Prevalencia de cristales de colesterol en granulomas perirradiculares de origen endodóntico / Prevalence of cholesterol crystals in periradicular granulomas of endodontic origin

Objetivos: Identificar y determinar la prevalencia de cristales de colesterol (CRCo) en granulomas perirradiculares de origen endodóntico y el tipo de reacción que provocan en los tejidos circundantes. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron con microscopía óptica 75 preparados histológicos de archivo pertenecientes a lesiones perirradiculares humanas correspondientes a piezas dentarias que habían recibido un tratamiento endodóntico pre- vio y que, según los informes que acompañaban las muestras, habían sido obtenidas mediante una apicectomía. Del total, 68 muestras fueron diagnosticadas como granulomas, mientras que los 7 restantes se diagnosticaron como quistes inflamato- rios y fueron descartadas. Resultados: 39 granulomas pertenecían a pacientes de sexo femenino con presencia de CRCo en el 58,97% de los ca- sos. Los 29 granulomas restantes pertenecían al sexo mascu- lino y presentaron CRCo en un 41,37%. La mayor proporción de CRCo fue hallada en granulomas pertenecientes a pacien- tes mayores de 62 años. Los CRCo se observaron rodeados de macrófagos y células gigantes multinucleadas, provocando una reacción a cuerpo extraño. También se observaron células espumosas en áreas circundantes. Conclusiones: La presencia de CRCo en granulomas perirradiculares de origen endodóntico provoca una reacción a cuerpo extraño que puede interferir con el proceso de re- paración posendodóntico especialmente en pacientes de edad avanzada (AU)

Aim: Identify and determine the prevalence of cholester- ol crystals (CRCo) in periradicular granulomas of endodontic origin and the type of reaction they produce in the surround- ing tissues. Material and methods: 75 archival histological preparations were studied with optical microscopy. They be- longed to human periradicular lesions corresponding to teeth that had received a previous endodontic treatment and that, according to the reports accompanying the samples, had been obtained by an apicoectomy. Of the total, 68 samples were diagnosed as granulomas, while the remaining 7 were diag- nosed as inflammatory cysts and were discarded. Results: 39 granulomas corresponded to female patients in which the presence of CRCo was observed in 58.97% of the cases. The remaining 29 granulomas were from male patients and showed CRCo in 41.37% of the cases. The highest pro- portion of CRCo was found in patients over 62 years of age. The CRCo were surrounded by macrophages and multinucle- ated giant cells causing a foreign body reaction. Foam cells were also observed in the surrounding areas. Conclusions: The presence of CRCo in periradicular granulomas of endodontic origin could be a factor interfering with periapical healing after conventional endodontic thera- py, especially in elderly patients (AU)

Lesiones perirradiculares asociadas a primeros molares superiores tratados endodónticamente: estudio a través de tomografías computadas / Periradicular lesions associated with endodontically treated maxillary first molars: study through computed tomography

Objetivos: Estudiar con tomografías computadas de haz cónico (CBCT) las lesiones perirradiculares de primeros molares superiores tratados endodónticamente; evaluar la lo- calización y, en los que tenían lesión en la raíz mesiovestibu- lar (MV), evaluar la frecuencia del conducto MV2. Materiales y métodos: A partir de una muestra de 179 tomografías, que incluían primeros molares superiores, se seleccionaron y analizaron aquellas en las cuales estos ha- bían recibido un tratamiento endodóntico previo, presentaban lesiones perirradiculares y conservaban una restauración co- ronaria. Las variables analizadas fueron: la localización de áreas radiolúcidas compatibles con lesiones perirradiculares de origen endodóntico y la correlación entre diferentes loca- lizaciones y la calidad del tratamiento realizado (adecuado, defectuoso o sin tratamiento). Los datos fueron analizados mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado y la prueba de Spearman. Resultados: De las 179 CBCT que incluían primeros molares superiores, 90 reunían las condiciones requeridas. La frecuencia de las lesiones perirradiculares fue significativa- mente mayor en la raíz MV al compararla con las raíces disto- vestibular y palatina (p<0,05). El conducto MV1 presentó un tratamiento adecuado en todos los casos. El conducto MV2 recibió un tratamiento adecuado en 4 casos (4,44%), defec- tuoso en 4 casos (4,44%) y no tratado en 82 casos (91,1%); con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0,05). Conclusiones: En la muestra analizada, la localización de lesiones perirradiculares postratamiento endodóntico en primeros molares superiores se encontró con mayor frecuencia asociada a la raíz mesiovestibular, donde en la mayoría de los casos el con- ducto MB2 no fue tratado o presentó un tratamiento defectuoso (AU)

Aim: To study with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) the periradicular lesions of maxillary first molars with endodontical treatment; to evaluate its localization and, in those with a mesiobuccal root (MB) injury, assess the fre- quency of the MB2 root canal. Materials and methods: From a sample of 179 tomog- raphies (CBCT) that included maxillary first molars, those in which they had received previous endodontic treatment, pre- sented periradicular lesions and had a coronary restoration were selected and analyzed. The analyzed variables were: localization of radiolucent areas compatible with periradic- ular lesions of endodontic origin and the correlation between different localizations and quality of the performed treatment (adequate, defective, or untreated). Data were analyzed by the chi-square test and the Spearman test. Results: Of the 179 CBCT that included maxillary first molars, 90 met the required conditions. The frequency of periradicular lesions was significantly higher in the MB root when compared with distobuccal and palatal roots (P<0,05). The MB1 canal presented an adequate treatment in all cas- es. The MB2 canal received adequate treatment in 4 cases (4.44%), a defective one in 4 cases (4.44%) and was untreated in 82 cases (91.1%). The differences among these frequencies were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions: In the analyzed sample, the localization of periradicular lesions after endodontic treatment in maxillary first molars was associated more frequently with the mesio- buccal root in which in the majority of cases the MB2 canal was untreated or presented a defective treatment

Diagnóstico clínico, radiográfico e histológico de un caso de fibrosis periapical posendodóntica / Clinical, radiographic, and histologic diagnosis of a postendodontic periapical fibrosis case

Objetivo: La fibrosis periapical posendodóntica es un proceso reparativo asintomático, radiolúcido y no progresivo que se interpreta con frecuencia como una lesión patológica persistente. El diagnóstico de esta entidad suele ser dudoso y sólo puede definirse mediante la correlación de las obser- vaciones clínicas, radiográficas e histológicas. El objetivo de este informe es describir el caso de un paciente que presenta un área radiolúcida periapical persistente y asintomática en un incisivo lateral superior. Caso clínico: Luego de cuatro años y dos meses de ha- ber recibido un tratamiento endodóntico el paciente concurre a la consulta para un examen de rutina. El examen radiográfico del diente revela un área radiolúcida persistente y bien defini- da. A causa de una fractura radicular irreparable, se indicó la extracción de la pieza dentaria. Esto permitió realizar el estu- dio histológico del tejido blando que permanecía adherido en el ápice de la raíz, lo que confirmó y completó el diagnóstico de fibrosis periapical posendodóntica.(AU)

Aim: The postendodontic periapical fibrosis is an asymp- tomatic radiolucent and non-progressive healing process that is often interpreted as a persistent pathological lesion. The diagnosis of this entity is usually uncertain, and it is only de- fined by the correlation of clinical, radiographic and histo- logical observations.The aim of this report is to describe the case of a patient with a long-term persisting asymptomatic and radiolucent area in a upper lateral incisor. Clinical case: Four years and two months after receiv- ing an endodontic treatment the patient comes to our office for a routine control. Radiographic examination revealed the presence of a persistent well defined radiolucent area. Sur- gical tooth extraction was required due to the presence of a complicated root fracture.This allowed to perform a histolog- ical study of the soft tissue attached to the apex of the ex- tracted root, which confirmed and completed the diagnosis of postendodontic periapical fibrosis (AU)

Retratamiento y reparación de una perforación radicular. Informe clínico, radiográfico e histológico / Retreatment and healing of a case of root perforation. Clinical, radiographic and histological report

Objetivo: Describir los aspectos clínicos, radiográfi- cos e histológicos del retratamiento realizado en un segundo molar superior en el que se había producido previamente una perforación radicular durante el tratamiento original. Caso clínico: Un paciente masculino de 50 años con- currió a la consulta para realizar un retratamiento endodóntico en un segundo molar superior derecho. El examen radiográfi- co reveló la presencia de un tratamiento incompleto, un área radiolúcida periapical y una perforación radicular producida por un poste roscado insertado fuera del espacio del conducto mesio vestibular. Una vez retirado el poste, se selló la perfo- ración con Biodentine y se realizó el retratamiento. Luego de dos años, el paciente regresó a la consulta con dolor a la mas- ticación, localizado en el área correspondiente al segundo mo- lar superior derecho previamente tratado. Durante el examen clínico y radiográfico se detectó la presencia de una fractura vertical en la raíz palatina. A causa del severo compromiso radicular el molar fue extraído y derivado para su análisis his- tológico. El informe del laboratorio reveló que la perforación había sido reparada por medio de la aposición de un nuevo tejido calcificado y que el remanente periodontal adherido a la raíz se encontraba dentro de los límites normales. El presente caso clínico resalta la importancia que tiene el conocimiento cabal de la anatomía del sistema de conductos radiculares con el objeto de evitar errores de procedimiento que puedan influir negativamente en el pronóstico del tratamiento (AU)

Aim: To describe the clinical, radiographic and histo- logical aspects of the retreatment of a second upper molar in which root perforation had occurred during the original treatment. Clinical case: A 50-year old male was referred for endo- dontic retreatment of the right second maxillary molar. Radi- ographic examination revealed the presence of an incomplete root canal treatment, a radiolucent periapical area and a root perforation produced by a threaded post placed outside of the mesiobuccal root canal. After post removal, the root perfo- ration was sealed with Biodentine and the root canals were retreated. Two years later, the patient returned to the office com- plaining of severe pain during mastication, in the area of the previously retreated right second maxillary molar. Clinical and radiographic examination revealed the presence of a ver- tical fracture on the palatal root. Since this kind of root dam- age non-restorable, the tooth was extracted and submitted to histologic analysis. The laboratory report revealed that the perforation site had healed by the apposition of new calci- fied tissue, and that the remnants of periodontal tissue which persisted attached to the root were within normal limits. This clinical case highlights the importance of thorough knowl- edge of the anatomy of the root canal system in order to avoid procedural errors which may compromise the prognosis of the treatment (AU)

Atención dental del paciente con enfermedad de Alzheimer: informe de caso / Dental care of patient with Alzheimer's disease: case report

Objetivo: Informar la experiencia de un retratamiento de endodoncia efectuado a una paciente con enfermedad de Alzheimer. Caso clínico: Una paciente de 71 años de edad acudió al servicio para un retratamiento endodóntico en canino inferior derecho realizado previamente en otra institución. Durante los procedimientos se registraron dificultades relacionadas con la negativa del cuidador a permanecer en la consulta, episodios de confusión y movimientos involuntarios, por lo cual se resolvió aplicar la técnica decir-mostrar-hacer para el manejo de la conducta, además de un abrebocas metálico y un colimador para la toma de rayos X. Gracias a la cooperación de la paciente, el tratamiento se llevó a cabo con éxito. Conclusiones: Es importante priorizar la atención dental en etapas tempranas de la enfermedad, cuando la disfunción cognitiva aún permite la cooperación y el riesgo de broncoaspiración todavía es bajo. Así mismo, se recomienda promover que el cuidador permanezca durante las sesiones de rehabilitación. El odontólogo debe conocer los fundamentos fisiológicos y conductuales en relación con esta alteración neurológica, a fin de poder adecuar la atención dental a la individualidad de estos pacientes (AU)

Aim: To present a case report about the experience during a re root canal treatment on a patient with Alzheimer's disease. Clinical case: A 71-year-old female patient, attended for endodontic re treatment of her lower right canine, previously root filled elsewhere. Difficulties are reported during the procedures due to the carer's resistance to staying in the dental office during the treatment, episodes of confusion and uncontrolled movements of the patient, opting for the use of the tell-show-do technique for behavior management, metallic mouth opener, and collimator for X-ray taking. The treatment was carried out successfully, and the cooperation of the patient was also achieved. Conclusions: It is important to prioritise dental treatment during the early stages of the disease, when cognitive dysfunction still allows cooperation and there is a low risk of bronchoaspiration. Likewise, it is recommended to encourage the carers to remain in the dental office during treatment. The dentist must know the physiological and behavioral changes that arise as a result of this neurological disorder, to provide dental treatment to these patients (AU)

Estudio preliminar sobre la repetibilidad in vivo de tres localizadores apicales electrónicos / Preliminary study about in vivo repeatability of three electronic apex locators

RESUMEN Introducción: La mayoría de los estudios han evaluado y comparado la exactitud de los localizadores apicales electrónicos pero pocos evaluaron la repetibilidad del método de medición; de estos casi todos son ex vivo. Objetivo: Comparar la repetibilidad in vivo de tres localizadores apicales electrónicos en dientes antero-superiores permanentes. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal en 14 pacientes adultos sanos de ambos sexos con indicación de tratamiento de conductos en una pieza dentaria antero-superior. La selección fue por casos consecutivos. Se utilizaron tres localizadores apicales electrónicos (Root ZX II, Canal Pro y RomiApex A-15) para realizar las mediciones de los conductos. Dos operadores independientes realizaron dos mediciones con cada localizador apical electrónico. Los datos se analizaron por medio de la prueba de Bland-Altman para la repetibilidad y la prueba de Friedman para comparar los localizadores apicales. Resultados: La edad media (desviación estándar) de los pacientes fue 28,79 (± 9,12) años; 8 (57,1 por ciento) pacientes fueron del sexo femenino. La media de las diferencias (límites de concordancia) de las mediciones para Root ZX, Canal Pro y RomiApex A-15 fueron 0,13 mm (± 0,42), 0,12 mm (± 0,88), y 0,18 (± 0,76) mm, respectivamente. Conclusiones. El Root ZX presentó el mayor grado de repetibilidad, seguido por el RomiApex. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los localizadores en cuanto a las diferencias absolutas entre la 1ra y 2da mediciones(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Most studies have evaluated and compared the accuracy of electronic apex locators, but few have addressed the repeatability of the measurement method, and most are ex vivo. Objective: Compare the in vivo repeatability of three electronic apex locators in permanent upper front teeth. Methods: An analytic observational cross-sectional study was conducted of 14 healthy adult patients of both sexes with root canal therapy indicated in an upper front tooth. The consecutive case method was used to select the patients. Three electronic apex locators (Root ZX II, Canal Pro and RomiApex A-15) were used for root canal measurement. Two independent operators performed two measurements with each electronic apex locator. Data were analyzed using the Bland-Altman test to assess repeatability and the Friedman test to compare the apex locators. Results: Mean age (standard deviation) of the patients was 28.79 (± 9.12) years; 8 patients (57.1 percent) were female. The mean differences (limits of agreement) of the measurements made by Root ZX, Canal Pro and RomiApex A-15 were 0.13 mm (± 0.42), 0.12 mm (± 0.88) and 0.18 (± 0.76) mm, respectively. Conclusions: Root ZX displayed the highest repeatability, followed by RomiApex. Statistically significant variations were not found between the locators as to absolute differences between the 1st and 2nd measurement(AU)

Effect of premedication with anti-inflammatory drugs on post-endodontic pain: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract In spite of advances in root canal therapy and better knowledge of pulpal and periapical inflammation, up 40% of endodontic patients report varying degrees of pain. The aim of this present study was to compare the effect of single preoperative dose of ibuprofen or dexamethasone on post-endodontic pain. Sixty volunteers were divided into three groups (n=20 per group): PL, placebo; IB, 400 mg of ibuprofen; and DE, 8 mg of dexamethasone. The primary outcome was the post-endodontic pain intensity measured with a numerical rating scale (4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h). Secondary outcomes included number of anesthetic cartridges used and consumption of rescue medication. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. There was no significant difference among groups (p>0.05) considering the pain intensity. Only 37% of IB group patients and 28% of DE group patients used some rescue medication. On the other hand, 74% of PL group patients mentioned the consumption of rescue medication; PL group had a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in comparison with IB and DE groups. The number of anesthetic cartridges used had no statistically significant difference among the groups (p>0.05). Significant differences were not found in the reduction of pain intensity and the number of anesthetic cartridges used. Considering the consumption of rescue medication (secondary outcome), preoperative administration of Ibuprofen or dexamethasone reduces post-endodontic pain and discomfort in comparison with a placebo. Premedication with anti-inflammatory drugs drugs could be contributed to control of the post-endodontic pain, mainly in patients more sensible for pain.

Resumo Apesar dos avanços no tratamento do canal radicular e melhor conhecimento da inflamação pulpar e periapical, 40% dos pacientes submetidos ao tratamento de endodôntico relatam diferentes graus de dor. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o efeito pré-operatório (dose única) de ibuprofeno ou dexametasona na dor pós-endodôntica. Sessenta voluntários foram divididos em três grupos (n=20 por grupo): PL, placebo; IB, 400 mg de ibuprofeno; e DE, 8 mg de dexametasona. O desfecho primário foi a intensidade da dor pós-endodôntica medida com uma escala numérica (4, 8, 12, 24 e 48 h). Os desfechos secundários incluíram o número de tubetes anestésicos utilizados e o consumo de medicação resgate. Os dados foram analisados com os testes ANOVA, qui-quadrado e Kruskal-Wallis. Não houve diferença entre os grupos (p>0,05) considerando a intensidade da dor. Apenas 37% dos pacientes do grupo IB e 28% do grupo DE utilizaram alguma medicação resgate. Por outro lado, 74% dos pacientes do grupo PL mencionaram o consumo de medicação resgate; o grupo PL apresentou diferença significativa (p<0,05) em comparação com os grupos IB e DE. O número de tubetes anestésicos utilizados não apresentou diferença significativa entre os grupos (p>0,05). Não encontramos diferença significativa na redução da intensidade da dor e no número de tubetes anestésicos utilizados. Considerando o consumo de medicação resgate (desfecho secundário), a administração pré-operatória de ibuprofeno ou dexametasona reduz a dor pós-endodôntica e o desconforto em comparação com placebo. A pré-medicação com anti-inflamatórios poderia contribuir para o controle da dor pós-endodôntica, principalmente em pacientes mais sensíveis à dor.

Predicting intraoperative pain in emergency endodontic patients: clinical study

Abstract This prospective observational study sought to investigate the incidence of intraoperative pain (IOP) among emergency endodontic patients and to construct an IOP prediction model that includes preoperative pain level (PPL). All patients who underwent emergency endodontic treatment at Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey, during the spring term of 2016 were considered for inclusion in the study. Demographic and clinical variables and PPL were recorded. Local anesthesia was provided to all patients before beginning routine endodontic treatment. IOP was defined as the condition of requiring supplementary anesthesia before the working length was established and exhibiting persistent moderate or severe pain despite supplementary anesthesia. Data from 85% and 15% of 435 patients (178 men, 257 women; mean age: 35 years) were used to develop predictive models by multiple logistic regression analysis and to test external validity of the models, respectively. Two multiple logistic regression models achieved good model fits. Model 1 included age, pulpal diagnosis, and arc (p < 0.05). In addition to these variables, Model 2 included periapical diagnosis and PPL (p < 0.15). Models 1 and 2 showed accuracies of 0.76 and 0.75, sensitivities of 0.74 and 0.77, and specificities of 0.76 and 0.74, respectively for the modeling data (internal validity), and accuracies of 0.82 and 0.80, sensitivities of 0.83 and 0.67, and specificities of 0.81 and 0.81, respectively for the control data (external validity). The IOP incidence was 10.3%. IOP in patients undergoing emergency endodontic treatment can be successfully predicted by using models that account for demographic and clinical variables, including PPL.

Postoperative pain intensity after using different instrumentation techniques: a randomized clinical study

Abstract Postoperative pain is a frequent complication associated with root canal treatment, especially during apical instrumentation of tooth with preexisting periradicular inflammation Objectives The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate the influence of the instrumentation techniques on the incidence and intensity of postoperative pain in single-visit root canal treatment. Material and Methods Ninety patients with single root/canal and non-vital pulps were included. The patients were assigned into 3 groups according to root canal instrumentation technique used; modified step-back, reciprocal, and rotational techniques. Root canal treatment was carried out in a single visit and the severity of postoperative pain was assessed via 4-point pain intensity scale. All the participants were called through the phone at 12, 24 and 48 h to obtain the pain scores. Data were analyzed through the Kruskal–Wallis test. Results There was significant difference between all groups (p<0.05). The modified step-back technique produced postoperative pain significantly lower than the rotational (p=0.018) and reciprocal (p=0.020) techniques. No difference was found between the reciprocal and rotational techniques (p=0.868). Postoperative pain in the first 12 h period (p=0.763) and in the 24 h period (p=0.147) was not significantly different between the groups. However, the difference in the 48 h period was statistically different between the groups (p=0.040). Conclusion All instrumentation techniques caused postoperative pain. The modified step-back technique produced less pain compared to the rotational and reciprocal techniques.

The effect of various kinematics on postoperative pain after instrumentation: a prospective, randomized clinical study

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate various kinematic movements on postoperative pain using a Reciproc system. Material and Methods: Fifty-six molar teeth were divided into four groups according to kinematics as follows: continuous rotation, 360° CCW – 30° CW, 270° CCW – 30° CW, and 150° CCW – 30° CW. Preoperative and postoperative pain levels using visual analogue scale (VAS), percussion pain, and analgesic intake were recorded for each subject. Postoperative pain levels at 1, 3, 5, and 7 d were evaluated. Data were analyzed statistically using the Kruskal-Walis, Mann-Whitney-U, one-way analysis of variance, and chi-square tests (p=0.05). Results: Continuous rotation resulted in more pain at Day 1 when compared with the reciprocating groups (360° CCW – 30° CW and 270° CCW – 30° C) (p<0.05). Conclusions: Continuous rotation resulted in more postoperative pain at Day 1 than in reciprocating groups, and thereafter no significant pain was found among the groups.

Evaluación ex vivo del material de obturación extruido durante el retratamiento endodóntico con el empleo de dos técnicas de remoción / Ex vivo evaluation of the amount of extruded filling material during endodontic retreatment using wo removal techniques

Objetivo: evaluar ex vivo la cantidad de material de obturación durante el retratemiento endodóntico ortógrado con el uso de dos técnicas de desobturación. Materiales y métodos: se utilizaron 30 caninos humanos extraídos, de conducto único y raíces rectas. Los conductos se instrumentaron con ProGlider (Dentsply/Maillefer, Ballaigues, Suiza) y ProTaper Next X1, X2 y X3 (Dentsply/Maillefer, Ballaigues, Suiza) hasta la longitud de trabajo (LT), luego, se sobrepasó 1 mm del foramen apical con una lima tipo K #20. A continuación se obturaron con conocs de gutapercha ProTaper Next X3 (Dentsply / Maillefer, Ballaigues, Suiza), condensación lateral y termocompactación. Como sellador endodóntico, se utilizó el AHPlus (Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Alemania), coloreado con tinta china azul. Los especímenes se dividieron aleatoriamente en dos grupos de 15 dientes. Las raíces se montaron en tubos Eppendorf, que fueron pesados previamente en una balanza de precisión. En el grupo 1 (n=15) se removió la gutapercha con instrumentos D1, D2 del sistema ProTaper Universal, hasta el tercio medio y luego hasta la LT con D3 y limas Hedstroem #40 (Dentsply/Maillefer, Ballaigues, Suiza), empleando xilol. La remoción se completó con ProTaper Next x4 hasta la LT. En el grupo 2 (n=15) se removió la gutapercha con el sistema ProTaper Universal D1, D2 y D3 hasta el tercio apical y se completó con ProTaper Next x4 hasta la LT. En ambos grupos se realizaron lavajes con 3 ml de agua destilada a cada cambio de instrumento y al finalizar la instrumentación. Se retiraron las tapas con los especímenes de los tubos Eppendorf, los cuales fueron colocados en una estufa de cultivo a 27ºC durante 5 días. Los tuvos se pesaron nuevamente (sin sus tapas) para determinar la diferencia de peso correspondiente al material de obturación extravasado. La comparación de las diferencias de peso promedio entre los dos grupos se realizó mediante la prueba no paramétrica de Mann-Whitney.

Effectiveness of the waveone and protaper D systems for removing gutta-percha with or without a solvent / Eficiência dos sistemas waveone e protaper D na remoção de guta-percha com ou sem uso solvente

Endodontic retreatment requires complete removal of the filling material and access to the apical foramen. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the WaveOne reciprocating system and compare it to the ProTaper D rotary system, with or without the use of a solvent, in removing filling material from root canals. The time required for each filling removal technique employed was also determined and compared. Forty extracted human mandibular premolars with a single, straight, flattened canal were prepared and filled. They were divided into four groups (n = 10): Group 1: ProTaper D NiTi rotary instruments; Group 2: ProTaper D NiTi rotary instruments, with a solvent; Group 3: WaveOne primary instrument; and Group 4: WaveOne primary instrument, with a solvent. The teeth were then split along their long axis and photographed using an operating microscope with 5X magnification. The amount of remaining filling material was assessed with Image Tool software. The results were compared using the KruskalWallis test (p <0.05). There was no significant difference between groups regarding the amount of residual filling material (p > 0.05). Operative time was significantly longer in Group 3 than in groups 1, 2 and 4 (p < 0.05). The WaveOne system and the ProTaper D system were equally effective, with or without a solvent. The time required to remove the filling material from the canals was significantly longer in Group 3 than in the other groups.

No retratamento endodôntico, a completa remoção do material obturador e o acesso ao forame apical são necessários para permitir a limpeza do sistema de canais. O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia do sistema reciprocante WaveOne e comparála ao sistema rotatório ProTaper Universal, com ou sem o uso de solvente, na remoção do material obturador.O tempo necessário a cada técnica empregada foi determinado e comparado. Quarenta prémolares inferiores humanos extraídos com canal único, reto e achatado foram preparados e obturados. Foram então divididos em quatro grupos (n = 10) de acordo com o sistema utilizado, como segue. Grupo 1: ProTaper D Niti; Grupo 2: Sistema ProTaper D com solvente; Grupo 3: Sistema WaveOne instrumento Primary; e Grupo 4: Sistema WaveOne instrumento Primary com solvente, sendo o tempo registrado. Os dentes foram clivados longitudinalmente e fotografados utilizando microscópio operatório com aumento de 5 vezes.A quantidade de material remanescente foi avaliada com o uso do software Image Tool 3.0. Os resultados foram comparados utilizando o teste de KruskalWallis( p < 0.05). Em relação aos resultados, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos quanto à quantidade de material obturador residual (p > 0.05). O tempo operatório no Grupo 3 foi significativa mente maior do que nos grupos 1, 2 e 4 (p < 0.05).O sistema WaveOne foi tão efetivo quanto o ProTaper D, com ou sem solvente.tempo necessário à desobturação dos canais no Grupo 3 (WaveOne sem solvente) foi significativamente maior do que nos demais grupos.

Retrieval of multiple separated endodontic instruments using ultrasonic vibration: Case report

This report describes the management of a complicated clinical case with three instruments fractured in one tooth. A 32-year-old patient presented with three Pro- Taper rotary files fractured in the upper right second molar [S2 and F2 in the disto-buccal canal and S1 in the mesio-buccal canal]. A staging platform was prepared in the distal canal coronal to the fragments. Under dental microscope magnification, an Endo-4 ultrasonic tip was activated to dislodge the more coronal fragment [S2] by trephining dentine around the coronal aspect of the fragment. After 11 min, the fragment became loose and was removed. Following the same protocol and using an Endo-5 ultrasonic tip, the second fragment [F2] was removed in approximately 17 min. The first attempt to remove the S1 fragment from the mesio-buccal canal was not successful. An attempt to bypass this fragment using a K-file also failed. A second attempt using the ultrasonic technique resulted in a secondary fracture of the coronal aspect of the fragment. An Endo-5 ultrasonic tip was used to dislodge the fragment, which was successfully removed in 7 min. This report concludes that once a fractured file is bypassed, the instrumentation of a root canal is best completed with hand files. Clinicians should identify their limitations and consider referring cases that are beyond their abilities. Good experience and an appropriate armamentarium enable successful management of complicated cases. Ultrasonic vibration and dental microscope magnification contribute to successful removal of fractured instruments

Endodontic retreatment: Analysis of three specialists' retreatment rates / Retratamento endodôntico: avaliação dos índices de três especialistas

Endodontic retreatment is a clinical intervention intended to correct errors that have occurred in a treatment performed previously. There are several causes of failures. The anatomical variations between root canals and the diffi culties of achieving microbial disinfection are reported as two of the main causes. However, in the dental offi ces of both general practitioners and specialists, it is very common that the causes of indications for endodontic retreatment are technical failures due to poorly executed treatment. In view of this, the objective of this study is to analyze the records of three specialists in Endodontics and analyze the causes for referral of their endodontic retreatment patients. Examination of 24,553 treatments conducted over varying periods revealed that cases of retreatment accounted for a considerable proportion of the routine work performed by these specialists, at an average of 23% of cases. The majority of retreatment indications were due to technical failure of the initial treatment, in combination with microbial factors caused by contamination of coronal restorations and poorly executed endodontic preparation and fi lling.

O retratamento endodôntico é uma intervenção clínica destinada para a correção de falhas ocorridas num tratamento anteriormente realizado. Vários são os motivos desencadeadores de insucessos. A variedade anatômica dos canais radiculares e a difi culdade de proporcionar a desinfecção microbiana são referenciadas como duas das causas principais. Entretanto, nos consultórios dentários de clínicos gerais e especialistas, é muito comum a indicação para oretratamento endodôntico por razões técnicas devido a sua mal execução. Estabelecida esta problemática, o objetivo deste estudo consiste em avaliar os prontuários de três especialistas em endodontia e verifi car quais são os motivos de encaminhamentos de seus pacientes para o retratamento endodôntico. Após o exame de 24.553 tratamentos em períodos distintos, verifi couse que os casos de retratamentos chegam a uma média relevante de 23% na rotina destes especialistas e que a maioria das indicações se deram por inabilidade no primeiro tratamento, aliadas ao fator microbiano causado por contaminações de restaurações coronárias, preparos e obturações endodônticas mal executadas.

You Can Never Judge the Fate of a Broken Tip in Endodontic Practice.

The fracture of endodontic instruments is a common procedural error created during a root canal therapy. Starting from the hand files and up to the use of rotary systems, the root canal therapy is sometimes associated with the fracture of the instruments inside the root canal. The purpose of this work was to report a clinical case of removal of a fractured endodontic instrument in the root canal of a maxillary premolar, when part of this fragment extended through the apical foramen. In this case, a simple and a feasible chairside technique was used for the retrieval of the separated file tip.

El retratamiento endodóntico: consideraciones clínicas / Endodontic retreatment: clinical considerations

Diferentes estudios muestran el aumento, en la actualidad, del empleo del retratamiento endodóntico como terapéutica elegida para mantener el órgano dentario en la arcada dental. Hoy en día, la existencia de nuevos materiales y sistemas, permiten tratar piezas dentarias que solían estar condenadas a la extracción. El propósito de este artículo es describir los procedimientos clínicos más importantes del retratamiento endodóntico.

Comparación de la capacidad de limpieza de tres sistemas rotatorios para la desobturación y retratamiento de conductos radiculares / Comparison of the cleaning ability of three rotary systems for the removal of filling materials in endodontic retreatment

El éxito de la reendodoncia está basado en gran parte en la correcta limpieza y preparación del sistema de conductos radiculares. Esto implica la eliminación de la obturación anterior y el remodelado del conducto. El material de obturación que queda en el conducto puede involucrar microorganismos y dentina infectada que comprometen el pronóstico del tratamiento. En este trabajo se comparó in vitro la eficacia de los sistemas ProTaper Universal Retratamiento (Dentsply Maillefer), D-RaCe Retratamiento (FKG) y Mtwo Retratamiento (VDW) para la remoción de conos de gutapercha y sellador. El sistema que dejó mayor residuo fue RaCe. De los otros dos sistemas, Mtwo tuvo el mejor desempeño,pero no llegó a presentar diferencias estadísticamente significativas con ProTaper. Mtwo logró una limpieza del 79,03 por ciento, seguido por el ProTaper con el 75,94 por ciento y RaCe con el 49,01 por ciento. La eliminación completa de la obturación endodóntica no se logró con ninguno de los sistemas de instrumentos investigados...

[Repair of primary molar root perforation with MTA: a case report]

Root perforation is an endodontic procedural error. Treatment of perforation depends on the location and size of perforation,duration of exposure to the oral cavity, patient's cooperation and degree of tissue inflammation. Several materials have been introduced to seal off the perforation. MTA is one of the best materials for this purpose. We report the repair of distal root perforation in a primary mandibular second molar of a 9 year-old boy who had congenital absence of the second premolar tooth at the same quadrant. The perforation site was sealed with MTA and the three root canals were filled with gutta percha. Follow up visits at 1, 3, 6, 12, 21 and 24 months showed clinical and radiographic success of treatment

Comparación de la capacidad de limpieza en la desobturación para retratamiento con limas manuales y con los sistemas rotatorios ProTaper Universal y D-Race / Comparison of the cleaning ability of hand files and ProTaper Universal rotary systems and D-Race in the removal of filling material in retreatment

El éxito de la reendodoncia está basado en gran parte en la correcta limpieza y preparación del sistema de conductos radiculares. Esto implica la eliminación de la obturación anterior y el remodelado del conducto. El material de obturación que queda en el conducto, puede involucrar microorganismos y dentina infectada que comprometen el pronóstico del tratamiento. Por lo tanto, la eficiencia en la remoción del material de obturación es esencial para poder tener un acceso a los microorganismos remanentes y restos de tejido pulpar. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue comparar tres formas de desobturación in vitro y ver cuál eliminaba mejor el sellador y los conos de gutapercha y cuál lo lograba en menor tiempo. Se encontró que la mejor limpieza se logró con la desobturación manual. Con ProTaper se logró la limpieza en un 46 por ciento, con RaCe en un 60 por ciento y con manual en un 87,91 por ciento. Con las técnicas de desobturación mecanizada se logró el procedimiento en menor tiempo. El promedio fue de 3 min. 26 seg. con ProTaper, 2 min. 54 seg. con D-Race y de 13 min. 48 seg. con la técnica manual