Síndrome del martillo hipotenar. Presentación de un caso / Hypothenar hammer syndrome. Case report

El síndrome del martillo hipotenar es la trombosis de la arteria cubital en el canal de Guyon causada por traumatismos repetitivos. Se trata de un cuadro infrecuente que se diagnostica mediante la detallada valoración de los antecedentes y el examen físico, y se confirma con estudios vasculares. El manejo incluye desde tratamiento médico hasta cirugía reconstructiva. El objetivo de este artículo es brindar una breve reseña de esta enfermedad y presentar el caso de un paciente de 45 años, con parestesias y signos de hipoperfusión de los dedos 4.° y 5.° luego de múltiples traumatismos en la eminencia hipotenar. En la prueba de Allen, se detectó ausencia de vascularización de la arteria cubital, y la trombosis se confirmó mediante ecografía Doppler y angiotomografía. Se resecó el fragmento trombosado y se liberó el canal de Guyon. La evolución fue satisfactoria, no se observaron signos de isquemia y las parestesias mejoraron. Se realizó un seguimiento por 1 año. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Hypothenar hammer syndrome is a thrombosis of the ulnar artery in Guyon's canal induced by repeated trauma. It is a rare disorder that can be diagnosed with an extensive medical history and physical examination, and confirmed by vascular studies. Management options include medical treatment and reconstructive surgery. The aim of this article is to provide a brief overview of this disorder and to discuss the case of a 45-year-old patient who developed paresthesias and signs of hypoperfusion of the fourth and fifth fingers following multiple injuries to the hypothenar eminence. The Allen test revealed the absence of vascularization in the ulnar artery, and thrombosis was verified by Doppler ultrasound and angiotomography. The thrombosed portion was excised, and Guyon's canal was cleared. The evolution was satisfactory; no signs of ischemia were found, and paresthesias improved. Follow-up was performed for 1 year. Level of Evidence: IV

Principales modificaciones asociadas a la esplenectomía / Main modifications associated with splenectomy

Introducción. El bazo es un órgano linfoide implicado en el reconocimiento antigénico, la depuración de patógenos y la remoción de eritrocitos envejecidos o con inclusiones citoplasmáticas. La esplenectomía es una técnica utilizada tanto para el diagnóstico (linfomas), el tratamiento (trombocitopenia inmune, anemia hemolítica adquirida) y la curación (microesferocitosis hereditaria) de diversas enfermedades. Métodos. Describir los principales cambios hematológicos y complicaciones asociadas al procedimiento de esplenectomía. Discusión. Los cambios posteriores a la esplenectomía pueden ser inmediatos, como la aparición de cuerpos de Howell-Jolly, la trombocitosis y la presencia de leucocitosis durante las primeras dos semanas. Otras complicaciones tempranas incluyen la presencia de trombosis, en especial en pacientes con factores de riesgo secundarios (edad, sedentarismo, manejo hospitalario, obesidad) o un estado hipercoagulable (diabetes, cáncer, trombofilia primaria), siendo tanto el flujo de la vena porta como el volumen esplénico los principales factores de riesgo para su aparición. Las complicaciones tardías incluyen la alteración en la respuesta inmune, aumentando el riesgo de infecciones por bacterias encapsuladas, en conjunto con una reducción en los niveles de IgM secundario a la ausencia de linfocitos B a nivel de bazo. Debido al riesgo de infecciones, principalmente por Streptococcus pneumoniae, la esplenectomía parcial se ha considerado una opción. Conclusión. Una adecuada valoración de la indicación de esplenectomía y la identificación precoz de complicaciones posoperatorias son fundamentales para reducir la mortalidad asociada a la esplenectomía

Introduction. The spleen is a lymphoid organ involved in antigen recognition, pathogen clearance, and removal of aged erythrocytes or those with cytoplasmic inclusions. Splenectomy is a technique used for diagnosis (lymphomas), treatment (immune thrombocytopenia, acquired hemolytic anemia), and cure (hereditary microspherocytosis) of various diseases. Methods. To describe the main hematological changes and complications associated with the splenectomy procedure. Discussion. Changes after splenectomy can be considered immediate: the appearance of Howell-Jolly bodies, thrombocytosis, and leukocytosis during the first two weeks. Other complications include the presence of thrombosis, especially in patients with risk factors (age, sedentary lifestyle, long hospital stay, obesity) or a hypercoagulable state (diabetes, cancer, primary thrombophilia), with both portal vein flow and splenic volume being the main risk factors for its appearance. Late complications include altered immune response, increased risk of infections by encapsulated bacteria, and a reduction in IgM levels secondary to the absence of B lymphocytes in the spleen; due to the risk of diseases mainly by Streptococcus pneumoniae, partial splenectomy has been considered an option. Conclusion. An adequate assessment of the indication for splenectomy and the early identification of complications are essential to reduce the mortality associated with splenectomy

Conduta obstétrica em caso de hipoplasia materna da veia cava inferior / Obstetric management in case of the maternal inferior vena cava hypoplasia

A hipoplasia da veia cava inferior é uma patologia rara que integra o conjunto de anomalias do desenvolvimento da veia cava inferior. A sua incidência situa-se entre 0,3%-0,5% na população saudável e 5% nos adultos jovens sem fatores de risco para trombose venosa profunda, sendo considerada um importante fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de trombose dos membros inferiores. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é reportar a conduta obstétrica de um caso clínico de uma grávida diagnosticada com hipoplasia da veia cava inferior, prévia à gravidez. Trata-se de um caso clínico, de uma grávida, primigesta, com 37 anos, com hipoplasia da veia cava inferior e heterozigotia para o gene MTHFR677 diagnosticadas, na sequência de uma trombose venosa bilateral dos membros inferiores e do segmento infrarrenal da veia cava inferior. A gravidez foi seguida em consulta hospitalar na nossa instituição, tendo a grávida sido medicada com enoxaparina em dose profilática e ácido acetilsalicílico, com um período pré natal que decorreu sem intercorrências. Às 37 semanas e 6 dias de gestação, deu entrada no Serviço de Urgência de Obstetrícia por rotura prematura de membranas. Intraparto foram utilizadas meias de compressão pneumática intermitente, tendo o parto ocorrido às 38 semanas de gestação por via vaginal (parto eutócico), do qual nasceu um recém-nascido do sexo feminino, com 2620g e índice de Apgar 9/10/10. O presente caso clínico demonstra que em situações de hipoplasia da veia cava inferior com um seguimento obstétrico adequado é possível a realização de um parto vaginal, possibilitando um desfecho obstétrico favorável (AU).

Hypoplasia of the inferior vena cava is a rare condition that belongs to the group of developmental anomalies of the inferior vena cava. It has an incidence between 0.3% and 0.5% in the healthy population and 5% in young adults without risk factors for deep venous thrombosis, being considered an important risk factor for the development of lower limb thrombosis. This study aims to report the obstetric conduct of a clinical case of a pregnant woman diagnosed with hypoplasia of the inferior vena cava prior to pregnancy. This is a clinical case of a pregnant woman, primigravid 37 years old, with hypoplasia of the inferior vena cava and heterozygosity for MTHFR677, diagnosed following a bilateral venous thrombosis of the lower limbs and the infrarenal segment of the inferior vena cava. The pregnancy was followed up in our institution. The pregnant woman was medicated with a prophylatic dose of low molecular weight heparin and acetylsalicylic acid with an uneventful prenatal period. At 37 weeks and 6 days of gestation, she was admitted to the Obstetrics Emergency Service due to premature rupture of membranes. Intermittent pneumatic compression sockings were used intrapartum, and at 38 weeks of gestation, a female newborn was vaginally delivered (eutocic delivery) with 2620g and an Apgar score of 9/10/10. The present clinical case demonstrates that in situations of hypoplasia of the inferior vena cava with an adequate obstetric follow-up, it is possible to perform a vaginal delivery, enabling a favourable obstetric outcome (AU).

Acute Carpal Tunnel Syndrome due to Persistent Median Artery thrombosis: Case report / Síndrome do túnel do carpo aguda por trombose da artéria mediana: Relato de caso

Abstract Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common compressive neuropathy of the upper limb, affecting ~ 4% of the general population. The clinical picture is characterized by pain and, mainly, paresthesia in the median nerve territory, of insidious onset and, in the most severe cases, loss of strength and atrophy of the thenar musculature is observed. It is an extremely common pathology in the daily practice of hand surgery, and in most cases, it can be treated with conservative methods. We present here an atypical case of carpal tunnel syndrome, of acute onset, triggered by persistent median artery (PMA) thrombosis, condition associated with distal embolization and hypoper-fusion of the limb.

Resumo A síndrome do túnel do carpo é a neuropatia compressiva mais comum do membro superior, afetando ~ 4% da população geral. O quadro clínico caracteriza-se por dor e, principalmente, parestesia no território do nervo mediano, de início insidioso e, nos casos mais graves, observa-se perda de força e atrofia da musculatura tenar. Trata-se de patologia extremamente comum na prática diária de cirurgia da mão, e na maior parte dos casos pode ser tratada com métodos conservadores. Apresentamos aqui um caso atípico de síndrome do túnel do carpo, de surgimento agudo, desencadeado pela trombose da artéria mediana persistente, quadro associado com embolização distal e hipoperfusão do membro.

Real-world nailfold videocapillaroscopy in a referral centre in north-western Colombia: A real-life cohort

Introduction: Nailfold videocapillaroscopy is a non-invasive tool for the assessment of peripheral microcirculation, the main indication is the study of Raynaud's phenomenon, poorly standardized outside of this context. There is no clear information in real-life about the rea-sons for referral, the presence of clinical findings of autoimmune diseases, the frequency of patterns of autoantibodies, and specific capillaroscopic findings. Objective: The purpose of this survey is to describe the sociodemographic, clinical, paraclinical, and angioscopy findings of a cohort of subjects referred to a capillaroscopy service in North-western Colombia. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted, from 2015 to 2018. Categorical variables were expressed in frequency and percentage and quantitative variables in mean and standard deviation or median with interquartile range, depending on the distribution of the data. Results: A total of 318 capillaroscopies were performed for the first time. The main referral reason was Raynaud's phenomenon (n = 134; 42.1%). The most frequent baseline capillaroscopic pattern found was normal (n = 123; 38.7%). Of the 12 capillaroscopies that presented a non-specific pattern at a 6-month follow-up, only one (8.3%) progressed to a scleroderma pattern. In the subjects with systemic sclerosis, the most frequent clinical finding was sclerodactyly (n = 34; 37.8%), and 42/44 individuals (95.4%) had positive antinuclear antibodies; the most frequent pattern was centromere (n = 27; 64.3%) Conclusions: In a real-world setting, the main referral reason for capillaroscopy was Raynaud's phenomenon; more than a third of the subjects had normal capillaroscopic findings. Sclerodactyly was the most frequent clinical finding in patients with scleroderma capillaroscopic pattern.

Introducción: La videocapilaroscopia del lecho ungular es una herramienta no invasiva para la evaluación de la microcirculación periférica; la indicación principal es el estudio del fenómeno de Raynaud. Luego de una revisión de la literatura, no hay información clara sobre los motivos de remisión, presencia de hallazgos clínicos de enfermedades autoinmunes, frecuencia de patrones de autoanticuerpos y hallazgos capilaroscópicos específicos. Objetivo: Describir los hallazgos sociodemográficos, clínicos, paraclínicos y capilaroscópicos de sujetos remitidos a un servicio de capilaroscopia en el noroccidente colombiano. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 2015 a 2018. Las variables categóricas se expresaron en frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes, y las variables cuantitativas en media y desviación estándar o mediana con rango intercuartílico, dependiendo de la distribución de los datos. Resultados: Se realizaron 318 capilaroscopias por primera vez. El principal motivo de remisión fue el fenómeno de Raynaud (n = 134; 42,1%). El patrón capilaroscópico basal más frecuente fue el normal (n = 123; 38,7%). De las 12 capilaroscopias que presentaron un patrón no específico en un seguimiento de seis meses, solo una (8,3%) progresó a un patrón de esclerodermia. En los sujetos con esclerosis sistémica, el hallazgo clínico más frecuente fue la esclerodactilia (n = 34; 37,8%), y 42/44 individuos (95,4%) tenían anticuerpos antinucleares positivos; el patrón más frecuente fue el centromérico (n = 27; 64,3%). Conclusiones: La razón principal de remisión para realizar una capilaroscopia fue el fenómeno de Raynaud; más de un tercio de los sujetos tenían hallazgos capilaroscópicos normales. La esclerodactilia fue el hallazgo clínico más frecuente en pacientes con patrón capilaroscópico de esclerodermia.

Infarto cerebral en mujer joven con la enfermedad por el coronavirus del 2019 y sin factores de riesgo cardiovasculares: reporte de caso / Acute stroke in young woman with coronavirus disease 19 and no cardiovascular risk factor: case report

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: La COVID-19 se acompaña de eventos tromboembólicos venosos y arteriales en pacientes con historia de hipertensión y aterosclerosis. Se reporta el caso de una paciente joven y sin factores de riesgo cardiovascular que adquirió la infección por el SARS-COV2 y luego presentó un accidente cerebrovascular isquémico. CASO: Paciente de 44 años hospitalizada por la covid-19 en tratamiento protocolario con anticoagulación, esteroide y oxígeno suplementario. Al día 7 del inicio de los síntomas respiratorios presentó infarto cerebral por trombosis de arteria carótida derecha, arteria cerebral media derecha e izquierda y edema cerebral hemisférico derecho, tras lo cual fue diagnosticada con muerte encefálica. El estudio vascular no documentó una etiología diferente a la covid-19. DISCUSIÓN: Se plantea que la infección condiciona un estado inflamatorio sistémico, endotelialitis, ulceración de placas ateroscleróticas preexistentes e hipercoagulabilidad. Lo anterior facilita la aparición de trombosis vascular. Es frecuente encontrar elevación de reactantes de fase aguda y de los productos del metabolismo de la fibrina. El accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) isquémico se ha descrito en el 1 al 5 % de los pacientes con la covid-19. En pacientes con factores de riesgo cardiovascular, durante las primeras 2 semanas desde el inicio de los síntomas respiratorios, el compromiso isquémico suele afectar a múltiples territorios vasculares. CONCLUSIÓN: La covid-19 por sí sola es un factor de riesgo para trombosis arterial secundaria a la inflamación sistémica y estados de hipercoagulabilidad, por lo que debe ser tenida en cuenta en el estudio de ACV isquémico en pacientes jóvenes.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: It is known that COVID-19 is associated with venous and arterial thromboembolic events in patients with history of hypertension and atherosclerosis. Herein, it is presented a case of a young woman without known cardiovascular risk, who was infected by SARS-COV 2 and then an ischemic stroke. CASE: 44 years-old woman with moderate COVID-19 in protocolary treatment with anticoagulants, steroid and oxygen. In the seventh day since symptoms onset, she presented acute ischemic stroke due to acute thrombosis of right carotid artery, and right and left medial cerebral arteries, then rapidly developed malignant cerebral edema and brain death. Vascular study failed to report and etiology other than COVID-19. DISCUSSION: It is suggested that the infection produces a systemic inflammatory state, endothelialitis, ulceration of preexisting atherosclerotic plaques, and hypercoagulability that facilitate thrombosis. Ischemic stroke is described in 1 to 5% of COVID-19, it is common to find an elevation of acute phase reactants and products of fibrin metabolism. Multiple vascular territories are usually compromised in patients with known cardiovascular risk factors and 12 days after the onset of symptoms. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 by itself is a risk factor for arterial thrombosis secondary to systemic infection and hypercoagulability states and it should be taken into account in the study of ischemic stroke in young patients.

Oclusión intestinal por policitemia vera en una anciana / Intestinal occlusion due to polycythemia vera in an old woman

Se describe el caso clínico de una paciente de 67 años de edad con varias comorbilidades, entre ellas la policitemia vera, quien acudió al Cuerpo de Guardia del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Universitario Dr. Ambrosio Grillo Portuondo de Santiago de Cuba por presentar síntomas y signos de un síndrome de abdomen agudo oclusivo. Se indicó intervención quirúrgica de urgencia, que permitió confirmar el diagnóstico presuntivo de afección vascular mesentérica de tipo trombótica. La inmediatez del tratamiento quirúrgico, la reversibilidad del daño vascular sin necesidad de procedimiento de resección intestinal y la administración efectiva de anticoagulantes permitieron una evolución favorable y sin complicaciones.

The case report of a 67 years patient with several comorbidities is described, among them polycythemia vera, who went to the emergency room of Ambrosio Grillo Portuondo University Clinical Surgical Hospital in Santiago de Cuba due to symptoms and signs of a syndrome of occlusive acute abdomen. An emergency surgical intervention was indicated, that confirmed the presumptive diagnosis of mesenteric vascular thrombosis. The immediacy of the surgical treatment, the reversibility of the vascular damage without necessity of intestinal resection procedure and the effective use of anticoagulants allowed a favorable clinical course without complications.

Predictive value of four items of new thrombus markers combined with conventional coagulation tests for thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the predictive value of four items of new thrombus markers combined with conventional coagulation tests for thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome.@*METHODS@#A total of 121 antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) patients who hospitalized at Peking University People's Hospital from March 2022 to January 2023 were selected and divided into thrombus group (50 cases) and nonthrombus group (71 cases) according to whether thrombosis occurred. The differences of laboratory characteristics including antiphospholipid antibodies were compared between the thrombotic and non-thrombotic groups. Chemiluminescent immunoassay was used to detect thrombomodulin (TM), thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), Plasmin-α2 plasmin inhibitor complex (PIC), and tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor complex (t-PAIC) in plasma from venous. The independent risk factors of thrombosis in patients with APS were determined using binary Logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was applied to evaluate the efficacy of each index on the prediction of thrombosis.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the patients without thrombosis, the patients with thrombosis were older [49 (32, 64) years vs. 36 (32, 39) years, P < 0.05]. The percentages of male, smoking, hypertension, and global antiphospholipid syndrome score (GAPSS)≥10 in the patients with thrombosis were significantly higher than those in the patients without thrombosis (P < 0.05). The positive rates of anticardiolipin antibody (aCL) and lupus anticoagulant (LA) in the thrombotic group were significantly higher than those in the non-thrombotic group (P < 0.05), and the levels of prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, fibrin degradation product in the thrombotic group were significantly higher than those in the non-thrombotic group (P < 0.05).Among the thrombosis group, venous thrombosis accounted for 19 (38.00%), including deep vein thrombosis (16, 84.21%) and pulmonary embolism accounted (5, 26.32%); Arterial thrombosis accounted for 35 (70.00%), including myocardial infarction (6, 17.14%) cerebral infarction (30, 85.71%). The patients in the thrombotic group had significantly greater TM levels than those in the non-thrombotic group (P < 0.05).There were no significant dif-ferences between the two groups in TAT (Z=-1.420, P=0.156), PIC (Z=-0.064, P=0.949), and t-PAIC (Z=-1.487, P=0.137). Univariate and binary Logistic regression analysis of relevant variables showed that advanced age [OR=1.126, P=0.002], elevated TM [OR=1.325, P=0.048], prolonged prothrombin time (PT) [OR=4.127, P=0.008] were independent risk factors for thrombosis in the patients with APS. ROC curve analysis of the above three independent risk factors showed that the combined detection of age, PT and TM had the highest Yoden index (0.727) and sensitivity (83.0%), with a specificity of 89.7%.@*CONCLUSION@#TAT, PIC, TM, and t-PAIC may reflect thrombus formation from the coagulation system, fibrinolysis system, and endothelial system. The combined of age TM and PT is superior to the application of a single marker, which has diagnostic value for the early identification of APS thrombosis.

Risk factors for massive hemorrhage after radical nephrectomy and removal of venous tumor thrombus / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate and analyze the risk factors of massive hemorrhage in patients with renal cell carcinoma and venous tumor thrombus undergoing radical nephrectomy and removal of venous tumor thrombus.@*METHODS@#From January 2014 to June 2020, 241 patients with renal cancer and tumor thrombus in a single center of urology at Peking University Third Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent radical nephrectomy and removal of venous tumor thrombus. The relevant preoperative indicators, intraoperative conditions, and postoperative data were statistically analyzed by using statistical software of SPSS 18.0. The main end point of the study was intraoperative bleeding volume greater than 2 000 mL. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the relevant influencing factors. First, single factor Logistic regression was used for preliminary screening of influencing factors, and variables with single factor Logistic regression analysis P < 0.05 were included in multivariate Logistic regression. In all statistical analyses, P < 0.05 is considered statistically significant.@*RESULTS@#Among the 241 patients included, there were 60 cases of massive hemorrhage, 48 males and 12 females, with a median age of 62 years. The number of non-massive hemorrhage was 181. There were 136 males and 45 females, with a median age of 59 years. Univariate analysis showed that the clinical symptoms (both systemic and local symptoms, OR 2.794, 95%CI 1.087-7.181, P=0.033), surgical approach (open surgery, OR 9.365, 95%CI 4.447-19.72, P < 0.001), Mayo grade (Mayo 3-4, OR 5.257, 95%CI 2.806-10.886, P < 0.001), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score (ASA level 3, OR 2.842, 95%CI 1.338-6.036, P=0.007), preoperative hemoglobin (OR 0.978, 95%CI 0.965-0.991, P=0.001), preoperative platelet count (OR 0.996, 95%CI 0.992-1.000, P=0.037), maximum tumor thrombus width (OR 1.061, 95%CI 1.033-1.091, P < 0.001), Complicated with bland thrombus (OR 4.493, 95%CI 2.264-8.915, P < 0.001), adrenalectomy (OR 3.101, 95%CI 1.614-5.958, P=0.001), segmental resection of the inferior vena cava (OR 2.857, 95%CI 1.395-5.852, P=0.004). There was a statistically significant difference in these aspects(P < 0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that there was a statistically significant difference in surgical approach (open surgery, OR 6.730, 95%CI 2.947-15.368;P < 0.001), Mayo grade (Mayo 3-4, OR 2.294, 95%CI 1.064-4.948, P=0.034), Complicated with bland thrombus (OR 3.236, 95%CI 1.492-7.020, P=0.003).@*CONCLUSION@#Combining the results of univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis, the surgical approach, Mayo grade, and tumor thrombus combined with conventional thrombus were associated risk factors for massive hemorrhage during surgery for renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus. Patients who undergo open surgery, high Mayo grade, and tumor thrombus combined with conventional thrombus are at a relatively higher risk of massive hemorrhage.

Clinicopathologic features and prognosis of young renal tumors with tumor thrombus / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To retrospectively analyze clinical data of patients under 40 years old who underwent surgical treatment for renal tumors with tumor thrombus from January 2016 to December 2022 at Peking University Third Hospital, and to evaluate the surgical effect and investigate the relationship between clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 17 young patients with renal tumor thrombus were retrospectively analyzed, and the clinicopathological features and prognosis were summarized. The patients were grouped according to the presence or absence of symptoms, 2017 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) clinical stage, and postoperative combined adjuvant therapy. Kaplan-Meier method was used to plot the survival curve, and Log-rank test was used to compare the differences in postoperative survival time and progression-free survival time between the different groups. The relationship between clinicopathological features and prognosis was analyzed.@*RESULTS@#All the 17 patients received venous tumor thrombectomy, including 16 patients (94.1%) who underwent radical nephrectomy and 1 patient (5.9%) who underwent partial nephrectomy. Twelve patients (70.6%) had symptoms and 5 (29.4%) had no symptoms before operation. A total of 17 renal tumors were observed, with 2 patients (11.8%) identified as benign and 15 patients (88.2%) classified as malignant. Among the malignant tumors, 1 patient (6.7%) was diagnosed as clear cell carcinoma, while the remaining 14 patients (93.3%) were categorized as non-clear cell carcinoma. In terms of tumor stage, 8 patients (53.3%) were classified as stage Ⅲ according to the AJCC classification, while 7 patients (46.7%) were categorized as stage Ⅳ. Additionally, 6 patients (40%) received multiple adjuvant therapy, while 9 patients (60%) did not undergo such treatment. The follow-up period ranged from 2 to 78 months, with a median follow-up of 41 months. During this time, 3 patients (20%) died. The median survival time after surgery was 39.0 (2.3, 77.8) months, and the progression-free survival time was 16.4 (2.3, 77.8) months. There was no significant difference in postoperative survival time and progression-free survival time among young patients with renal tumor with tumor thrombus, based on the presence of symptoms before surgery (P=0.307, P=0.302), clinical stage of AJCC (P=0.340, P=0.492), and postoperative adjuvant therapy (P=0.459, P=0.253) group.@*CONCLUSION@#The pathological types of young patients with renal tumor with tumor thrombus are more complex and varied due to symptoms, and the proportion of non-clear cell carcinoma in malignant tumor with tumor thrombus is higher. Symptomatic and non-clear cell carcinoma may be potentially associated with poor prognosis. Surgical operation combined with adjuvant therapy is a relatively safe and effective treatment for young patients with renal tumor and tumor thrombus.

Efficacy and safety of multiple-dose intravenous tranexamic acid for reducing blood loss in complex tibial plateau fractures: A prospective randomized controlled trial / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the efficacy and safety of multiple-dose intravenous tranexamic acid (TXA) for reducing blood loss in complex tibial plateau fractures with open reduction internal fixation by a prospective randomized controlled trial.@*METHODS@#A study was conducted on patients with Schatzker type Ⅳ-Ⅵ tibial plateau fractures admitted between August 2020 and December 2022. Among them, 88 patients met the selection criteria and were included in the study. They were randomly allocated into 3 groups, the control group (28 cases), single-dose TXA group (31 cases), and multiple-dose TXA group (29 cases), using a random number table method. There was no significant difference ( P>0.05) in terms of age, gender, body mass index, the Schatzker type and side of fracture, laboratory examinations [hemoglobin (Hb), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen (Fib), international normalized ratio (INR), D-dimer, and interleukin 6 (IL-6)], and preoperative blood volume. The control group received intravenous infusion of 100 mL saline at 15 minutes before operation and 3, 6, and 24 hours after the first administration. The single-dose TXA group received intravenous infusion of 1 g TXA (dissolved in 100 mL saline) at 15 minutes before operation, followed by an equal amount of saline at each time point after the first administration. The multiple-dose TXA group received intravenous infusion of 1 g TXA (dissolved in 100 mL saline) at each time point. The relevant indicators were recorded and compared between groups to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of TXA, including hospital stays, operation time, occurrence of infection; the occurrence of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis, intermuscular vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism at 1 week after operation; the lowest postoperative Hb value and Hb reduction rate, the difference (change value) between pre- and post-operative APTT, PT, Fib, and INR; D-dimer and IL-6 at 24 and 72 hours after operation; total blood loss, intraoperative blood loss, hidden blood loss, drainage flow during 48 hours after operation, and postoperative blood transfusion.@*RESULTS@#① TXA efficacy evaluation: the lowest Hb value in the control group was significantly lower than that in the other two groups ( P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the single- and multiple-dose TXA groups ( P>0.05). The Hb reduction rate, total blood loss, intraoperative blood loss, drainage flow during 48 hours after operation, and hidden blood loss showed a gradual decrease trend in the control group, single-dose TXA group, and multiple-dose TXA group. And differences were significant ( P<0.05) in the Hb reduction rate and drainage flow during 48 hours after operation between groups, and the total blood loss and hidden blood loss between control group and other two groups. ② TXA safety evaluation: no lower extremity deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism occurred in the three groups after operation, but 3, 4, and 2 cases of intermuscular vein thrombosis occurred in the control group, single-dose TXA group, and multiple-dose TXA group, respectively, and the differences in the incidences between groups were not significant ( P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the operation time between groups ( P>0.05). But the length of hospital stay was significantly longer in the control group than in the other groups ( P<0.05); there was no significant difference between the single- and multiple-dose TXA groups ( P>0.05). ③ Effect of TXA on blood coagulation and inflammatory response: the incisions of the 3 groups healed by first intention, and no infections occurred. The differences in the changes of APTT, PT, Fib, and INR between groups were not significant ( P>0.05). The D-dimer and IL-6 in the three groups showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing over time, and there was a significant difference between different time points in the three groups ( P<0.05). At 24 and 72 hours after operation, there was no significant difference in D-dimer between groups ( P>0.05), while there was a significant difference in IL-6 between groups ( P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Multiple intravenous applications of TXA can reduce perioperative blood loss and shorten hospital stays in patients undergoing open reduction and internal fixation of complex tibial plateau fractures, provide additional fibrinolysis control and ameliorate postoperative inflammatory response.

SpyGlass in Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Right Hepatic Duct Tumor Thrombus Hemorrhage: A Case Report / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

Hepatocelluar carcinoma presenting as a biliary duct tumor thrombus is a relatively rare entity, with poor prognosis. The primary clinical manifestation of this disease is obstructive jaundice, which can often be misdiagnosed. A 59-year-old female patient was admitted with sudden onset of abdominal pain. Laboratory tests suggested obstructive jaundice, and enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the upper abdomen did not show obvious biliary dilatation. Endoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography suggested an occupying lesion in the upper bile duct. SpyGlass and biopsy finally confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma with right hepatic duct tumor thrombus hemorrhage. The SpyGlass Direct Visualization System, as an advanced biliary cholangioscopy device, showed the advantages of single-person operation as well as easy access to and visualization of the lesion.

A multicenter study of the clinicopathological characteristics and a risk prediction model of early-stage breast cancer with hormone receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-low expression / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#In light of the significant clinical benefits of antibody-drug conjugates in clinical trials, the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-low category in breast cancers has gained increasing attention. Therefore, we studied the clinicopathological characteristics of Chinese patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive/HER2-low early-stage breast cancer and developed a recurrence risk prediction model.@*METHODS@#Female patients with HR-positive/HER2-low early-stage breast cancer treated in 29 hospitals of the Chinese Society of Breast Surgery (CSBrS) from Jan 2015 to Dec 2016 were enrolled. Their clinicopathological data and prognostic information were collected, and machine learning methods were used to analyze the prognostic factors.@*RESULTS@#In total, 25,096 patients were diagnosed with breast cancer in 29 hospitals of CSBrS from Jan 2015 to Dec 2016, and clinicopathological data for 6486 patients with HER2-low early-stage breast cancer were collected. Among them, 5629 patients (86.79%) were HR-positive. The median follow-up time was 57 months (4, 76 months); the 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate was 92.7%, and the 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was 97.7%. In total, 412 cases (7.31%) of metastasis were observed, and 124 (2.20%) patients died. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that T stage, N stage, lymphovascular thrombosis, Ki-67 index, and prognostic stage were associated with recurrence and metastasis ( P <0.05). A recurrence risk prediction model was established using the random forest method and exhibited a sensitivity of 81.1%, specificity of 71.7%, positive predictive value of 74.1%, and negative predictive value of 79.2%.@*CONCLUSION@#Most of patients with HER2-low early-stage breast cancer were HR-positive, and patients had favorable outcome; tumor N stage, lymphovascular thrombosis, Ki-67 index, and tumor prognostic stage were prognostic factors. The HR-positive/HER2-low early-stage breast cancer recurrence prediction model established based on the random forest method has a good reference value for predicting 5-year recurrence events.@*REGISTRITATION@#ChiCTR.org.cn, ChiCTR2100046766.

A novel biodegradable polymer-coated sirolimus-eluting stent: 1-year results of the HELIOS registry / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#The HELIOS stent is a sirolimus-eluting stent with a biodegradable polymer and titanium oxide film as the tie-layer. The study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of HELIOS stent in a real-world setting.@*METHODS@#The HELIOS registry is a prospective, multicenter, cohort study conducted at 38 centers across China between November 2018 and December 2019. A total of 3060 consecutive patients were enrolled after application of minimal inclusion and exclusion criteria. The primary endpoint was target lesion failure (TLF), defined as a composite of cardiac death, non-fatal target vessel myocardial infarction (MI), and clinically indicated target lesion revascularization (TLR) at 1-year follow-up. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to estimate the cumulative incidence of clinical events and construct survival curves.@*RESULTS@#A total of 2998 (98.0%) patients completed the 1-year follow-up. The 1-year incidence of TLF was 3.10% (94/2998, 95% closed interval: 2.54-3.78%). The rates of cardiac death, non-fatal target vessel MI and clinically indicated TLR were 2.33% (70/2998), 0.20% (6/2998), and 0.70% (21/2998), respectively. The rate of stent thrombosis was 0.33% (10/2998). Age ≥60 years, diabetes mellitus, family history of coronary artery disease, acute myocardial infarction at admission, and device success were independent predictors of TLF at 1 year.@*CONCLUSION@#The 1-year incidence rates of TLF and stent thrombosis were 3.10% and 0.33%, respectively, in patients treated with HELIOS stents. Our results provide clinical evidence for interventional cardiologists and policymakers to evaluate HELIOS stent.@*CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION@#ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03916432.

Protective Effects and Potential Mechanism of Tongxinluo on Mice with Thromboangiitis Obliterans Induced by Sodium Laurate / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effects of Tongxinluo (TXL) on thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) and the underlying mechanisms.@*METHODS@#Ninety male C57/BL6J mice were randomly divided into 6 groups according to a random number table: the sham group, TAO model group, Compound Danshen Tablet (CDT) group, and the high-, medium-, and low-dose TXL groups. All mice except the sham group were injected with sodium laurate (0.1 mL, 5 mg/mL) in the femoral artery to establish TAO mouse model. After modeling, mice in the sham and TAO model groups were intragastrically administered 0.5% (w/v) sodium carboxymethylcellulose, mice in the CDT group were intragastrically administered 0.52 g/kg CDT, and mice in the TXL-H, TXL-M, and TXL-L groups were intragastrically administered 1.5, 0.75, and 0.38 g/kg TXL, respectively. After 4 weeks of gavage, the recovery of blood flow in the lower limbs of mice was detected by Laser Doppler Imaging. The pathological changes and thrombosis of the femoral artery were observed by morphological examination. The expressions of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the femoral artery wall were detected by HE staining. Levels of thromboxane B2 (TXB2), 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α), endothelin-1 (ET-1), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Levels of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT) and fibrinogen (FIB) were detected by a fully automated biochemical analyzer.@*RESULTS@#TXL promoted the restoration of blood flow in the lower limbs, reduced the area of thrombosis in the femoral artery, and alleviated the pathological changes in the femoral artery wall. Moreover, the levels of TXB2, ET-1, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and iNOS were significantly lower in the TXL groups compared with the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while the level of 6-keto-PGF1α was significantly higher (P<0.01). In addition, APTT, PT, and TT were significantly prolonged in TXL groups compared with the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and FIB levels were significantly decreased compared with the model group (P<0.01).@*CONCLUSIONS@#TXL had a protective effect on TAO mice, and the mechanism may involve inhibition of thrombosis and inflammatory responses. TXL may be a potential drug for the treatment of TAO.

Progress in Application of Heparin Coating in Blood Contact Medical Devices / 中国医疗器械杂志

Blood compatibility is the main restriction of blood-contacting medical devices in clinical application, especially long-term blood-contacting medical devices will stimulate the immune defense mechanism of the host, resulting in thrombosis. Heparin anticoagulant coating links heparin molecules to the surface of medical device product materials, improves the compatibility between the material surface interface and the body, and reduces the host immune defense reactions. This study reviews the structure and biological properties of heparin, the market application status of heparin-coated medical products, the insufficiency and improvement of heparin coating, which can provide a reference for the application research of blood contact medical devices.

Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Transplant-Associated Thrombotic Microangiopathy --Review / 中国实验血液学杂志

Transplantation-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) is one of the serious complications mostly occurring within 100 days after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Risk factors of TA-TMA include genetic predispositions, GVHD, and infections. The pathophysiological mechanisms of TA-TMA start with endothelial injury caused by complement activation, which leads to microvascular thrombosis, and microvascular hemolysis, ultimately resulting in multi-organ dysfunction. In recent years, the development of complement inhibitors has markedly improved the prognosis of TA-TMA patients. This review will give an update on risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of TA-TMA, so as to provide references for clinical practice.

Recent Advances in SARS-CoV-2-Induced Immune Thrombocytopenia --Review / 中国实验血液学杂志

SARS-CoV-2-induced immune thrombocytopenia (SARS-CoV-2-induced ITP) is an autoimmune disease secondary to virus infections. Its diagnosis is often based on exclusion of other possible causes of thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 patients. Common laboratory examinations include coagulation function, thrombopoietin and drug-dependent antibodies. Since both bleeding and thrombosis risks are seen in SARS-CoV-2-induced ITP patients, individual remedy is essential for the treatment of this disease. Because thrombopoietin receptor agonist(TPO-RA) has the side effect of accelerating thrombosis and may aggravate the pulmonary embolism symptoms of patients, it should be used for refractory SARS-CoV-2-induced ITP patients only. This review briefly summarizes the recent research progress in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2-induced ITP.