Clinical analysis of 11 cases of otogenic intracranial complications treated by multidisciplinary collaboration / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective:To analyze the clinical diagnosis, treatment ，and surgical timing of otogenic intracranial complications. Methods:The clinical data of 11 patients with intracranial complications with ear symptoms as the first manifestation in Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University（Qingdao） from December 2014 to June 2022 were collected, including 8 males and 3 females, aged from 4 to 69 years. All patients had complete otoendoscopy, audiology, imaging and etiology examination, and the diagnosis and treatment plan was jointly developed through multidisciplinary consultation according to the critical degree of clinical symptoms and imaging changes. Among the 11 patients, 5 cases were treated with intracranial lesions first in neurosurgery department and middle ear lesions later in otolaryngology, 3 cases of meningitis, were treated with middle ear surgery after intracranial infection control, 1 case was treated with middle ear lesions and intracranial infection simultaneously, and 2 cases were treated with sigmoid sinus and transverse sinus thrombosis conservatively. They were followed up for 1-6 years. Descriptive statistical methods were used for analysis. Results:All the 11 patients had ear varying symptoms, including ear pain, pus discharge and hearing loss, etc, and then fever appeared, headache, disturbance of consciousness, facial paralysis and other intracranial complication. Otoendoscopy showed perforation of the relaxation of the tympanic membrane in 5 cases, major perforation of the tension in 3 cases, neoplasia in the ear canal in 1 case, bulging of the tympanic membrane in 1 case, and turbidity of the tympanic membrane in 1 case. There were 4 cases of conductive hearing loss, 4 cases of mixed hearing loss and 3 cases of total deafness. Imaging examination showed cholesteatoma of the middle ear complicated with temporal lobe brain abscess in 4 cases, cerebellar abscess in 2 cases, cholesteatoma of the middle ear complicated with intracranial infection in 3 cases, and sigmoid sinus thrombophlebitis in 2 cases. In the etiological examination, 2 cases of Streptococcus pneumoniae were cultured in the pus of brain abscess and cerebrospinal fluid, and 1 case was cultured in streptococcus vestibularis, Bacteroides uniformis and Proteus mirabilis respectively. During the follow-up, 1 patient died of cardiovascular disease 3 years after discharge, and the remaining 10 patients survived. There was no recurrence of intracranial and middle ear lesions. Sigmoid sinus and transverse sinus thrombosis were significantly improved. Conclusion:Brain abscess, intracranial infection and thrombophlebitis are the most common otogenic intracranial complications, and cholesteatoma of middle ear is the most common primary disease. Timely diagnosis, multidisciplinary collaboration, accurate grasp of the timing in the treatment of primary focal and complications have improved the cure rate of the disease.

Research advances in neonatal cerebral sinovenous thrombosis / 中国当代儿科杂志

Neonatal cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT) is a cerebrovascular disease with a seriously underestimated incidence rate. Due to a lack of specific clinical manifestations and the low sensitivity of conventional imaging examinations, it has long been considered a rare disease in neonates. In recent years, the development of magnetic resonance technology has improved the diagnostic rate of CSVT. This article reviews the research advances in intracranial venous anatomy of neonates and clinical manifestations, imaging features, treatment, and prognosis of CSVT and deep venous thrombosis, in order to improve the understanding and to make correct diagnosis and treatment of neonatal CSVT.

Spontaneous resolution of a fetal dural sinus thrombosis: one case report and review of the literatures

Fetal dural sinus thrombosis is a rare finding. Most cases have been terminated without long-term follow-ups. Recently some reports have indicated the potentially favorable evolution of fetal dural sinus thrombosis. Most of the fetuses showing symptoms have been delivered with normal neurologic outcome. We report a case of fetal dural sinus thrombosis. Serial ultrasound and magnetic resonance images [MRI] showed the shrinkage of the thrombosis which indicated good prognosis. No physical or neurological abnormality was observed at 8-months follow-up. Conservative treatment is appropriate to prenatally diagnosed dural sinus thrombosis with favorable prognostic factors. Serial MRI or ultrasound should be taken every 1-2 months to monitor the thrombosis development and fetal well-beings

Trombosis venosa cerebral / Cerebral venous thrombosis

La trombosis venosa cerebral (TvC) es una rara enfermedad que se incluye dentro del grupo de trombosis en sitios infrecuentes. El correcto estudio y manejo terapéutico de la misma es de capital importancia por la alta morbimortalidad que conlleva de no diagnosticarse y tratarse correctamente. El desarrollo en el conocimiento de los factores de riesgo como las trombofilias entre otros, ha sido de gran importancia diagnóstica. Aún faltan estudios randomizados y controlados de gran número de pacientes para definir la duración óptima del tratamiento según cada caso particular. Por el momento las recomendaciones terapéuticas en este tipo de trombosis se basan en estudios observacionales y opinión de expertos, los cuales recomiendan anticoagulación a largo plazo para pacientes con trombosis inexplicadas, trombosis recurrentes, o asociadas a trombofilias de alto riesgo o combinadas. El objetivo de esta publicación es presentar una serie de casos clínicos, revisar el tema de TvC dado la importancia por las posibles complicaciones evolutivas; conocer los factores de riesgo y discutir las posibilidades terapéuticas.

Trombose venosa cerebral: evolução clínica e fatores prognósticos em 111 pacientes / Cerebral venous thrombosis: clinical outcome and prognostic factors in 111 patients

Introdução: A evolução clínica da trombose venosa cerebral (TVC) pode variar desde a recuperação completa ao óbito. Séries européias e um estudo multicêntrico identificaram alguns fatores indicativos de prognóstico da TVC, dado importante na decisão da melhor terapêutica para os pacientes. Este estudo busca identificar, a partir do seguimento prospectivo de cento e onze pacientes com TVC, os fatores prognósticos envolvidos na evolução clínica durante o período de 2 anos. Pacientes Métodos: Foram acompanhados prospectivamente 111 pacientes com diagnóstico de TVC desde a fase aguda do diagnóstico, confirmado por meio de RM de encéfalo e/ou angiografia cerebral (ARM, ATC ou angiografia digital). Obtidos dados do quadro clínico e seguimento por um protocolo clínico. 96% dos pacientes foram anticoagulados na fase aguda com heparina e seguida de anticoagulação com warfarina. Submetidos a investigação para os fatores predisponentes para TVC. A evolução clínica foi quantificada por meio da escala modificada de Rankin (EMR) após 3, 6, 12 e 24 meses, definindo os pacientes de bom prognóstico EMR 1, e mau prognóstico EMR 2. Comparamos dados clínicos da fase aguda e resultados encontrados nos exames de imagem e laboratoriais como possíveis fatores prognósticos, através da análise univariada pelo teste 2 e os fatores de significância estatística (p<0,1), foram analisados com regressão logística ajustada e cálculo da razão de chances (RC), (intervalo de confiança IC=95%). Resultados: A média da idade dos pacientes foi de 35 anos, 72% mulheres, 40% afro-brasileiros. As principais manifestações clínicas foram: cefaléia 97%, déficit focal 47%, crise epiléptica 40%, alteração da consciência 28%, síndrome de HIC (SHIC) isolada 40%. Quanto aos fatores predisponentes; 75% das mulheres usavam anticoncepcional, 31% dos pacientes apresentavam trombofilia hereditária, 13% SAAF, 6% eram portadores de vasculites, 25% outros estados pro trombóticos, 7 % apresentavam fatores...

Introduction: The cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) clinical evolution is quite variable from complete recovery to death. Some European series and a multicenter study had identified prognostic factors related to CVT prognosis. The identification of these factors is important for the best therapeutic decision to patients. This study aims to identify the prognostic factors enrolled in clinical evolution of 111 patients with CVT in a prospective outcome clinical trial during two years. Subjects and Methods: One hundred and eleven patients were prospective followed with the diagnosis of CVT since acute phase diagnosis, confirmed by brain MRI and/or brain angiography (MRA , CTA or digital angiography). Information about clinical features and follow-up were filled on a clinical form. 96% of the patients were anticoagulated on heparin followed by warfarin treatment. The patients were investigated to predisposing factors to CVT. The clinical evaluation was accessed by the modified Rakin scale (mRs) after 3, 6, 12 and 24 months, considering patients with good outcome when mRs < 1 and poor outcome when mRs > 2. The acute phase clinical features, laboratory and imaging data were compared as possible prognosis factors beyond univariate 2 test and the factors with statistical significance (p<0,1) and then analyzed by logistic regression adjusted and Odds Ratio values (confidence interval CI=95%). Results: The mean age of the patients was 35 years, 72% were women, and 40% were African Brazilian. The main clinical features observed were: headache 97%, focal sign 47%, epileptic seizure 40%, isolated ICH syndrome 40% and altered mental status 28%. All the patients were investigated to predisposing factors; 75% of the women were on oral contraceptive, 31% of the patients presented hereditary thrombophilia, 13 % antiphospholipid syndrome, 6% presented vasculitis, 25% other protrhrombotic state, 7% presented some local feature (arterialvenous malformation or infection) and 5%...

Trombosis venosa el golfo yugular y seno longitudinal / Longitudinal sinus venous thrombosis

Este trabajo reporta el caso de un escolar de sexo femenino que consulta por compromiso del estado general, fiebre y cefalea, diagnosticándose posteriormente trombosis venosa del golfo yugular y seno longitudinal.

Trombose do seio sigmóide associada à otite média crônica / Sigmoid Sinus thrombosis associated to chronic otitis media

A trombose séptica do seio sigmóide (TSSS) é uma doença rara de tratamento controverso. OBJETIVO: Relatarmos nossa experiência, ressaltando os aspectos clínicos e terapêuticos. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo de seis casos de TSSS tratados nos últimos 10 anos. O diagnóstico foi confirmado através de angiorressonância com acompanhamento de seis meses a seis anos. RESULTADOS: O diagnóstico da TSSS só foi suspeitado durante a análise de imagem solicitada para avaliação de outras complicações de otite média crônica. Febre, cefaléia e paralisia facial foram as principais manifestações clínicas relacionadas aos diagnósticos de mastoidite, meningite e abscesso cerebelar. Não foi possível identificar nenhum sintoma específico de trombose do seio sigmóide. Em todos os pacientes foi realizado mastoidectomia com antibioticoterapia de largo espectro sendo mantido por três meses. Em três casos foi realizada anticoagulação e nos outros três não foi indicado este tipo de terapia. Todos os pacientes evoluíram bem sem seqüelas. CONCLUSÃO: O diagnóstico de TSSS tem sido realizado inesperadamente em pacientes com otites médias crônica com outras complicações associadas. Acreditamos que esta doença esteja sendo subdiagnosticada. Apesar de grave, o prognóstico clínico tem sido bom, apenas com mastoidectomia e antibioticoterapia.

Otogenous lateral sinus thrombosis (OLST) is a rare disease and presents a controversial treatment. AIM: Clinical aspects and treatment were reported based on our experience. METHODS: Retrospective study. Six cases of OLST were treated in our institution in the last ten years. Clinical and imaging data were analyzed. RESULTS: All six patients had the lateral sinus thrombosis detected during image evaluation for other symptoms related to chronic otitis media (COM) complications. Fever, headache and facial paralysis were the main clinical manifestation related to mastoiditis, meningitis and cerebellar abscess. We could not identify, in any case, specific features of lateral sinus thrombosis. In all cases a mastoidectomy was associated with large spectrum antibiotics maintained for 3 months. In three cases anticoagulation therapy was introduced and in three cases anticoagulation was not indicated. All cases presented a good clinical evolution, without sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: OLST is almost always associated with other complications of COM. It is diagnosed almost by accident during the investigative image study. We believe such disease is underestimated. In our experience, OLST presents a benign course, and mastoidectomy with antibiotics is the treatment of choice.

Trombose venosa cerebral extensa - relato de caso / Extensive cerebral venous thrombosis - case report

A trombose venosa cerebral é uma doença vascular pouco freqüente, com múltiplas manifestações clínicas e distintas etiologias. Tem sido diagnosticada mais freqüentemente nas últimas décadas devido à melhora na qualidade dos exames de neuroimagem. O diagnóstico precoce é crucial e deve ser sempre considerado por clínicos e neurologistas. Relatamos o caso de uma jovem de 23 anos com quadro de cefaléia frontal, pulsátil, intensa, com irradiação holocraniana, associada à vômitos e sonolência, que teve seu diagnóstico firmado por investigação neurorradiológica. O presente relato discute aspectos relevantes da apresentação clínica, diagnóstico, tratamento, manejo clínico e prognóstico desta condição

Trombosis de seno venoso en pediatría: caso clínico y revisión del tema / Venous sinus thrombosis in paediatrics: case report and subject review

La trombosis de los senos venosos es una patología poco común en pediatría y que puede ser causada por una larga lista de factores etiológicos. En general, sus manifestaciones clínicas son inespecíficas: letargia, convulsiones, cefalea, trastornos visuales, signos de focalización, etc. La sospecha clínica se complementa con neuroimágenes y especialmente con tomografía y resonancia nuclear magnética cerebrales. La evolución de la enfermedad es variable y depende de la extensión y la localización del daño parenquimatoso. El tratamiento es un tema aún controversial. En algunos centros se ha usado la terapia anticoagulante, con aparentemente buenos resultados, pero aún faltan estudios serios, multicéntricos y randomizados, que definan criterios acerca del uso de anticoagulantes en pediatría. Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de 4 meses de edad, que presentó una sintomatología poco especifica posterior a un accidente automovilístico. Se describen su diagnóstico, evolución y manejo posterior.

Sindrome de Mondor: reporte de un caso clínico y revisión de literatura / Mondor's disease: case report and literature review

El síndrome de Mondor es una entidad poco frecuente caracterizada por la tromboflebitis de las venas subcutáneas de la pared toracoabdominal anterolateral. Se manifiesta como un cordón subcutáneo doloroso, visualizable por la retracción de los tejidos circundantes. Esta condición corresponde generalmente a un proceso benigno y autolimitado, aunque se ha descrito su asociación a cáncer mamario. Reportamos el caso de una mujer de 39 años que consultó por dolor agudo en la pared toracoabdominal asociado a palpación de cordón indurado posteriormente. El diagnóstico se realizó en base a la clínica y hallazgos en la Ecografía Doppler. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de los casos descritos, realzando la necesidad de descartar la coexistencia de malignidad y síndromes de hipercoagulabilidad.

Trombosis del seno longitudinal superior: presentación de dos casos / Sagittal sinus thrombosis: a report of two cases

Dentro de las enfermedades del sistema nervioso central, la trombosis de senos durales es un evento que se presenta en forma poco frecuente; el seno longitudinal superior es el sitio que mayormente se afecta. El espectro clínico de esta entidad es amplio y va desde los casos asintomático y con curación espontánea, a los casos con evolución tórpida y fatal, los síntomas que se presentan son cefalea, crisis convulsivas, déficit sensorio-motriz, alteraciones neurológicas focales, hasta coma profundo y muerte. El estudio angiográfico cerebral en fase tardía permite diangóstica con alta especificidad el sitio exacto de trombosis y el tratamiento va dirigido a disolver el coágulo para restablecer lo más pronto posible el retorno venoso cerebral, limitando las zonas de compromiso circulatorio y en forma secundaria, a corregir las secuelas del evento isquémico. Se presentan dos casos: el primero, un escolar de 9 años de edad con antecedente de trisoma 21 y crisis convulsivas de inicio temprano resueltas a los 4 años de edad y un cuadro enteral dos semanas antes del inicio de su sintomatología, la cual consistió en crisis convulsivas motoras secundariamente generalizadas, hemiparesia fasciocorporal derecha, hiperreflexia y clonus derechos. La resonancia magnética cerebral mostró áreas hiperintensas corticosubcorticales frontoparietal izquierda y parietal derecha, la angiografía cerebral demostró una zona de hipoperfusión a nivel del tercio medio del seno longitudinal. Se inició tratamiento con DFH y heparina egresándose con buen control de las crisis y con mejoría de la hemiplejía derecha...

Complicaçöes intracranianas das otites médias crônicas supurativas: uma realidade / Intracranial complications of chronic suppurative otitis media: a reality

Os autores fazem uma revisao acerca das complicaçoes intracranianas das otites médias crônicas supurativas, chamando a atençao para a ainda alta incidência das mesmas e de sua potencialmente elevada morbi-mortalidade, ilustrando com apresentaçao de casos.

Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria

Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria may be complicated by life-threatening thrombosis. A patient who presented with the classical clinical picture of cerebral sinus thrombosis is described. Management of the condition is discussed.

Trombosis de senos venosos cerebrales / Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

Se presentan 9 casos de trombosis de senos venosos cerebrales diagnosticados en el Hospital San Juan de Dios entre 1954 y 1987. Se encontraron 5 hombres y 4 mujeres con una edad promedio de 27.3 anos. Todos presentaban una o mas condiciones predisponentes: utilizacion de anticonceptivos orales, sepsis, carcinoma, trauma craneano y sinusitis. Los cuadros clinicos neurologicos correspondieron a diversos sindromes clinicos como sindrome de hipertension endocraneana, sindrome convulsivo y sindrome mental, y en todos los casos hubo manifestaciones clinicas relacionadas con la enfermedad de base. Solo en tres pacientes se hizo el diagnostico en vida y en dos de ellos fue posible iniciar terapeutica anticoagulante y evitar la aparicion de secuelas. Los nuevos metodos de diagnostico actualmente disponibles en nuestro medio, facilitan el diagnostico precoz y la iniciacion oportuna de la anticoagulacion, aceptada como el tratamiento de eleccion en esta entidad.