Unnoticed metallic foreign body in the camerular angle inducing chronic uveitis / Corpo estranho metálico não notado em ângulo camerular induzindo uveíte crônica

ABSTRACT We report the case of an eight-year-old male patient with a four-month history of unilateral anterior chronic uveitis, associated with a pigmented lesion surrounded by fibrinoid material in the inferior camerular angle and with a fibrotic lesion in the extreme periphery of the inferior retina. The patient had no history of trauma or any other clinical symptoms. Although the patient was suspected of having toxocariasis, serological tests were negative. Partial symptomatic improvement was achieved using both orally and topically administered corticosteroids. In addition, a decrease in fibrinoid material around the pigmented camerular lesion revealed it to be regular and cylindric. Computed tomography of the orbits revealed a metallic foreign body in the topography of the inferior camerular angle. The patient underwent removal of the foreign body through a corneal incision and photocoagulation around the inferior retinal traction. Excellent visual and anatomical results were obtained.(AU)

RESUMO Os autores relatam o caso de paciente do sexo masculino, 8 anos de idade, com história de uveíte crônica anterior unilateral há quatro meses, associada a lesão pigmentada envolvida por material fibrinóide em ângulo camerular inferior e a lesão fibrótica em extrema periferia de retina inferior. Não havia histórico de trauma ou outros sintomas clínicos. A hipótese de toxocaríase foi afastada diante de testes sorológicos negativos. Melhoria sintomática parcial foi alcançada com administração de corticosteróide vias oral e tópica. Ademais, redução na quantidade de material fibrinóide ao redor da lesão camerular a revelou regular e cilíndrica. Foi realizada tomografia computadorizada de órbitas, permitindo a detecção de corpo estranho metálico na topografia de ângulo camerular inferior. O paciente foi submetido a remoção do corpo estranho através de incisão corneana e a fotocoagulação ao redor da tração retiniana inferior. Excelentes resultados visual e anatômico foram obtidos.(AU)

Unilateral intravitreal dexamethasone implant for the treatment of cystoid macular edema in intermediate uveitis / Implante unilateral de dexametasona intravítrea para tratamento de edema macular cistoide na uveíte intermediária

ABSTRACT This report aims to describe the effectiveness of a unilateral intravitreal dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex®) used for the treatment of cystoid macular edema in a patient with recurrent intermediate uveitis. Bearing in mind the adverse effects of the prolonged use of systemic corticosteroids, the objective here was to provide a less damaging form of intervention, and also to demonstrate the safety of the dexamethasone implant for patients who fail to respond to conventional treatment. In the present case, there was bilateral improvement in retinal anatomy and function with use of the unilateral intravitreal dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex®).

RESUMO Neste estudo, o objetivo foi descrever, a partir de um relato de caso, a eficácia do uso de implante de dexametasona intravítrea (Ozurdex®) unilateral, para o tratamento de edema macular cistoide, em um paciente com quadro de uveíte intermediária recorrente, visando uma terapêutica menos lesiva, diante dos efeitos colaterais do uso prolongado de corticoesteroides sistêmicos, demonstrando também a segurança desse tratamento alternativo para aqueles pacientes que se apresentam refratários a terapêutica tradicional. No caso relatado, vale ressaltar a melhora bilateral da anatomia e função retiniana com o implante unilateral de dexametasona intravítrea (Ozurdex®).

Immune modulator therapy compared with vitrectomy for management of complicated intermediate uveitis: a prospective, randomized clinical study / Terapia com imunomodulador ou vitrectomia para manejo de uveíte intermediária complicada: estudo clínico prospectivo e randomizado

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the benefits and side effects of pars plana vitrectomy with those of systemic immune modulator therapy for patients with complicated intermediate uveitis. Methods: This prospective clinical trial enrolled patients with recurrent intermediate uveitis who exhibited minimal improvement of visual acuity, despite injections of periocular steroids. Twenty patients were randomized to the pars plana vitrectomy group or oral steroid and cyclosporine-A group (10 eyes of 10 patients per group). Follow-up was performed for 24 months to study changes in visual acuity, binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy score, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography findings. Results: Visual acuity (logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution) significantly improved from 0.71 to 0.42 (p=0.001) in the surgical group, whereas it improved from 0.68 to 0.43 (p=0.001) in the immune modulator therapy group. Seven patients (70%) in the surgical group gained ≥2 lines, and six patients (60%) in the immune modulator therapy group gained ≥2 lines (p=0.970). Fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography studies showed that six of seven pars plana vitrectomy patients who had cystoid macular edema experienced improvement, whereas two patients with diffuse macular edema did not experience improvement. In the immune modulator therapy group, three of six patients with cystoid macular edema did not experience improvement, whereas two patients with diffuse macular edema experienced improvement. Conclusions: Pars plana vitrectomy and immune modulator therapy resulted in significant improvement in visual function in patients with persistent inflammation secondary to chronic intermediate uveitis. Despite this success, there remains a need for the determination of optimal indications for the use of each modality. Immune modulator therapy was successful for the treatment of diffuse macular edema associated with chronic intermediate uveitis, whereas pars plana vitrectomy was not.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar os benefícios e efeitos co laterais da vitrectomia via pars plana com os da terapia imunomo duladora sistêmica em pacientes com uveíte intermediária complicada. Métodos: Estudo clínico prospectivo incluiu pacientes com uveíte intermediária recorrente que apresentaram melhora minima da acuidade visual, apesar das injeções perioculares de esteroides. Vinte pacientes foram randomizados para o grupo de vitrectomia via pars plana ou esteróide oral e ciclosporina A (10 olhos de 10 pacientes por grupo). O acompanhamento foi de 24 meses para estudar al te rações na acuidade visual, o escore da oftalmoscopia binocular indireta, a angiofluoresceinografia e achados na to mográfica de coerência óptica. Resultados: A acuidade visual (logaritmo do ângulo mínimo de resolução) melhorou significativamente de 0,71 para 0,42 (p=0,001) no grupo cirúrgico, enquanto melhorou de 0,68 para 0,43 (p=0,001) no grupo da terapia imunomoduladora. Sete pacientes (70%) no grupo cirúrgico ganharam ≥2 linhas e seis pacientes (60%) no grupo da terapia imunomoduladora ganharam ≥2 linhas (p=0,970). Os estudos de angiofluoresceinografia e tomografia de coerência óptica mostraram que seis dos sete pacientes da vitrectomia via pars plana que apresentaram edema macular cistóide melhoraram, enquanto dois pacientes com edema macular difuso não apresentaram melhora. No grupo da terapia imunomoduladora, três dos seis pacientes com edema macular cistoide não apresentaram melhora, enquanto dois pacientes com edema macular difuso melhoraram. Conclusões: A vitrectomia via pars plana e a terapia imunomoduladora resultaram em melhora significative da função visual dos pacientes com inflamação persistente secundária a uveíte intermediária crônica. Apesar desse sucesso, continua sendo necessário determinar as melhores indicações para o uso de cada modalidade. A terapia imunomoduladora foi bem sucedida no tratamento do edema macular difuso associado à uveíte intermediária crônica, enquanto a vitrectomia via pars plana não foi.

A Case of Fungal Endophthalmitis after Having Received Extraction of Wisdom Tooth in Healthy Woman

PURPOSE: To report a case of candida endogenous endophthalmitis in healthy women who had received extraction of wisdom tooth. CASE SUMMARY: A 65-year-old medically healthy woman who had received extraction of wisdom tooth two weeks ago, presented with floater symptoms in her left eye. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/40 and intraocular pressure was 17 mmHg in her left eye. Inflammatory cells were found in the anterior chamber and vitreous. Fluorescein angiography showed multiple hypofluorescence without vascular leakage. With provisional diagnosis of intermediate uveitis, she was prescribed oral steroid for two weeks. After that, inflammatory cells in anterior chamber was reduced but vitreous imflammatory cell was increased and fundus examination detected newly developed infiltrated lesion at superotemporal area. The patient was presumed to have fungal endophthalmitis and immediate intravitreal voriconazole injection was performed. Three days after intravitreal voriconazole injection, diagnostic vitrectomy and intravitreal voriconazole injection were performed. Vitreous cultures revealed the growth of Candida albicans. Despite the treatment, inflammatory response in anterior chamber and vitreous rapidly increased and visual acuity was decreased to hand movement. We changed anti-fungal agent, voriconazole to Amphotericin B. Additional three-time intravitreal injection was done and therapeutic vitrectomy with oil injection were performed. After treatment, the patient's fundus markedly improved and inflammatory response was decreased. CONCLUSIONS: This case report shows candida endophthalmitis in healthy woman who had received extraction of wisdom tooth. So to diagnose endophthalmitis, patient's medical history should carefully be checked including dental care history who presented with vitreous inflammation and inflammatory infiltrated lesion at fundus.

Primary Glomerulonephritis with Unique C4d Deposition and Concurrent Non-infectious Intermediate Uveitis: a Case Report and Literature Review

C4 glomerulopathy is a recently introduced entity that presents with bright C4d staining and minimal or absent immunoglobulin and C3 staining. We report a case of a 62-year-old man with C4 glomerulonephritis (GN) and uveitis. He presented to the nephrology department with proteinuria and hematuria. The patient also had intermediate uveitis along with proteinuria and hematuria. A kidney biopsy that was performed in light of continuing proteinuria and hematuria showed a focal proliferative, focal sclerotic glomerulopathy pattern on light microscopy, absent staining for immunoglobulin or C3 by immunofluorescence microscopy, with bright staining for C4d on immunohistochemistry, and electron-dense deposits on electron microscopy. Consequently, C4 GN was suggested as the pathologic diagnosis. Although laser microdissection and mass spectrometry for glomerular deposit and pathologic evaluation of the retinal tissue were not performed, this is the first report of C4 GN in Korea and the first case of coexisting C4 GN and uveitis in the English literature.

Non-human Immunodeficiency Virus-related Ocular Syphilis in a Korean Population: Clinical Manifestations and Treatment Outcomes

PURPOSE: To describe the clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of ocular syphilis in patients without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. METHODS: A total of 45 eyes from 39 patients with ocular syphilis confirmed by serologic tests were reviewed retrospectively. The included cases were all non-HIV-infected patients presenting with intraocular inflammation from 2002 to 2014 at Kyung Hee University Hospital. Medical records of 45 eyes were analyzed and included best-corrected visual acuity and ophthalmologic examination findings of the anterior and posterior segments to determine the focus of inflammation. Optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography findings as well as both medical and surgical management were also analyzed. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 61.0 years (range, 37 to 89 years). Bilateral ocular involvement occurred in 6 patients (15.4%), and diagnoses at presentation were most frequently related to posterior uveitis (38%), followed by panuveitis (29%) and optic neuritis (11%). Isolated interstitial keratitis and intermediate uveitis were uncommon (4%, both). Twenty-eight eyes (62.2%) were treated with penicillin, and 11 eyes (24.4%) underwent surgical treatment. The mean baseline best corrected visual acuity was 0.79 ± 0.59 (mean ± standard deviation, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) and significantly improved to 0.60 ± 0.63 at the final follow-up after treatment (p = 0.019). Mean visual improvement was significantly greater in the penicillin-treated group (p = 0.001). Visual impairment at the final visit occurred in 11 eyes (24.4%). Among the visual impairment group, 10 eyes (90.1%) had posterior segment-involving uveitis. CONCLUSIONS: Visual outcomes of treated, non-HIV-related ocular syphilis were favorable regardless of time to presentation. Posterior segment-involving uveitis at presentation was associated with poor visual outcome.

Ocular Manifestations of Sarcoidosis: An Ophthalmologist's View / 한양의대학술지

Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease which frequently involves eyes and adnexal tissues. Its prevalence of ocular involvement is reported as about 20%, although it varies widely according to authors, from 12% to 73%. Ocular sarcoidosis is present as various forms - uveitis, conjunctival involvement, optic nerve involvement, and orbital involvement. All the forms of uveitis - anterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis and panuveitis - can be shown in sarcoidosis. Because clinical manifestation, prognosis and treatment are determined by the location of uveitis, it is important to classify uveitis. Conjunctival involvement is not a sight-threatening condition in general, its diagnostic value may be of use. Optic nerve is the most commonly involved cranial nerve, which can impair vision. Subjects with visual impairment without any evidence of uveitis, optic nerve involvement should be suspected. Orbital involvement, especially lacrimal gland involvement is common, and it may cause mass-effect. Besides systemic administration of drugs, there are several localized treatments for ocular sarcoidosis - topical eye drops, intra/peri-ocular injection of agents.

Treatment of cystoid macular edema secondary to chronic non-infectious intermediate uveitis with an intraocular dexamethasone implant / Tratamento do edema macular cistóide secundário à uveíte intermediária não infecciosa com implante intraocular de dexametasona

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the use of a slow-release dexamethasone 0.7-mg intravitreal implant for cystoid macular edema (CME) secondary to intermediate uveitis and refractory to systemic steroids. Methods: A retrospective study of the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular inflammation, intraocular pressure (IOP), fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), inflammation, and adverse reactions of five patients (women, mean age of 35 years) with cystoid macular edema treated with a dexamethasone implant. Patients were evaluated in seven visits until the 150th day after the implant. Results: Four patients had bilateral pars planitis and one had bilateral intermediate uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Six dexamethasone devices were implanted, under topical anesthesia (one each in six eyes, five patients). The mean follow-up time was 5 months. The best-corrected visual acuity improved in all eyes that received an implant, with five having improvements of two or more lines. Optical coherence tomography showed thinning of the macula in all eyes treated, and we saw a correlation between the best-corrected visual acuity and retinal thinning. No serious adverse events occurred and no significant increase in intraocular pressure was observed. Conclusions: Slow-release dexamethasone intravitreal implants can effectively treat CME secondary to intermediate uveitis and refractory to systemic steroids. .

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar o implante intravítreo de liberação lenta de dexametasona 0,7 mg no tratamento do edema macular cistóide (EMC) secundário à uveíte intermediária refratária a corticosteroides orais. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo da acuidade visual melhor corrigida, inflamação intraocular, pressão intraocular (PIO), retinografia, tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT), inflamação e reações adversas de cinco pacientes (mulheres, idade média 35 anos) com o edema macular cistóide tratado com implante de dexametasona. Pacientes foram avaliados em 7 consultas até o 150o dia pós implante. Rsultados: Quatro pacientes apresentaram parsplanite bilateral e um, uveíte intermediária bilateral associada à artrite idiopática juvenil. Seis implantes foram inseridos sob anestesia tópica. O tempo médio de acompanhamento foi de 5 meses. A acuidade visual melhorou em todos os olhos. A tomografia de coerência óptica mostrou afinamento da mácula em todos os olhos e houve correlação entre a acuidade visual e a retina mais fina. Não ocorreu evento adverso grave. Não ocorreu aumento significativo na pressão intraocular. Conclusão: O implante intravítreo é eficaz no tratamento do edema macular cistóide secundário a uveíte intermediária refratária a esteróides sistêmicos. .

Unusual presentation of a multiple sclerosis case involving central retinal artery occlusion

The term intermediate uveitis [IU] refers to a subgroup of uveitis in which the vitreous is the site of greatest inflammation. Patients with multiple sclerosis [MS] have a greater frequency of IU compared with the general population. The IU associated with MS is characterized by the presence of pars planitis [occasionally accompanied by anterior uveitis] and the presence of peripheral retinal vasculitis in the form of periphlebitis [venous sheathing] in 6-26% of patients. We present a patient with an unusual initial presentation of MS involving central retinal artery occlusion [CRAO] in the right eye [RE]. Although retinal vascular changes are asymptomatic in the majority of MS patients, the spectrum of impairment ranges from simple peripheral retina periphlebitis to the presence of peripheral occlusive retinal vasculitis in 6.5% of patients. This atypical case may represent an extreme of the spectrum of retinal vasculitis associated with demyelinating disease

Evolução da esclerite nodular com biomicroscopia ultrassônica: relato de caso / Evolution of nodular scleritis with ultrasound biomicroscopy: case report

Estabelecer padrão evolutivo de um caso de esclerite nodular à ultrassonografia de alta frequência durante o tratamento. Mulher, 27 anos, com manifestação inicial de uveíte intermediária, edema macular bilateral após tratamento clínico com corticosteroide tópico e via oral. Após quatro meses, observou-se a formação de um nódulo escleral no olho direito quando foi submetido à ultrassonografia de alta frequência (Paradigm, transdutor de 50 MHz, técnica de imersão). A lesão do olho direito foi caracterizada à ultrassonografia de alta frequência como uma lesão nodular da parede anterior temporal inferior associada à redução localizada da espessura da escleral. Após a injeção intravítrea de triancinolona para tratamento do edema macular, observou-se a regressão clínica do nódulo escleral no olho direito, mantendo reduzida a espessura escleral. A ultrassonografia de alta frequência auxiliou no diagnóstico da esclerite nodular durante as fases de tratamento e na identificação da sua sequela característica, o afinamento escleral.

To stablish evolutionary pattern of a case of nodular scleritis with high frequency ultrasound during treatment. Twenty-seven year old female, initial manifestation of intermediate uveitis, bilateral macular edema after clinical treatment with topical and oral steroids. After four months, we observed the formation of a scleral nodule in the right eye when patient underwent high frequency ultrasound (Paradigm, 50 MHz transducer, immersion technique). The lesion in right eye was characterized at high frequency ultrasound as a nodular lesion located at the anterior inferior temporal wall associated with localized reduction of scleral thickness. After intravitreal injection of triamcinolone for treatment of macular edema, clinical regression of the scleral nodule was observed in right eye, maintaining reduced scleral thickness. High frequency ultrasound assisted in the diagnosis of nodular scleritis during the phases of treatment and in the identify its characteristic sequel feature, the scleral thinning.

DNA chip-assisted diagnosis of a previously unknown etiology of intermediate uveitis – Toxoplasma gondii.

We report the use of DNA chip technology in the identification of Toxoplasma gondii as the etiological agent in two patients with recurrent intermediate uveitis (IU). Both patients had recurrent episodes of vitritis (with no focal retinochoroidal lesion) over varying time intervals and were diagnosed to have IU. The tuberculin test was negative in both. Blood counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and serum angiotensin convertase enzyme levels were normal. In both cases, the vitreous fluid tested positive for the T. gondii DNA sequence by using a uveitis DNA chip (XCyton Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India). It contained complimentary sequences to “signature genes” of T. gondii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. chelonae, and M. fortuitum. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detected elevated serum antitoxoplasma IgG levels in both. They responded to the antitoxoplasma therapy with oral co-trimoxazole (and additional intravitreal clindamycin in patient 1), with no recurrence during follow-ups of 6 and 8 months, respectively.

Intermediate uveitis.

Intermediate uveitis (IU) is described as inflammation in the anterior vitreous, ciliary body and the peripheral retina. In the Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) working group's international workshop for reporting clinical data the consensus reached was that the term IU should be used for that subset of uveitis where the vitreous is the major site of the inflammation and if there is an associated infection (for example, Lyme disease) or systemic disease (for example, sarcoidosis). The diagnostic term pars planitis should be used only for that subset of IU where there is snow bank or snowball formation occurring in the absence of an associated infection or systemic disease (that is, “idiopathic”). This article discusses the clinical features, etiology, pathogenesis, investigations and treatment of IU.

A Case of Tsutsugamushi Disease Associated With Intermediate Uveitis and Retinal Detachment

PURPOSE: The authors report a Tsutsugamushi patient who has intermediate uveitis and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment without a typical skin eschar, which may be rare. CASE SUMMARY: The authors present a case of a 63-year-old man who complained of fever, chills, and headache, with lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, reticulonodular pneumonia, and blurred vision in the right eye after descending a mountain in autumn. Serological findings showed elevated titers for strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, even though no eschar could be found on his body. In addition, the ophthalmologic examination disclosed vitreous opacity as uveitis in his right eye; thus, the patient was treated for Tsutsugamushi disease. However, retinal detachment was found in his right eye even after treatment. Thus, a vitrectomy and intravitreal silicone oil injection was performed, and the patient's best corrected visual acuity improved from hand motion to 0.04 on the 7th day after the operation.

Reação orbitopalpebral em resposta a injeção subtenoniana profunda de triancinolona: relato de caso / Orbito-palpebral reaction after subtenonian injection of triamcinolone: case report

Relata-se o caso de reação local após injeção subtenoniana profunda de1 ml de suspensão contendo 40 mg de triancinolona, realizada em uma criança de seis anos de idade, portadora de uveíte intermediária. Observou-se edema e eritema das pálpebras superior e inferior, aproximadamente 30 minutos após a injeção. Houve recuperação completa, sem complicações, ao longo das 24 a 48 horas seguintes.

A case of a local reaction related to a subtenonian deep injection of triamcinolone is reported. The patient was a 6 year old child, with intermediate uveitis. Intense edema and erythema of the eyelids appeared approximately 30 minutes after the injection. Complete resolution occurred among 24 to 48 hours after the injection.

Ocular Sarcoidosis in a Korean Population

The aim of current study was to evaluate the incidence and characteristics of ocular sarcoidosis in a Korean population. We conducted a retrospective study of 104 consecutive patients with biopsy-proven sarcoidosis seen at Asan Medical Center in Seoul, Korea, from 1993 to 2007. Medical records, photographs, and fluorescein angiograms were reviewed. Of 104 patients, 22 (21%) had intraocular involvement with female predominance (86%, M:F=3:19). Of the 39 eyes with ocular involvement, 16 (41%) eyes had isolated anterior uveitis, 12 (31%) eyes had intermediate uveitis, 6 eyes (15%) had panuveitis with retinal vasculitis, and 5 (13%) eyes had panuveitis with punched multifocal choroiditis. Mean duration of ophthalmologic follow-up was 62 months. All ocular inflammation was well managed with topical steroid and/or systemic steroid with relatively good final visual outcomes. Ocular complications such as cataract (12 eyes, 30%), glaucoma (6 eyes, 15%), vitreous opacity (1 eye, 3%), cystoid macular edema (3 eyes, 7%), neovascularization (2 eye, 5%), and epiretinal membrane (4 eye, 10%) were related to ocular sarcoidosis. In Korea, where sarcoidosis is very rare, our study indicates relatively low ocular and predominantly non posterior segment involvement with relatively good visual prognosis.

Ocular Sarcoidosis in a Korean Population

The aim of current study was to evaluate the incidence and characteristics of ocular sarcoidosis in a Korean population. We conducted a retrospective study of 104 consecutive patients with biopsy-proven sarcoidosis seen at Asan Medical Center in Seoul, Korea, from 1993 to 2007. Medical records, photographs, and fluorescein angiograms were reviewed. Of 104 patients, 22 (21%) had intraocular involvement with female predominance (86%, M:F=3:19). Of the 39 eyes with ocular involvement, 16 (41%) eyes had isolated anterior uveitis, 12 (31%) eyes had intermediate uveitis, 6 eyes (15%) had panuveitis with retinal vasculitis, and 5 (13%) eyes had panuveitis with punched multifocal choroiditis. Mean duration of ophthalmologic follow-up was 62 months. All ocular inflammation was well managed with topical steroid and/or systemic steroid with relatively good final visual outcomes. Ocular complications such as cataract (12 eyes, 30%), glaucoma (6 eyes, 15%), vitreous opacity (1 eye, 3%), cystoid macular edema (3 eyes, 7%), neovascularization (2 eye, 5%), and epiretinal membrane (4 eye, 10%) were related to ocular sarcoidosis. In Korea, where sarcoidosis is very rare, our study indicates relatively low ocular and predominantly non posterior segment involvement with relatively good visual prognosis.

Clinical Characteristics and Treatments of Intermediate Uveitis

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical characteristics and treatment of intermediate uveitis under new diagnostic standards. METHODS: Medical records of patients diagnosed with pars planitis or intermediate uveitis were followed for more than 6 months, and retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 90 patients and 117 eyes were enrolled in the study. The mean age was 40.1 years, and the mean follow-up period was 43.0 months. Thirty percent of cases were bilateral. The most common initial symptom was decreased visual acuity. Snowbank was detected in 39.3%, snowballs in 15.4%, vitritis in 96.6%, and vasculitis in 56.4%. Common complications includedcystoid macular edema (57.3%), cataracts (43.6%), and epiretinal membrane (36.8%). Therapies included topical steroids (82.9% of cases), posterior sub-Tenon steroid injection (45.3% of cases), systemic steroid administration (67.8% of cases), and immunosuppressants (28.7% of cases). Vitrectomy was performed in 11.1% of patients due to complications such as epiretinal membrane and traction retinal detachment. The mean initial and final visual acuities were 0.67 and 0.74, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The patients in this study experienced various courses of symptoms that required different treatment plans. Future investigations may corroborate these results.

Intermediate uveitis complicated by choroidal granuloma following subretinal neovascular membrane: case reports / Granuloma de coróide secundário a membrana neovascular sub-retiniana em uveíte intermediária: relato de casos

Choroidal neovascularization is a very rare complication in intermediate uveitis. A 27-year-old female patient diagnosed with intermediate uveitis two years ago. She presented with 20/200 visual acuity, snowballs, snowbanks, and macular cystoid edema in the right eye observed by fluorescein and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Photocoagulation was performed in the inferior peripheral retina in both eyes. The patient refused to undergo the prescribed clinical treatment. She returned twelve months later presenting with count fingers visual acuity, dry retina and subretinal macular pigmented granuloma observed on OCT. A 15-year-old female patient with decreased visual acuity of 20/400 in the right eye for eight days. She presented with bilateral vasculitis and papilitis, in the right eye, hemorrhage and extramacular subretinal neovascular membrane were observed on fluorescein and OCT. She was treated with 40 mg prednisone and intravitreous injection of 1.25 mg bevacizumab. Five months later she presented with 20/50 visual acuity, and extramacular granuloma observed on OCT. The formation of subretinal granuloma in intermediate uveitis is a possibility when complicated by subretinal neovascular membrane.

Neovascularização de coróide é uma complicação muito rara na uveíte intermediária(1). Paciente feminino, 27 anos, com diagnóstico de uveíte intermediária dois anos atrás. Apresentava acuidade visual de 20/200, "snowballs", "snowbanks" e edema macular cistóide no olho direito observado na angiofluoresceinografia (AGF) e tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT). Fotocoagulação foi realizada na retina periférica inferior em ambos os olhos. A paciente recusou a submeter-se ao tratamento clínico prescrito. Ela retornou doze meses mais tarde apresentando acuidade visual de conta dedos, retina sem edema e granuloma sub-retiniano macular observado no OCT(2). Paciente feminino, 15 anos, com diminuição da acuidade visual no olho direito (20/400) há oito dias. Apresentava vasculite e papilite em ambos os olhos, no olho direito, hemorragia e membrana neovascular sub-retiniana observada na AGF e OCT. Foi tratada com 40 mg de prednisona e injeção intra-vítreo de bevacizumab (1,25 mg). Cinco meses depois, apresentou acuidade visual de 20/50 e granuloma extramacular observada no OCT. A formação de granuloma sub-retiniano na uveíte intermediária é uma possibilidade quando complicada por membrana neovascular sub-retiniana.

Endoteliopatía corneal autoinmune como manifestación de uveitis intermedia / Corneal autoimmune endotheliopathy as manifestation of intermediate uveitis in children

Background: Intermediate Uveitis (IU) is an important cause of uveitis in children. It is considered a chronic intraocular inflammation that mainly affects the anterior vitreous and peripheral retina. Pars Planitis is a subtype of IU, consisting of a white opacity that covers the pars plana and ora serrata plus vitreous condensations in the eye. Corneal endothelium disease is a rare clinical finding associated with pars planitis. Objective: Describe the corneal manifestations in IU and its associated treatment between ophthalmology and pediatric rheumatology. Case-report: A 5 years-old boy with autoimmune endotheliopathy and unilateral pars planitis in the right eye. Initially, he was treated topically, but evolved with intraocular complications that required systemic medication. Long-term follow-up was performed, searching for associated systemic diseases, until one of these entities appeared. Conclusion: It is very important to search for inflammation in the anterior vitreous and pars plana in all children with corneal endotheliopathy, considering that an early and integral management of IU could diminish the risk of visual impairment as a complication.

Introducción: La Uveitis Intermedia (UI) es una causa importante de uveitis infantil. Se considera como una inflamación intraocular crónica que afecta principalmente a la retina periférica y vitreo anterior. La Pars Planitis es un subtipo de UI caracterizada por opacidades blanquecinas sobre la pars plana y ora serrata más condensaciones vitreas. La enfermedad del endotelio corneal es un hallazgo clínico infrecuente asociado con la Pars Planitis. Objetivo: Destacar la manifestación corneal de una UI y el tratamiento de la enfermedad entre oftalmólogo y reumatólogo infantil. Caso clínico: Se presenta caso clínico de niño de 5 años de edad con endoteliopatía autoinmune asociada a Pars Planitis unilateral del ojo derecho, que en principio se trató localmente, pero evolucionó con complicaciones intraoculares que requirieron medicación sistémica y se efectuó un seguimiento clínico por varios años buscando enfermedades sistémicas asociadas a UI hasta que ella apareció. Conclusión: Es necesario buscar la presencia de inflamación de pars plana y vitreo en todo niño que se presente con endoteliopatía corneal, considerando que el tratamiento oportuno y manejo integral del paciente con UI puede disminuir el riesgo de pérdida visual asociado a las complicaciones de esta enfermedad.

Uveitis Intermedia / Intermediate uveitis

La UI es un síndrome de inflamación ocular que involucra el vítreo anterior, la retina periférica y la pars plana. Usualmente afecta pacientes de 5 a 30 años, sin preferencia en de sexo o raza. La etiología es desconocida aunque hay varias enfermedades asociadas como Esclerosis Múltiple, Sarcoidosis, Neuritis óptica ideopática y varias de origen infeccioso, como Sífilis, TBC, Enfermedad de Lyme. Los síntomas son visión borrosa y miodesopsias. El síndrome es bilateral en un 80% y crónico con períodos de exacerbación y remisión. La presentación clínica incluye: leve o moderada inflamación en cámara anterior, precipitados querático en córnea inferior, vitreítis, vasculitis en retina periférica, snowballs intravítreos y snowbanks retinales, neuritis óptica yedema macular. Catarata y glaucoma son unas de las complicaciones. Como método de diagnóstico se puede incluir la UBM. El tratarniento esta basado en corticoides perioculares y sistémicos. Crioterapia y fotocoagulación son opciones en pacientes con snowbanks cuando no responden ala corticoterapia. Inmunosupresores son otra alternativa, incluyendo la ciclosporina y ahora el mofetil monofilato. La vitrectomía por pars plana está indicada en pacientes con inflamación crónica, edema macular que no responde al tratamiento médico, hemorragia vítrea, desprendimiento traccional de retina y membranas epirretinales. El pronóstico a largo plazo es usualmente bueno, particularmente con un estricto control de la inflamación y con un apropiado manejo de las complicaciones. Los pacientes pueden mantener una visión de 20/50o más.