Assuntos
História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , História Natural/tendências , História da Medicina , Pesquisadores/história , Medicina/tendências , Médicos/história , Alergia e Imunologia/história , Cirurgia Geral/história , Cirurgia Torácica/história , Diagnóstico por Imagem/história , Genética/história , Instrumentos Cirúrgicos/história , Pesquisa com Células-Tronco/história , Laparoscopia/história , Psicanálise/história , Psicologia/história , Tratamento Farmacológico/história , Radioterapia/história , Virologia/históriaRESUMO
The treatise On Ancient Medicine attests that questions of method were being debated both in medicine and in philosophy and is important evidence of cross-discipline methodological controversy. The treatise On Ancient Medicine is the first attempt in the history of Greek thought to provide a detailed account of the development of a science from a starting point in observation and experience. The author of it criticizes philosophical physicians who attempt to systematized medicine by reducing it to the interaction of one or more of the opposites hot, cold, wet, and dry, factors. He regards the theory of his opponents as hypothesis(hypothesis). Medicine has long been in possession of both an arche and a hodos, a principle and a method, which have enabled it to make discoveries over a long period of time. As far as method is concerned, the traditional science of medicine attained the knowledge of the visible by starting from observation and experience, but it recommended the use of reasoning and analogies with familiar objects as a means of learning about the invisible. It also utilized inference from the visible to the visible(epilogismos) and inference from the visible to the invisible(analogismos). The use of analogy as a means of learning about the obscure was also part of thecommon heritage of early philosophy and medicine. But the author's use of the analogical method distinguishes it from Empedocles' well-known analogy comparisons of the eye to a lantern and the process of respiration to the operations of a clepsydra. According to the author, traditional science of medicine used functional analogy like wine example and cheese example to know the function of humors within the body and utilized structured analogy like a tube example and a cupping instrument example to acknowledge an organ or structure within the body. But the author didn't distinguish between the claim that medicine has a systematic method of making discoveries and very different claim that it has a systematic method of treatment. The reason for this is that he thought that discoveries are the end point of the method of investigation and the starting point of the procedures used in treatment.
Assuntos
Humanos , Tratamento Farmacológico/história , Grécia , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , História Antiga , Aprendizagem , Medicina Tradicional/história , Pesquisa/históriaRESUMO
The global incidence of Type-2 diabetes is on the rise and the public health and resource implications of the disease will be very enormous. The therapeutic armamentarium has been very much static up to the last decade of the last century when more several agents were developed and marketed. New oral agents followed the footsteps of the sulphonylureas and biguanides, and agents like the alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones and incretin-based therapeutic agents have added a new dimension to the management of the disease and more options for the increasing number of patients. Other novel agents are still in development. Furthermore, advances in scientific research and clinical practice and patient's care have shed the light on the importance of the holistic approach for management of these patients, and the need to address the devastating complications and the best way of achieving this. This paper is the first part of a series of reviews that is aimed at surfing the current developments in pharmacotherapy of Type-2 diabetes