2, y síndrome de uno y medio 1 paciente. Causas: Accidente vascular cerebral 4, uno de ellos asociado a infarto agudo de miocardio, traumatismo cráneo-encefálico 3, tumor cerebral 6, neurocisticercosis 2. Se obtuvo ortoposición con toxina botulínica en 1.72 +/- 1.1 (0.65 IC 95) y cirugía en 9, mejoría espontánea 1. Conclusiones: Identificar el diagnóstico topográfico y pronóstico de la lesión cerebral asociada a SP es muy importante en el control y vigilancia del paciente así como para ofrecer una rehabilitación mas dirigida.

Objective: To describe the causes of Parinaud syndrome (PS) with diplopia to determine a topographic diagnosis and prognosis. Method: We studied patients with SP from January 1980 to January 2004; causes and treatment. We identified all strabismus associated to PS. Results: We included 18 patients with diplopia, 6 female and 12 male. Age: 28 years old, SD 22 (10; CI 95 percent). Related strabismus: III nerve palsy in 15 patients (79 percent), optical nerve damage in 8 (44.4 percent), VII nerve palsy in 3, IV nerve palsy 2, bilateral III nerve palsy 2, nystagmus 2, Foville syndrome 2, One and half syndrome 1. Causes: Tumor 6, brain stroke 4, cranial trauma 3, neurocisticercosis 2. Ortoposition with botulinum toxin treatment was obtained with 1.72 +/-1.1 (0.65; IC 95 percent) inyections. Surgery was done in 9 patients, only one patient had spontaneous resolution of diplopia and SP. Conclusions: To identify the topographic diagnosis and prognosis of brain diseases in PS is very important to complete the study of strabismus. In this way we can know more about of damage extension and we can identify recurrences quickly to offer a better control.

Trastornos de la motilidad ocular en una población de niños escolares de la Sierra Ecuatoriana / Ocular motility disorders in a population of school children in the Sierra Ecuatoriana

Propósito: El objetivo del siguiente trabajo fue el de determinar la prevalencia y los distintos tipos de trastornos de la motilidad ocular en una población escolar de la sierra ecuatoriana. Material y métodos: Se examinaron 6143 niños de entre 4 y 16 años de edad de dos áreas geográficas étnicamente similares de la Sierra del Ecuador. De la población examinada, 2775 fueron de sexo femenino y 3368 de sexo masculino. A cada niño se le efectuó un examen oftalmológico que comprendía: inspección, estudio de la motilidad ocular, reflejos pupilares, estereopsis, agudeza visual sin corrección y con corrección en aquellos niños portadores de lentes, examen de ojo externo, autorrefractometria y videorrefractometria. Se efectuó autorrefractometria con cicloplejia y examen de fondo de ojo a todos los niños con niveles de agudeza visual menor a 0.8 en alguno de sus ojos, a todos los niños entre 4 y 6 años y en forma randomizada al 10 por ciento del total de los niños. El examen de la motilidad ocular consistió en evaluación de la excursión ocular hacia las 9 posiciones de la mirada, Cover test para lejos y cerca con y sin corrección, test de Hirschberg y determinación de la presencia o no de un tortícolis. Resultados: De los 6143 niños examinados 371 (6 por ciento) presentaba algún trastorno en su motilidad ocular. Estrabismos latentes (forias) fueron encontrados en 253 niños (4.11 por ciento). De ellos, 249 casos tenían exoforias y solo 4 presentaron endoforias. Esotropias pudieron observarse en 22 niños (0.35 por ciento). Exotropias se presentaron en 17 de los niños examinados (0.27 por ciento). Se presentaron 8 casos con anisotropía en V e hiperfunción de oblicuos inferiores y 55 pacientes con anisotropía en Y sin disfunción de músculos oblicuos. Dos pacientes presentaron desviación vertical disociada. Presentaron nistagmus sin estrabismo 5 niños y parálisis del IV nervio pudieron observarse en 2 casos

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to determine the prevalence and different types of ocular motility disorders in a population of school children of the Highlands of Ecuador. Patient and Methods: 6143 children with ages between 4 and 16 where examined in two etnically similar areas of the Highland region of Ecuador. 2775 where females and 3368 males. Every child underwent an opthalmological examination that included: Inspection, evaluation of ocular motility, pupilar reflexes, stereopsis, visual acuity without correction and with correction in all the children wearing glasses, external examination, autorrefractometry and videorrefractometry. Autorrefractometry with cycloplegia and retinal examination were performed in all children with vision levels less than 0.8 in a least one eye, to ocular motility evaluation consisted in assement of the eyes excursion in all 9 positions, of gaze Cover test for distance and near, Hirschber test and determining the presence of an anomalous head posture. Results: Of the 6143 children evaluated, 371 (6 percent) presented with some type of ocular motility disturbance. Of theses, 253 (4.11 percent) where latent strabismus. 249 suffered from exophorias and only 4 had esophoses. There where 8 children with V pattern and overaction of inferior obliques and 55 with Y pattern and no disfuction of oblique muscle.