Tuberculosis laríngea secundaria a foco pulmonar primario inadvertido: caso clínico / Laryngeal tuberculosis secondary to an inadvertent primary pulmonary focus: clinical case

Introducción: La tuberculosis laríngea es una entidad sumamente rara en países del primer mundo, sin embargo, en nuestro medio no es extraño, como país latinoamericano, sospechar esta patología como una de las causas de disfonía y lesiones granulomatosas en la actualidad. La tuberculosis laríngea debe considerarse dentro de las patologías en pacientes con disfonía de larga evolución que no responden al tratamiento común, esta entidad puede ser confundida con neoplasias. Reporte de caso: Se presenta el caso de una mujer en la cuarta década de la vida con disfonía crónica de 6 meses de evolución, que fue remitida para laringoscopia. Se localizaron neoformaciones granulomatosas acompañadas de edema en ambas cuerdas vocales, sometidas a biopsia, con resultados con la tinción de hematoxilina-eosina de células gigantes multinucleadas de Langhans y la tinción Zielh-Nielsen fue positiva para bacilo alcohol ácido resistente. La radiografía de tórax mostró lesiones reticulonodulares sugestivas de tuberculosis pulmonar. Conclusión: Un alto nivel de sospecha y un diagnóstico temprano pueden limitar las complicaciones y facilitar un manejo oportuno de estos casos. Es necesario sospechar de tuberculosis laríngea en pacientes que presentan disfonía crónica, especialmente cuando se asocia con síntomas constitucionales, aunque no siempre los presentan, por otro lado, en algunos casos, no existe asociación con inmunodeficiencia.

Introduction: Laryngeal tuberculosis is an extremely rare entity in first world countries, however, it is not strange in our environment as a Latin American country to suspect this pathology as one of the causes of dysphonia and granulomatous lesions today. Laryngeal tuberculosis should be considered within the pathologies in patients with long-standing dysphonia that do not respond to common treatment, this entity can be confused with neoplasms. Case report: We present the case of a female in the fourth decade of life with chronic dysphonia of six months of evolution, who was referred for laryngoscopy, granulomatous neoformations accompanied by edema in both vocal cords were located, subjected to biopsy with results with hematoxylin staining. Langhans multinucleated giant cell eosin and Zielh-Nielsen staining were positive for acid-fast bacillus. Chest X-ray showed reticule-nodular lesions suggestive of pulmonary tuberculosis. Conclusion: A high level of suspicion and an early diagnosis can limit complications and facilitate timely management of these cases. It is necessary to suspect laryngeal tuberculosis in patients with chronic dysphonia, especially when associated with constitutional symptoms, although they do not always present them; on the other hand, in some cases, there is no association with immunodeficiency

Tuberculosis en otorrinolaringología. Reporte de 3 casos / Tuberculosis in otolaryngology. Report of 3 cases / Tuberculose em otorrinolaringología. Relatório de 3 casos

La tuberculosis extrapulmonar suele ser una presentación poco frecuente. Aunque la vía respiratoria alta es la vía de entrada del Mycobacterium tuberculosis, su afectación es rara (menos del 2%), siendo la localización ótica, laríngea y nasofaríngea de carácter excepcional, pudiéndose presentar tanto de forma primaria como secundaria a una lesión pulmonar. Se describen tres formas de presentación de tuberculosis extrapulmonar, resaltando la importancia de su sospecha clínica; fundamental para el diagnóstico. Se reporta un caso de tuberculosis laríngea como presentación primaria; un caso de tuberculosis faríngea como presentación secundaria y un caso de presentación ótica en un paciente inmunocomprometido. Debido al aumento en los últimos años de esta enfermedad es necesario tenerla presente como diagnóstico diferencial. Se destacan las dificultades en su detección, ya que no existen características exclusivas de la tuberculosis. La importancia del diagnóstico precoz radica en que es una enfermedad con buena evolución si es tratada oportunamente.

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis is usually an uncommon presentation. Although the upper respiratory tract is the entry route of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis, its involvement is rare (less than 2%), being the otic, laryngeal and nasopharyngeal localization exceptional, being able to present both primary and secondary to a lung injury. Three forms of presentation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis are described highlighting the importance of their clinical suspicion; fundamental for the diagnosis. A case of laryngeal tuberculosis is reported as primary presentation; a case of pharyngeal tuberculosis as a secondary presentation and a case of otic presentation in an immunocompromised patient. Due to the increase in recent years of this disease it is necessary to keep it in mind as a differential diagnosis. The difficulties in its detection are highlighted, since there are no exclusive characteristics of tuberculosis. The importance of early diagnosis lies in the fact that it is a disease with good evolution if it is treated opportunely.

A tuberculose extrapulmonar é geralmente uma apresentação incomum. Embora a via aérea superior é o Mycobacterium tuberculosis porta de entrada, o seu envolvimento é rara (menos do que 2%), a localização ótica, da laringe e da nasofaringe excepcional, sendo possível que tanto na forma primária como secundária à lesão do pulmão. Três formas de apresentação da tuberculose extrapulmonar são descritas, destacando a importância de sua suspeita clínica; fundamental para o diagnóstico. Um caso de tuberculose laríngea é relatado como apresentação primária; um caso de tuberculose faríngea como apresentação secundária e um caso de apresentação ótica em paciente imunocomprometido. Devido ao aumento nos últimos anos desta doença é necessário ter isto em mente como um diagnóstico diferencial. As dificuldades em sua detecção são destacadas, uma vez que não existem características exclusivas da tuberculose. A importância do diagnóstico precoce reside no fato de ser uma doença com boa evolução se tratada oportunamente.

Diagnóstico patológico y molecular de un caso de tuberculosis laríngea primaria en un médico / Pathological and molecular diagnosis in a case of primary laryngeal tuberculosis in a physician

La tuberculosis laríngea primaria es una enfermedad rara con una amplia gama de manifestaciones clínicas. Se reporta el caso de un médico otorrinolaringólogo con diabetes de tipo II y con diagnóstico de tuberculosis laríngea primaria. El diagnóstico de cáncer de cuerda vocal se había considerado en otra institución, y al ingreso el paciente sólo presentaba disfonía de seis meses de evolución. En el estudio histopatológico se encontraron granulomas, células gigantes multinucleadas, fibrosis y necrosis, y en la tinción de Ziehl-Neelsen, bacilos ácido-alcohol resistentes. El cultivo del tejido de cuerda vocal para micobacterias y la PCR-IS6110 fueron positivos. La cepa de Mycobacterium tuberculosis demostró sensibilidad a todos los medicamentos de primera línea. Se inició tratamiento según la estrategia DOTS ( Directly Observed Treatment, Short -course ). Se discute la presentación clínica, los diagnósticos diferenciales, el abordaje diagnóstico y los factores de riesgo asociados y se hace una breve revisión de la literatura.

Primary laryngeal tuberculosis is a rare disease with a wide variety of clinical manifestations. We report the case of an ear-nose and throat diabetic physician with primary laryngeal tuberculosis. The diagnosis of laryngeal cancer had been considered before in another institution, and at the patient´s admission, he only presented dysphonia with a six-month evolution. The vocal cord histological examination showed granulomas, giant cells, fibrosis and necrosis, and the Ziehl-Neelsen staining showed acid-alcohol resistant bacilli. The culture from vocal cord tissue was positive for mycobacteria, and IS 6110 -PCR was positive too. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain was sensitive to first line drugs. Treatment using directly observed therapy short-course (DOTS) was initiated. Clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, diagnostic workup, associated risk factors and a brief literature revision are discussed in this article.

Intervenção fonoaudiológica precoce nos distúrbios vocais em pacientes com tuberculose laríngea / Early intervention speech therapy in in voice disorders in patients with laryngeal tuberculosis

INTRODUÇÃO: Embora possa ser tratada clinicamente com sucesso, a tuberculose laríngea (TBL) pode causar mudanças irreversíveis na qualidade da voz. Raros estudos relatam intervenções fonoaudiológicas para tratar a disfonia na TBL. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade vocal dos pacientes com TBL em atividade e os efeitos da intervenção fonoaudiológica precoce na reabilitação das funções vocais alteradas nesses indivíduos. MÉTODO: Esta dissertação é composta por dois artigos desenvolvidos com dados de pacientes com TBL atendidos no Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, no período de 2010 a 2013. No primeiro foram relatadas as alterações anatômicas e vocais de três pacientes com TBL ativa antes de iniciar o tratamento. No segundo artigo foi realizado um estudo longitudinal para avaliar o impacto da terapia fonoaudiológica na recuperação das alterações vocais diagnosticadas ao início do tratamento da TBL em 11 pacientes. As avaliações fonoaudiológicas iniciais e finais foram comparadas através dos testes de McNemar, T de Student, sinal de Wilcoxon, Friedman e do Chi quadrado, considerando-se significativos os valores de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: No primeiro artigo, entre os indivíduos avaliados, observou-se que os principais sítios afetados foram as pregas vocais, pregas ariepiglóticas, aritenóides e epiglote e os principais sintomas foram disfonia, disfagia e odinofagia. No segundo artigo, foram avaliados 11 pacientes com uma média de idade 56,55 anos (±18,31), 2 eram do sexo feminino e 9 do sexo masculino, 4 pacientes eram tabagistas e 7 etilistas. A TBL e tuberculose pulmonar estavam associadas em 9 indivíduos. Nestes, encontrou-se inicialmente 100 por cento de disfonia, 54,5 por cento de disfagia e 45,5 por cento de odinofagia...

INTRODUCTION: Although it can be treated medically with success, laryngeal tuberculosis (LT) can cause irreversible changes in voice quality. Few studies report speech therapy interventions to treat dysphonia in LT. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the vocal quality of patients with LT in activity and the effects of early languageintervention in the rehabilitation of vocal functions altered in these individuals. METHOD: This dissertation consists of two papers developed with data from patients with TBL that were treated at Clinical Research Institute Evandro Chagas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, in the period 2010-2013. In the first anatomical changes andvocals from three patients with active LT were reported before starting treatment. In the second article, a longitudinal study was conducted to evaluate the impact of speech therapy in the recovery of vocal disorders diagnosed at initiation of treatmentof LT in 11 patients. The initial and final speech evaluations were compared using the McNemar test , Student t, Wilcoxon sign , Friedman and Chi square and p values < 5 percent were considered significant. RESULTS: In the first article the main sites affected were the vocal folds, aryepiglottic folds, arytenoids and epiglottis and the main symptoms were dysphonia, dysphagia and odynophagia. In the second article we evaluated 11 patients with a mean age of 56.55 years (± 18.31), 2 females and 9 males, 4 patients were smokers and drinkers 7. The LT were associated with pulmonary tuberculosis and 9. These patients initially find 100 percent of dysphonia, dysphagia 54.5 percent and 45.5 percent of odynophagia. The most affected sites were the larynx: vocal folds in 81.8 percent, 63.6 percent in vestibular folds, epiglottis in 36.4 percent, 27.3 percent arytenoids, aryepiglottic folds in 36.4 percent, and interarytenoid space 9.1 percent...

Avaliação da qualidade vocal de pacientes tratados de tuberculose laríngea antes e após terapia fonoaudiológica / Vocal quality evaluation of treated laringeal tuberculosis patients, before and after voice therapy

A Tuberculose Laríngea (TL) é a mais freqüente doença granulomatosa de laringe, podendo invadir vias aéreas e digestivas superiores, causando lesões mucosas. O envolvimento dos tecidos da laringe podem alterar a flexibilidade da túnica mucosa das pregas vocais e conseqüentemente alterar a qualidade vocal dos pacientes. Como conseqüência, a disfonia é o principal sintoma da TL, estando presente em 96 dos casos diagnosticados. Apesar da grande incidência, poucos estudos foram realizados, principalmente no tocante ao tratamento e evolução das seqüelas pós-infecção. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a incidência da disfonia pós-tratamento de tuberculose laríngea (TL) e o efeito da fonoterapia na qualidade vocal destes pacientes. Num total de 23 pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado de TB tratados no IPEC-FIOCRUZ, sete foram submetidos à terapia fonoaudiológica por até 6 meses, sendo avaliados por videolaringoscopia e análise acústica vocal computadorizada antes, durante e após o fim da terapiaidade dos pacientes variou de 25 a 83 anos com média de 41,3 + 13,9 anos , sendo 5 mulheres e 18 homens. A disfonia esteve presente em 91,3 porcento dos pacientes com TL, sendo o primeiro sintoma em 82,6 porcento destes, só melhorando completamente após tratamento antituberculínico em 15,8 porcento. O envolvimento das pregas vocais ocorreu em 78,5 porcento, aritenóides em 65,2 porcento, epiglote em 65,2 porcento, pregas ariepiglóticas em 52,2 porcento, e pregas vestibulares em 43,5 porcento. Após fonoterapia, obtive-se melhoras estatisticamente significativas nos parâmetros Jitter, Shimmer, variabilidade de freqüência fundamental, tempo máximo de fonação e relação fricativas surda e sonora (S/Z). A incidência da disfonia após tratamento da TL é alta e a fonoterapia melhorou significativamente a qualidade vocal destes pacientes...

Laryngeal Tuberculosis (LT) is the most frequent granulomatous larynx desease.It can invade upper respiratory and digestive tracts provoking lesions on mucosa.Attacked larynx tissues can reduce the vocal folds mucosa flexibility. Therefore, thedysphony is the main symptom of LT, appearing in 96 percent of cases. Despite highincidence, studies about treatment and sequels evolution are few. The objective ofthis work is evaluate the dysphonia after LT treatment and voice therapy effect overvocal quality of patients. From 23 patients with LT confirmed diagnosis, treated atIPEC-FIOCRUZ, 7 of them were submitted to voice therapy along of 6 months. Theywere evaluated by telelaryngoscopy and vocal acoustic analysis on microcomputerbefore, along, and after therapy. The patients age rage was 25 to 83 years (avg. 41.3+ 13.9 years), being 5 women and 18 men. The dysphonia appeared in 91.3 percent of LTcases, being 82.6 percent of these cases the first symptom, and disappeared after LTtreatment only in 15.8 percent. The infection on vocal folds occurred in 78.5 percent , arytenoids in65.2 percent , epiglottis in 65.2 percent , aryepiglottis in 52.2 percent , and false vocal folds in 43.5 percent .After voice therapy, the patients had better vocal quality based on statistic analysis ofJitter, Shimmer, fundamental frequency variability, maximum phonation time,voiceless and voice fricative sounds S / Z parameters. There is high incidence ofdysphonia after LT treatment. The speech therapy greatly improved the vocal qualityfor these patients...

Flow-volume loops: clinical correlation

Flow volume loops are an essential part of spirometry testing. Their appearance can give information that can be helpful in the differential diagnosis of a patient's clinical condition. We present two clinical scenarios in which careful evaluation of the flow-volume loop gives an insight into the cause of the disease process.

Tuberculose faringolaríngea / Laryngo-pharyngeal Tuberculosis

A apresentação faringolaríngea da tuberculose como forma isolada da doença é rara, entretanto, nos últimos anos, com o aumento progressivo do número de casos de tuberculose em geral, a possibilidade dessas localizações aumentou. OBJETIVO: Descrever caso de tuberculose faringolaríngea primária em paciente grávida e imunocompetente. RELATORIO DE CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 30 anos, com história de odinofagia há 10 meses, sem qualquer sintoma sistêmico ou outras queixas referentes às vias aéreas superiores. Apresentava lesão granulomatosa em orofaringe e laringe, e o resultado da biópsia revelou bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes. Exames clínico e radiológico do aparelho respiratório sem alterações. Realizado tratamento anti-tuberculose por nove meses com resolução completa do quadro. CONCLUSÃO: Autores realçam a importância epidemiológica da tuberculose e a necessidade de um alto grau de suspeição de lesões das vias aéreas superiores para o diagnóstico precoce da doença.

Tuberculosis of the Larynx and pharynx only is rare. However, in the last few years, the number of tuberculosis cases in general have had a dramatic increase, thus increasing the possibility of isolated laryngo-pharyngeal lesions. AIM: To report a case of isolated laryngo-pharyngeal tuberculosis in a pregnant, immunocompetent host. CASE REPORT: A 30- year-old pregnant female had complained of odynophagia for the last ten months. There were no other respiratory or systemic symptoms. An oro-pharyngeal granulomatous lesion was found, and the biopsy revealed acid-fast bacilli. There were no clinical or radiologic pulmonary findings. She was submitted successfully to an tuberculosis treatment protocol for nine months. CONCLUSIONS: The authors point out the epidemiological importance of tuberculosis and the need for a higher degree of suspicion when dealing with uncommon upper airway lesions to make an early diagnosis.

Tuberculosis laríngea diagnosticada en una escolar / Laryngeal tuberculosis diagnosed in a school girl

Tuberculosis is at the present time a worldwide endemic disease. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis is less frequent than the pulmonary form and its diagnosis represents a challenge. Laryngeal tuberculosis accounts for less than 1 percent of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. In this report, we present a case of laryngeal tuberculosis diagnosed in a 12 years old girl at the pediatric department of a general hospital. The patient had a six months history of hoarseness and persistent cough. At the time she was admitted at the hospital she complainted about stridor, odynophagia, weakness and respiratory distress. A cervical mass was the main finding at her physical exam. A laryngeal nodule was shown after practicing a direct laryngoscopy. The biopsy of this lesion revealed presence of a granulomatous inflammatory process compatible with tuberculosis. Besides the samples of sputum taken at her admission for acid -fast bacilli direct examination and culture were positive. We would like to emphasize the delay in diagnosing this case, because of the outpatient clinical study failed in proposing to carry out a direct laryngoscopy in this patient, despite she complainted of hoarseness and persistent cough.

La tuberculosis (TBC) es en la actualidad una endemia a nivel mundial. La tuberculosis extrapulmonar, menos frecuente que la forma pulmonar constituye un desafío diagnóstico. La forma laríngea representa menos del 1 por ciento de las tuberculosis extrapulmonares. En esta publicación, presentamos un caso de tuberculosis laríngea diagnosticada en una escolar de nuestro servicio de pediatría hospital Dr. Gustavo Fricke, cuyos síntomas cardinales fueron disfonía y tos presentes durante 6 meses previo al diagnóstico. Al momento de ingreso al servicio se había agregado compromiso del estado general, odinofagia estridor y dificultad respiratoria. Al examen físico destacaba la presencia de masa cervical. El diagnóstico se realizó mediante laringoscopia directa que evidenció nódulo en cuerda vocal derecha cuya biopsia reveló presencia de proceso inflamatorio crónico granulomatoso compatible con TBC. Las baciloscopías y cultivo de Koch de expectoración, realizados al momento del ingreso, resultaron positivos. Cabe destacar el retraso diagnóstico del caso, debido a que nunca se planteó realizar laringoscopia durante el estudio ambulatorio, pese a la presencia de disfonía y tos persistente.

Laryngeal tuberculosis: an important issue.

In developing countries like Indonesia, pulmonary tuberculosis still ranks among the major health problems and the prevalence of laryngeal tuberculosis are therefore still high. It is important for physicians and otolaryngologist to recognize the cardinal sign and symptoms of laryngeal tuberculosis in order to make an early diagnosis. An illustration of four cases with laryngeal tuberculosis is reported. All cases presented with hoarseness and diagnosis of laryngeal and pulmonary tuberculosis were made at ENT department.

Presentations of two cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis

More than 80 percent of new cases of TB are pulmonary TB produced by three different causes as follows: Adjacency to mucosal surfaces, anatomical adjacency of organs and lymphohematogen. Incidence of TB in different organs is different and in most of the cases is related to lymph node. In this article two cases of extrapulmonary TB is presented along with emphasizing diagnostic process. The first case was a 14- year- old girl with fever and abdominal pain for one month whom was treated for typhoid at first but complications such as arthritis and ascites happened. Ascites fluid for M. TB was negative and then peritoneal biopsy was done. The second case was a 40- year- old man with hoarsness, cough and hemoptysis for 6 years. Not only smear for M. TB was positive but also in laryngoscopy he had tumoral lesions. This lesions was positive for TB in pathologic test. Examination of these two methods showed that the best diagnostic method for TB peritonitis is biopsy and in laryngeal involvement sputum smear is usually positive but for confirming the diagnosis biopsy is suggested

Tuberculose faringo-laríngea: aspectos clínicos em 5 casos / Pharyngo-laringeal tuberculosis: clinical aspects in 5 cases

Apresentamos 5 casos de tuberculose faringo-laríngea e resaltamos que apesar dessa patologia ser secundária à tuberculose pulmonar, a hipótese diagnóstica de tuberculose foi levantada após os exames otorrinolaringológicos. Destacamos ainda, a importância das queixas otorrinolaringológicas permitindo o diagnóstico de tuberculose pulmonar

Concurrent Tuberculosis of the Larynx and the Tonsil

Tuberculosis of the larynx and the tonsil were not relatively uncommon diseases in the past, but they have become rare disease with the advent of effective antituberculous chemotherapy. Especially cases secondary to tuberculosis elsewhere in the body are indeed uncommon. We have recently seen a case of tuberculosis of the larynx associated with that of the tonsil which is thought to have developed secondary to miliary tuberculosis.