Aspectos genéticos moleculares del síndrome de trombocitopenia con ausencia de radios / Molecular genetic aspects of the thrombocytopenia syndrome with absent radii

Introducción: La trombocitopenia con ausencia de radios es un síndrome genético poco frecuente. Se caracteriza por la ausencia bilateral de radios con presencia de ambos pulgares y trombocitopenia. Pueden estar presentes, además, malformaciones en miembros inferiores, cardiovasculares, gastrointestinales, neurológicas y vasculares. Objetivo: Analizar los aspectos genéticos moleculares más recientes del síndrome de trombocitopenia. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en inglés y español, a través del sitio web PubMed y el motor de búsqueda Google académico, de artículos publicados en los últimos 10 años. Se hizo un análisis y resumen de la bibliografía revisada. Análisis y síntesis de la información: El patrón de herencia de la enfermedad es autosómico recesivo, un heterocigótico compuesto por un alelo nulo del gen RBM8A, localizado en el locus 1q21.1 y la presencia de un polimorfismo de simple nucleótido en regiones no codificantes en el otro alelo. Este gen codifica la proteína Y14, la cual es uno de los cuatro componentes del complejo de unión de exones, complejo multiproteico que se une al ARNm y que, una vez finalizado el empalme, interviene en la eficiencia de la traducción y la degradación del ARNm que presenten codones de terminación prematura. Conclusiones: La trombocitopenia es la primera enfermedad en el humano en la que se describe un defecto en una subunidad del complejo de unión de exones. A pesar del avance en los últimos años en el conocimiento de las bases moleculares de la enfermedad, aún son necesarias nuevas investigaciones para explicar la relación entre el gen RBM8 y las manifestaciones esqueléticas(AU)

Introduction: Thrombocytopenia with absent radii is a rare genetic syndrome, characterized by bilateral absence of the radii with the presence of both thumbs and thrombocytopenia. In addition, malformations may be present, involving the lower limbs, as well as the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neurological, and vascular systems. Objective: To analyze the most recent molecular genetic aspects of thrombocytopenia syndrome. Methods: A review of the literature in English and in Spanish was carried out, in the PubMed website and using the search engine of Google Scholar, for articles published in the last ten years. We performed analysis and summary of the reviewed bibliography. Information analysis and synthesis: The disease has an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, a heterozygote composed of a null allele of the RBM8A gene, located at the 1q21.1 locus and the presence of a single nucleotide polymorphism in non-coding regions in the other allele. This gene encodes the Y14 protein, which is one of the four components of the exon-binding complex, a multiprotein complex that binds to mRNA and that, once splicing is complete, intervenes in the efficiency of translation and degradation of mRNA that have premature termination condons. Conclusions: Thrombocytopenia is the first disease in humans in which a defect in a subunit of the exon binding complex was described. Despite the advance in recent years in understanding the molecular basis of the disease, new research is still necessary to explain the relationship between the RBM8 gene and skeletal manifestations(AU)

Dengue durante el embarazo, menor incidencia de trombocitopenia que en la población general / Dengue during pregnancy, less incidence of thrombocytopenia than in general population

RESUMEN Objetivo El dengue es una enfermedad viral generalmente autolimitada, que en México se considera un problema de salud pública. Puede acompañarse de alteraciones de laboratorio como neutropenia, linfopenia y trombocitopenia. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la incidencia de alteraciones hematológicas en pacientes con dengue. Métodos Se incluyeron retrospectivamente 64 pacientes, 14 embarazadas, con diagnóstico de dengue en los Hospitales Universitario de Monterrey y Civil Nuevo de Guadalajara, de enero de 2014 a diciembre de 2017. Resultados El dato clínico más común en el grupo general fue cefalea y dolor retroocular en 53 pacientes (83%), seguido de la fiebre, que se presentó en 12 pacientes embarazadas (86%). La mediana de cuenta plaquetaria en el grupo general fue de 51.4x103/pl, además, se encontró trombocitopenia en el 88% de los pacientes, mientras que en las pacientes embarazadas fue de 141.1 x103/pl, con trombocitopenia en 57% de ellas (p=0.002). La recuperación plaquetaria ocurrió en 7 días en el grupo general y 4.5 días en las pacientes embarazadas. Conclusiones Contrario a lo reportado en la literatura, las pacientes embarazadas presentaron una menor incidencia de trombocitopenia y una mayor cuenta plaquetaria, al momento del diagnóstico sin impacto en mortalidad materna ni en el curso del embarazo.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective Dengue is a generally self-limited viral disease, considered a public health problem in Mexico. It can be accompanied by laboratory alterations such as neutropenia, lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia. The objective of the study was to evaluate the incidence of hematological alterations in patients with dengue. Methods We retrospectively included 64 patients, including 14 pregnant women, with a diagnosis of dengue at the Hospital Universitario de Monterrey and Civil Nuevo de Guadalajara from January 2014 to December 2017. Results The most common clinical symptom in the general group was headache and retro-ocular pain in 53 patients (83%), while in pregnant patients it was fever in 12 patients (86%). The median platelet count in the general group was 51.4x103/ μ!, with thrombocytopenia in 88% of patients, while in pregnant patients it was 141.1 x103/ with thrombocytopenia in 57% of patients (p=0.002). Platelet recovery was achieved in 7 days in the general group and 4.5 days in pregnant patients. Conclusions Contrary to that reported in the literature, pregnant patients had a lower incidence of thrombocytopenia and a higher platelet count at time of diagnosis without impact on maternal mortality or in the course of pregnancy.(AU)

Trombocitopenia inmune primaria e infección por citomegalovirus y Epstein Barr virus: autoinmunidad versus inmunosupresión / Immune thrombocytopenia primary and cytomegalovius, Epstein Barr virus infection: immunosuppression versus autoimmunity

La trombocitopenia inmune primaria está asociada con múltiples factores que pueden conducir a la pérdida de autotolerancia a los antígenos en la superficie de las plaquetas y los megacariocitos. Varios agentes infecciosos han sido implicados. Los virus herpes debido a la alta prevalencia en la población y el tropismo por las células linfoides se han relacionado con el desarrollo de esta entidad. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica utilizando motores de búsqueda como Ebsco y Pubmed que permitió el acceso a artículos relacionados en revistas arbitradas. Se recolectó y organizó información sobre la implicación de la infección por citomegalovirus y EBV en el desarrollo de trombocitopenia inmune primaria. La mayoría de los artículos indican que en estos virus, la naturaleza no citolítica de la replicación favorece el tiempo de interacción y modulación en las células huésped que son frecuentemente linfocitos B, T y asesinas naturales. El diagnóstico oportuno y la terapia adecuada en estos pacientes contribuyen a la inmunomodulación de la autorreactividad y eliminación viral que, a la luz de los conocimientos actuales, es esencial para el tratamiento clínico integrado. Es necesario considerar el monitoreo del estado serológico y molecular de estos herpes virus, en pacientes en los que la historia natural de la enfermedad sugiere su asociación, especialmente en trombocitopenia inmunitaria primaria o secundaria; por el alto nivel de relación de los mecanismos de producción de la autoinmunidad, la dismielopoyesis y la linfoproliferación, con la patogénesis de la infección por estos virus(AU)

Primary immune thrombocytopenia is associated with multiple factors that may lead to loss of self-tolerance to the antigens on the surface of platelets and megakaryocytes. Several infectious agents have been implicated. Herpes viruses due to the high prevalence in the population and tropism by the lymphoid cells have been related to the development of this entity. A bibliographic review was made using search engines such as Ebsco and Pubmed that allowed access to related articles in magazines arbitrated. Information was collected and organized that involved the role of cytomegalovirus and EBV infection in the development of ITP. Most of the articles indicate that in these viruses, the non-cytolytic nature of replication favors the time of interaction and modulation on host cells that are frequently B, T and natural killer lymphocytes. Timely diagnosis and appropriate therapy in these patients contributes to the immunomodulation of self-reactivity and viral elimination, in the light of current knowledge, is essential for integrated clinical treatment. Consider monitoring the serological and molecular status of these herpes viruses in patients in whom the natural history of the disease suggests their association, especially in primary or secondary immune thrombocytopenia; by the high level of relation of the mechanisms of production of the autoimmunity, the dysmielopoyesis and the lymph proliferation with the pathogenesis of the infection by these viruses(AU)

Trombocitopenia inducida por fármacos / Drug-induced thrombocytopenia

La trombocitopenia puede tener varias causas, como la utilización de determinados fármacos. Los mecanismos causantes de la trombocitopenia inducida por fármacos incluyen disminución en la producción (supresión medular) o incremento en la destrucción (por mecanismos inmunes). Adicionalmente, la seudotrombocitopenia es un efecto in vitro, que se distingue de una real trombocitopenia inducida por medicamentos. Los estudios epidemiológicos son pocos, difieren en la metodología utilizada y describen una incidencia de 10 casos por millón de habitantes por año. El mecanismo fundamental de la trombocitopenia inducida por fármacos no está completamente esclarecido, pero al menos se plantean seis posibles mecanismos: anticuerpos inducidos por haptenos, anticuerpos dependientes del fármaco, inhibidores del complejo GP IIb-IIIa, autoanticuerpos inducidos por la droga, complejos inmunes y trombocitopenia inducida por heparina. La diana para los anticuerpos dependientes del fármaco son las glucoproteínas de la membrana plaquetaria, como las glucoproteínas Ib/IX y GPIIb/IIIa. El diagnóstico de trombocitopenia inducida por fármacos puede consistir en la identificación de síntomas clínicos (hematomas, petequias, sangramientos), la cuidadosa evaluación de la relación causal con el fármaco sospechoso, las investigaciones generales de laboratorio (conteos en sangre total, extendidos de sangre periférica, para descartar seudotrombocitopenia) y las pruebas serológicas para plaquetas. La trombocitopenia inducida por fármacos es una reacción adversa a medicamentos relativamente raros cuyas sus consecuencias pueden ser graves.

Thrombocytopenia can have several causes, including the use of certain drugs. The mechanism behind drug-induced thrombocytopenia is either a decrease in platelet production (bone marrow suppression) or an increased destruction (immune-mediated thrombocytopenia). In addition, pseudothrombocytopenia, an in vitro effect, has to be distinguished from true drug-induced thrombocytopenia. A small number of epidemiological studies, differing largely in the methodology used, describe incidences in the magnitude of 10 cases per 1 000 000 inhabitants per year. The underlying mechanism of drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia is not completely clarified, but at least six different types of antibodies appear to play a role; hapten-induced antibody, drug-dependent antibody ("compound" or "conformational-dependent" antibody), GPIIb-IIIa inhibitors, drug-induced autoantibody, immune complex and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Targets for drug-dependent antibodies are glycoproteins on the cell membrane of the platelets, such as glycoprotein (GP) Ib/IX and GPIIb/IIIa. Diagnosis of drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia may consist of identifying clinical symptoms (bruising, petechiae, bleeding), a careful evaluation of the causal relationship of the suspected causative drug, general laboratory investigation, such as total blood count and peripheral blood smear (to rule out pseudothrombocytopenia), and platelet serology tests. Although drug-induced thrombocytopenia is a relatively rare adverse drug reaction, its consequences may be severe.

Thrombocytopenia as a marker of liver steatosis in a low-endemic area for schistosomiasis mansoni / Trombocitopenia como marcador de esteatose hepática em áreas de baixa endemicidade de esquistossomose mansoni

Summary Introduction: Thrombocytopenia is commonly found in patients living in highly endemic areas for Schistosoma mansoni. Recently, different degrees of liver steatosis have also been associated with low platelet counts worldwide. We investigated the association of platelet counts with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and with liver steatosis in an area of low prevalence of schistosomiasis in Brazil. Method: Pains, a city in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, had a population of 8,307 inhabitants and a schistosomiasis prevalence of 8%. Four micro-areas comprising 1,045 inhabitants were selected for this study. Blood sample was collected and a complete blood count (CBC) was performed. Eighty-seven (87) patients had low platelet counts (group 1 - 8.3%) and 94 volunteers presenting normal CBC were randomized (group 2 - 8.9%). They underwent clinical and ultrasound examinations. Liver steatosis was determined as either present or absent using abdominal ultrasound. A spleen > 12 cm in length, measured by ultrasound (US), was considered to be increased. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS software version 19.0. Results: Twenty-two patients (22/25.3%) in group 1 had liver steatosis compared with 11 volunteers (11.7%) in group 2 (p=0.02). Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis was diagnosed in two patients (p>0.05). Conclusion: Thrombocytopenia was not a good marker of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni in a low prevalence area in Brazil. Liver steatosis was associated with thrombocytopenia in our study.

Resumo Introdução: Trombocitopenia é um achado comum em pacientes que residem em áreas com alta endemicidade de esquistossomose mansônica. Recentemente, diferentes graus de esteatose hepática também têm sido associados a níveis baixos de plaquetas em todo o mundo. Investigamos a associação de níveis séricos de plaquetas com a forma grave da esquistossomose e com esteatose hepática em área de baixa prevalência de esquistossomose no Brasil. Método: Pains, cidade localizada no estado de Minas Gerais/Brasil, tem população de 8.307 habitantes e prevalência de esquistossomose de 8%. Em quatro microáreas dessa região, 1.045 habitantes foram avaliados para o estudo. Amostra de sangue foi coletada para realização do hemograma. Oitenta e sete (87) pessoas com níveis baixos de plaquetas formaram o grupo 1 (8,3%), e 94 voluntários com hemograma normal foram randomizados para compor o grupo 2 (8,9%). Todos os participantes dos grupos 1 e 2 foram submetidos a exame clínico e ultrassonografia (US) abdominal. Esteatose hepática foi caracterizada como presente ou ausente pela ultrassonografia (US) abdominal. Baços com mais de 12 cm de comprimento à US foram considerados aumentados. Os dados coletados foram analisados pelo programa de estatística SPSS 19.0. Resultados: Vinte e dois (22) indivíduos do grupo 1 (25,3%) e 11 do grupo 2 apresentaram esteatose hepática (11,7%) (p=0,02). Esquistossomose hepatoesplênica foi diagnosticada em dois pacientes (p>0,05). Conclusão: Trombocitopenia não foi um bom marcador de esquistossomose mansônica hepatoesplênica em área de baixa prevalência da esquistossomose no Brasil. Esteatose hepática foi associada com trombocitopenia no presente estudo.

Near miss materno em unidade de terapia intensiva: aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos / Maternal near miss in the intensive care unit: clinical and epidemiological aspects

RESUMOObjetivos:Analisar o perfil clínico epidemiológico de mulheres com near miss materno segundo os novos critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde.Métodos:Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, tipo corte transversal, analisando- se os prontuários das pacientes admitidas na unidade de terapia intensiva obstétrica de um hospital terciário do Recife (Brasil), em um período de quatro anos. Foram incluídas as mulheres que apresentavam pelo menos um dos critérios de near miss. As variáveis estudadas foram: idade, raça/cor, estado civil, escolaridade, procedência, número de gestações e consultas de pré-natal, complicações e procedimentos realizados, via de parto, idade gestacional no parto e critérios de near miss materno. A análise descritiva foi executada utilizando-se o programa Epi-Info 3.5.1.Resultados:Foram identificados 255 casos de near miss materno, totalizando uma razão de near miss materno de 12,8/1.000 nascidos vivos. Dentre esses casos, 43,2% das mulheres apresentavam ensino fundamental incompleto; 44,7% eram primigestas e 20,5% tinham realizado cesariana prévia. Quanto aos diagnósticos específicos, houve predominância dos distúrbios hipertensivos (62,7%), sendo que muitos deles foram complicados pela síndrome HELLP (41,2%). Os critérios laboratoriais de near miss foram os mais observados (59,6%), em função, principalmente, da elevada frequência de plaquetopenia aguda (32,5%).Conclusões:Evidenciou-se uma frequência elevada de mulheres com baixa escolaridade e primigestas. Com os novos critérios propostos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, os distúrbios hipertensivos da gestação continuam sendo os mais comuns entre os casos de near miss materno. Destaca-se ainda a elevada frequência da síndrome HELLP, o que contribuiu para que a trombocitopenia aguda fosse o critério mais frequente de near miss.

ABSTRACTObjective:To analyze the epidemiological clinical profile of women with maternal near miss according to the new World Health Organization criteria.Methods:A descriptive crosssectional study was conducted, in which the records of patients admitted to the obstetric intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital in Recife (Brazil) over a period of four years were analyzed. Women who presented at least one near miss criterion were included. The variables studied were age, race/color, civil status, education, place of origin, number of pregnancies and prenatal consultations, complications and procedures performed, mode of delivery, gestational age at delivery, and maternal near miss criteria. The descriptive analysis was performed using the program Epi-Info 3.5.1.Results:Two hundred fifty-five cases of maternal near miss were identified, with an overall ratio of maternal near miss of 12.8/1,000 live births. Among these cases, 43.2% of the women had incomplete primary education, 44.7% were primiparous, and 20.5% had undergone a previous cesarean section. Regarding specific diagnoses, there was a predominance of hypertensive disorders (62.7%), many of which were complicated by HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) syndrome (41.2%). The laboratory near miss criteria were the most often observed (59.6%), due mainly to the high frequency of acute thrombocytopenia (32.5%).Conclusions:A high frequency of women who had a low level of education and who were primiparous was observed. According to the new criteria proposed by the World Health Organization, hypertensive pregnancy disorders are still the most common among maternal near miss cases. The high frequency of HELLP syndrome was also striking, which contributed to acute thrombocytopenia being the most frequent near miss criterion.

A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Carica Papaya Leaf Extract in Increasing the Platelet Count in Cases of Dengue with Thrombocytopenia.

The pilot study was conducted to investigate the platelet increasing property of Carica papaya leaf extract (CPLE) in patients with dengue fever (DF). An open labeled randomized controlled trial was carried out at two centres of Bangalore metropolis on 30 subjects in patients with thrombocytopenia associated with dengue. The subjects were randomized into two groups, as control and intervention group. Both the groups were managed by the standard management guidelines for dengue except steroid administration. In addition to this, the intervention group received CPLE tablet three times daily for five days. All of them were followed daily with platelet monitoring. The results showed that CPLE had significant increase in the platelet count (p<0.003) over the therapy duration, in dengue fever patients, reiterating that it accelerates the increase in platelet count compared to the control group. There were few adverse events related to GI disturbance like nausea and vomiting which were similar in both groups. Thus this study concluded that Carica papaya leaf extract (CPLE) does significantly increase the platelet count in patients with thrombocytopenia associated with dengue with fewer side effects and good tolerability.

Liver cirrhosis; frequency and severity of thrombocytopenia in patients

To determine the frequency and severity of thrombocytopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis. Cross sectional study. 01-03-2013 to 31-08- 2013. Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad. The cirrhotic patients were assessed for thrombocytopenia and its severity. The data was analyzed in SPSS version 11.00 and frequency and percentage was computed. The chi-square test was applied and p -value

Thrombocytopenia as a surrogate marker of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in endemic areas for Schistosomiasis mansoni

Introduction This study aimed to evaluate whether a low platelet count is a good surrogate marker of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HSS) in a rural area of Brazil. A small district in southeastern Brazil, with a population of 1,543 individuals and a 23% prevalence of schistosomiasis, was selected for this investigation. Methods In July 2012, 384 volunteers were subjected to clinical, ultrasonography (US), and laboratory examinations, including stool sample analysis. The HSS patients were classified into four groups: Group 1 consisted of patients with a spleen >13cm and liver fibrosis; Group 2 consisted of patients with a palpable spleen and spleen>13cm measured by US; Group 3 consisted of patients with a spleen >13cm measured by US; and Group 4 consisted of patients with a palpable spleen. Results Eight patients were in Group 1 (2.1%), twenty-one were in Group 2 (5.5%), eight were in Group 3 (2.1%), and eighteen were in Group 4 (4.7%). A significant difference in the mean platelet counts was observed between the patients with and without HSS (p<0.01). Based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (platelet count <143,000/mm3), the sensitivity was greater than 92% in all groups, and the specificity varied from 44.4% to 75%. Conclusions We concluded that in endemic areas, thrombocytopenia demonstrates good sensitivity for detecting HSS and may be used as a screening tool to identify patients with HSS. .

The Incidence, Causes, and Prognostic Significance of New-Onset Thrombocytopenia in Intensive Care Units: A Prospective Cohort Study in a Korean Hospital

This study was designed to investigate the incidence, causes, and outcomes of new-onset thrombocytopenia (NOT) in Korean intensive care units (ICUs). A prospective cohort study was conducted in medical ICUs of Samsung Medical Center between August 2010 and February 2011. All newly admitted patients were included if they stayed in the ICU for more than 48 hr and did not have thrombocytopenia upon admission. A total of 186 patients were included. NOT developed in 37.1%. Most common cause of NOT was sepsis with disseminated intravascular coagulation (66.7%), followed by drug-induced thrombocytopenia (18.8%), and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (2.9%). IgG-specific antibody to platelet factor 4/heparin was positive in 2.4% among patients treated with heparin, and thrombosis occurred in two patients. Twenty eight-day mortality was higher in patients that developed NOT compared to those that did not develop NOT (39.1% vs 12%, P < 0.001). NOT increased the odds ratio of 28-day mortality and was an independent risk factor for mortality (OR 3.52; 95% CI 1.32-9.38; P = 0.012). In conclusion, NOT is common and is an independent risk factor for mortality in Korean ICU patients. Therefore, clinicians should make every effort to correct the causes of NOT.

The Incidence, Causes, and Prognostic Significance of New-Onset Thrombocytopenia in Intensive Care Units: A Prospective Cohort Study in a Korean Hospital

This study was designed to investigate the incidence, causes, and outcomes of new-onset thrombocytopenia (NOT) in Korean intensive care units (ICUs). A prospective cohort study was conducted in medical ICUs of Samsung Medical Center between August 2010 and February 2011. All newly admitted patients were included if they stayed in the ICU for more than 48 hr and did not have thrombocytopenia upon admission. A total of 186 patients were included. NOT developed in 37.1%. Most common cause of NOT was sepsis with disseminated intravascular coagulation (66.7%), followed by drug-induced thrombocytopenia (18.8%), and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (2.9%). IgG-specific antibody to platelet factor 4/heparin was positive in 2.4% among patients treated with heparin, and thrombosis occurred in two patients. Twenty eight-day mortality was higher in patients that developed NOT compared to those that did not develop NOT (39.1% vs 12%, P < 0.001). NOT increased the odds ratio of 28-day mortality and was an independent risk factor for mortality (OR 3.52; 95% CI 1.32-9.38; P = 0.012). In conclusion, NOT is common and is an independent risk factor for mortality in Korean ICU patients. Therefore, clinicians should make every effort to correct the causes of NOT.

Prevalencia de plaquetopenia en niños infectados con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en un Centro de Referencia / Prevalence of thrombocytopenia in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus in a Reference Center

Las alteraciones hematológicas son frecuentes en los niños infectados por el VIH; la plaquetopenia es una de ellas. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la cantidad de niños infectados con el VIH que presentaron plaquetopenia y secundariamente alertar sobre la necesidad de plantear el VIH frente a un niño que se presenta con esa alteración. Material y métodos: estudio retrospectivo analizando historias clínicas de niños infectados con el VIH y que tuvieran menos de 100.000 plaquetas/mm3 en dos hemogramas separados por al menos 30 días. Se clasificaron de acuerdo a la evolución de la plaquetopenia: de reciente inicio, persistente y crónico. Resultados: 15 (8%) de 183 niños infectados con el VIH presentaron plaquetopenia en algún momento de su evolución. Todos fueron infectados por transmisión materno-infantil. 10 (67%) presentaron plaquetopenia de curso crónico y cinco (33%) de curso agudo. En dos niños la plaquetopenia fue el signo que permitió el diagnóstico del VIH; en otros dos el diagnóstico de la infección se hizo años después de la plaquetopenia. En ningún caso se hizo mielograma; los tratamientos fueron variados. Ningún paciente presentó plaquetopenia refractaria. Conclusiones: el 8% de los pacientes infectados con el VIH presentó plaquetopenia. En dos de los 15 el debut fue como PTA y no se realizó el diagnóstico de VIH y en otros dos fue la manifestación inicial de la enfermedad. Los autores plantean la necesidad de pensar en el VIH frente a un niño que presenta un PTA.

Pediatric patients with bicytopenia/pancytopenia: Review of etiologies and clinico-hematological profile at a tertiary center.

Background: The etiology of bicytopenia/pancytopenia varies widely in children, ranging from transient marrow viral suppression to marrow infiltration by fatal malignancy. Depending on the etiology, the clinical presentation can be with fever, pallor or infection. Knowing the exact etiology is important for specific treatment and prognostication. Aims: To evaluate the etiological and clinico-hematological profile in children with bicytopenia and pancytopenia. Materials and Methods: A review of bicytopenic and pancytopenic children referred for bone marrow examination from January 2007 to December 2008 was done. Detailed history, clinical examination and hematological parameters at presentation were recorded. Results and Conclusion: During the study period, a total of 990 children were referred for bone marrow examination for different indications. Of these, 571 (57.7%) had either pancytopenia (17.7%) or bicytopenia (40%). Commonest form of bicytopenia was anemia and thrombocytopenia seen in 77.5% cases, followed by anemia and leukopenia in 17.3% and leukopenia and thrombocytopenia in 5.5% cases. Most common etiology was acute leukemia (66.9%) in bicytopenic children and aplastic anemia (33.8%) in pancytopenic children. Children with bicytopenia had a higher incidence of underlying malignancy (69.5% vs. 26.6%), splenomegaly (60.5% vs. 37.4%), lymphadenopathy (41.8% vs. 15.1%) and circulating blasts (64.6% vs. 20.1%) and a lower incidence of bleeding manifestations (12.1% vs. 26.6%) as compared to children with pancytopenia.

Prevalencia de trombocitopenia en niños con HIV/sida / Prevalence of thrombocytopenia in HIV infected children

La trombocitopenia es una de las múltiples alteraciones hematológicas presentes en pacientes infectados con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV). Puede ser de curso crónico, en la cual la destrucción inmune, el secuestro esplénico o el daño en la producción son los mecanismos primariamente involucrados, o aguda, acompañando a otra intercurrencia. En este trabajo se evaluó la prevalencia de trombocitopenia en un lapso de 14 años, en una población pediátrica con HIV/sida, analizando las características clínicas y la relación con el estado inmuno-virológico. La prevalencia de trombocitopenia fue de 8.5%, (29 de los 339 niños en seguimiento). En 22 fue de curso crónico y en 7 aguda. Los pacientes evaluados presentaron niveles porcentuales de TCD4+ variables y la presencia de trombocitopenia no estuvo en relación con el compromiso inmunitario. Los pacientes trombocitopénicos tuvieron niveles de carga viral significativamente mayores que los que no la presentaron. En 10 de los 29 niños con recuentos plaquetarios disminuidos, la trombocitopenia fue la manifestación inicial de la infección por HIV. Las manifestaciones hemorrágicas de las trombocitopenias crónicas fueron leves, presentes en el 23% de los niños y no se asociaron al deterioro inmunológico, mientras que en las agudas fueron más graves y condicionadas a la evolución de la enfermedad coexistente. El desarrollo de trombocitopenias se ve favorecido por la continua actividad viral y la falla en la implementación del tratamiento antirretroviral adecuado.

Thrombocytopenia is a common hematologic finding in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Multiple mechanisms may contribute to the development of chronic thrombocytopenia as immune-mediated platelet destruction, enhanced platelet splenic sequestration and impaired platelet production. Acute thrombocytopenia is frequently associated with coexisting disorders. In this study, the prevalence of thrombocytopenia was evaluated in a cohort of HIV infected children analyzing the clinical features and the association with the immunological and virological status of the disease in a 14 year-follow-up period. Thrombocytopenia prevalence was of 8.5% (29 out 339 children evaluated). Chronic and acute thrombocytopenia was observed in 22 and 7 children respectively. The percentages of CD4+ T cells were variable and not related with the presence of thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenic patients showed viral load levels significantly increased; being the thrombocytopenia the initial clinical manifestation of HIV infection in 10 out 29 children. Mild chronic thrombocytopenia bleeding found in 23% of children evaluated was not correlated with the immunologic status of the disease. In contrast, the severity of acute thrombocytopenia depended on the evolution of associated clinical conditions. Constant viral activity and failure in the use of antiretroviral agents might induce the development of thrombocytopenia in HIV-infected children.

Steroid responsive prolonged thrombocytopenia in dengue.

Prolonged thrombocytopenia in a usual case of dengue virus infection is uncommon. Dengue-related thrombocytopenia is self-limiting and responds within 3-5 days. An underlying immunological disorder may be responsible for delayed return of platelet count to a normal level. We present a case of prolonged thrombocytopenia in a case of dengue hemorrhagic fever. The response to steroids suggests a possible immunological dysfunction.

Frequencies of anaemia and thrombocytopenia in patients of malaria: a hospital based study

To determine the frequencies of anaemia and thrombocytopenia in patients of malaria. Descriptive study. Study was conducted from June 2008 to February 2009 at the Combined Military Hospital Quetta, a tertiary care hospital. Study included all the patients presenting with blood film proven malaria. Their hematological parameters including hemoglobin, total white cell count and platelets were studied. Anemia was seen in 61% [120 patients] of the patients with malaria and thrombocytopenia in 74% [146 patients] of cases. Frequency of anemia and thrombocytopenia in patients of malaria was quite high. It is suggested that the index of suspicion for malaria should be kept high in patients presenting with fever associated with anemia and/or thrombocytopenia

Helicobacter pylori infection and thrombocytopenia: A single-institution experience in Mexico / Infección por Helicobacter pylori y trombocitopenia: Experiencia en una sola institución mexicana

The association between gastrointestinal H. pylori infection and thrombocytopenia was studied in a single institution in Mexico, over a 5-year period. In 99 individuals with H. pylori infection, the prevalence of thrombocytopenia was 14%, whereas in 23 consecutive patients with chronic refractory thrombocytopenic purpura, the prevalence of H. pylori infection was 60%, this figure being similar to that informed in the general population of Mexico (66%); the association between thrombocytopenia and H. pylori infection was not significant. In 14 patients who were found to have both thrombocytopenia and H. pylori infection, eradication treatment was given and the platelet count recovered in three. It is not still clear if detection of H. pylori infection should be routinely included in the initial workup of chronic thrombocytopenia.

Se investigó la asociación entre infección del tubo digestivo por H. pylori y trombocitopenia en una sola institución en México, en un periodo de cinco años. En 99 individuos infectados por H. pylori, la prevalencia de trombocitopenia fue de 14%; por otro lado, en 23 pacientes consecutivos con púrpura trombocitopénica crónica refractaria, la prevalencia de infección por H. pylori fue de 60%, cifra similar a la descrita para la población general de nuestro país, de alrededor de 66%; en consecuencia, la asociación entre trombocitopenia e infección por H. pylori no fue significativa. En 14 pacientes en quienes coexistieron púrpura trombocitopénica e infección por H. pylori, se administró tratamiento de erradicación de la bacteria y la cuenta de plaquetas se normalizó en tres. Los datos apoyan otras publicaciones que muestran falta de asociación entre estas variables y son insuficientes para recomendar si es prudente o no investigar la infección por H. pylori en el estudio inicial de todos los pacientes con púrpura trombocitopénica.

Clinical profile of dengue hemorrhagic fever cases in Mexico

OBJETIVO: El dengue hemorrágico en México es una enfermedad emergente desde 1994. La circulación de los cuatro serotipos incrementa el riesgo de epidemias de dengue hemorrágico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se reportan los datos clínicos y epidemiológicos de los casos de dengue hemorrágico confirmados y notificados por el IMSS de 1995 a 2003. Se analizaron las características clínicas y epidemiológicas entre grupos. Para el control y la evaluación final de las variables se utilizó un modelo multivariado. RESULTADOS: Los casos fueron asignados en dos grupos: 438 con dengue clásico, que incluye 109 casos con manifestaciones hemorrágicas sin trombocitopenia, y 977 casos de dengue hemorrágico con 79 defunciones. Los factores de riesgo asociados a las defunciones fueron: hematemesis (RR 2.6; IC 95 por ciento 1.4-4.6) y melena (RR 2.2; IC 95 por ciento 1.2-3.7). CONCLUSIONES: El cuadro clínico descrito para la población del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social permite identificar factores pronósticos que ayuden al clínico a prevenir y manejar adecuadamente los casos severos de dengue hemorrágico.

Association of malaria with thrombocytopenia

In this study, 250 blood samples submitted for malaria investigation were studied microscopically for malarial parasites and platelet count. All samples were additionally analyzed for platelet count with automated haematology analyzer. Thirty seven [37] samples were found to be malaria positive microscopically. Out of 37 cases with malaria positive microscopically, thrombocytopenia was observed in 24 [64%] cases of malaria. So there is association of thrombocytopenia with malaria