Lineamientos generales para la adopción de medidas sanitarias de los sectores público y privado / General guidelines for the adoption of sanitary measures by the public and private sectors

Las infecciones respiratorias agudas son una condición prevalente en la población de todas las edades, y es una causa frecuente de ausentismo laboral, estas infecciones pueden ser originadas por virus tales como el SARS-CoV-2, virus de la Influenza, parainfluenza, Virus Sincitial Respiratorio, entre otros, que se encuentran propagados alrededor del mundo, afectando todos los aspectos de la vida diaria, incluyendo viajes, comercio formal e informal, turismo, suministros de alimentos, mercados financieros, actividades sociales, culturales, religiosas etc. En general deben brindarse las condiciones necesarias de seguridad a los empleados, que permitan generar la confianza necesaria para desarrollar las actividades propias de cada organización. Los presentes lineamientos desarrollan las intervenciones que pueden aplicarse en las instituciones tanto del sector público como del sector privado para la adopción de medidas sanitarias, las cuales tienen como objetivo prevenir especialmente las infecciones respiratorias agudas de diseminación frecuente

Acute respiratory infections are a prevalent condition in the population of all ages, and is a frequent cause of work absenteeism, these infections can be caused by viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, parainfluenza, syncytial virus Respiratory, among others, that are spread around the world, affecting all aspects of daily life, including travel, formal and informal commerce, tourism, food supplies, financial markets, social, cultural, and religious activities, etc. In general, the necessary security conditions must be provided to employees, which allow them to generate the necessary confidence to develop the activities of each organization. These guidelines develop the interventions that can be applied in institutions, both in the public and private sectors, for the adoption of sanitary measures, whose objective is to prevent, in particular, frequently disseminated acute respiratory infections

Efeito agudo do método reequilíbrio toracoabdominal em lactentes com diagnóstico de bronquiolite / Acute effect of thoracic-abdominal rebalance method in infants diagnosed with bronchiolitis

Nos lactentes, o sistema imunológico ainda é imaturo, o que torna as crianças mais suscetíveis ao vírus sincicial respiratório, o principal causador da bronquiolite. O Reequilíbrio Toraco-abdominal (RTA) é um método de terapia manual que atua sobre o sistema respiratório por meio de uma leitura global em situações de doenças. Objetivos: Avaliar os efeitos do método RTA, comparado à fisioterapia tradicional (FT) em lactentes com bronquiolite. Metodologia: Pesquisa experimental e prospectiva, na qual 24 lactentes foram divididos em dois grupos, FT (n = 12) e RTA (n = 12). Parâmetros fisiológicos (frequência respiratória, frequência cardíaca, saturação de pulso de oxigênio e ausculta pulmonar), desconforto respiratório e desequilíbrio da biomecânica respiratória foram avaliados antes e após os manuseios. Resultados: A idade média foi de 13 (± 11,07) semanas no grupo FT e no grupo RTA 13,3 (± 8,41) semanas. Após os manuseios, obteve diferença estatística no grupo do RTA comparado ao da FT nos seguintes parâmetros: observamos uma diminuição significativa da frequência cardíaca (p = 0,02) e da frequência respiratória (p = 0,0002), no quesito esforço respiratório em tórax superior (p = 0,004) e tórax inferior (p = 0,017) e no escore de Wood-Downes em moderada com (p = 0,0001). Conclusão: O RTA mostrou-se mais eficaz que as técnicas da FT em relação aos benefícios ao lactente. (AU)

Prognosis of hospitalized children under 2 years of age with co-detection of influenza A and respiratory syncytial virus at the healthcare facility / Prognóstico de crianças hospitalizadas menores de 2 anos com codetecção de influenza A e vírus sincicial respiratório no local de atendimento

Abstract Objectives: the aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of co-detection of Flu A and RSV using rapid immunochromatographic tests at the point of care, in pediatric patients under 2 years of age in a general hospital. Methods: a retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze clinical outcomes in hospitalized infants with viral respiratory disease with positive results of rapid immunochromatographic test for RSV and/or Flu-A, from 2013 to 2018. A logistic regression model was adjusted to analyze predictors of orotracheal intubation during hospitalization. Results: we analyzed 220 cases: RSV (192), Flu-A (9), co-detection (19). Lethality rate was 1.8% (2 cases), and 88% (194) were under 1 year of age. Mean time of hospitalizations was higher in patients with co-detection. Variables significantly associated with orotracheal intubation were: younger age in months, comorbidities, RSV and Flu-A co-detection, and bacterial pneumonia during hospitalization. Conclusions: RSV and Flu-Aco-detection was associated with the least favorable clinical prognoses in this study. Rapid test diagnosis may provide important information at the point of care, because molecular panels are not widely accessible in general hospitals. Rapid diagnosis allows timely evaluation and treatment.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar o impacto da codetecção de Influenza A (FluA) e Vírus Sincicial Respiratório (VSR) por meio de testes imunocromatográficos rápidos em tempo real, em pacientes menores de 2 anos em hospital público e universitário. Métodos: estudo de coorte retrospectivo foi conduzido para analisar os desfechos clínicos de crianças hospitalizadas com doença respiratória viral com resultados positivos do teste rápido imunocromatográfico para VSR e/ou FluA, de 2013 a 2018. Um modelo de regressão logística foi ajustado para analisar preditores de intubação orotraqueal durante a internação. Resultados: foram analisados 220 casos: RSV (192), FluA (9) eco-detecção (19). A letalidade foi de 1,8% (2 casos) e 88% (194) casos em menores de 1 ano. O tempo médio de internação foi maior nos pacientes com codetecção. As variáveis significativamente associadas à intubação orotraqueal foram: menor idade em meses, comorbidades, codetecção de VSR e Flu-A e pneumonia bacteriana durante a internação. Conclusões: codetecção VSR e FluA foi associada a prognósticos clínicos desfavoráveis. O teste rápido fornece informações importantes a beira-leito, pois os painéis moleculares não são amplamente acessíveis em hospitais públicos. O diagnóstico rápido permite a avaliação e tratamento oportunos.

Infección respiratoria aguda viral en dos instituciones del departamento de Boyacá, durante los años 2016-2017 / Acute viral respiratory infection in two institutions of the state of Boyacá, during 2016-2017

Resumen Introducción: La infección por virus respiratorios es la causa más frecuente de consulta médica en el mundo. Puede asociarse con manifestaciones clínicas diversas, desde cuadros menores y auto limitados de la vía aérea superior hasta formas graves que comprometen la vía aérea inferior como la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de infección por virus respiratorios en dos instituciones de Boyacá 2016-2017. Metodología: Estudio de corte transversal. Se incluyeron las muestras de pacientes que fueron enviadas por dos unidades primarias generadoras de datos al programa de vigilancia centinela de virus respiratorios del departamento de Boyacá. Se realizó tamizaje por inmunofluorescencia indirecta para la detección de virus de influenza A y B, parainfluenza 1, 2 y 3, adenovirus, virus sincitial respiratorio y metapneumovirus. Resultados: Se incluyeron 614 muestras. La positividad para virus fue 22,8 %. Los virus respiratorios más identificados fueron virus sincitial respiratorio 66,0 %, seguido por influenza 8,7 %, metaneumovirus 8,6 %, adenovirus 8,6 % y parainfluenza 8,1 %. Se presentó co-infección por dos virus en 7,7 % de las muestras. De los pacientes positivos, el 50,7 % correspondieron al sexo femenino y el 83,5 % eran menores de cinco años. Los datos clínicos más frecuentes fueron tos 89,2 %, fiebre 87,8 %, rinorrea 58,5 % y odinofagia 56,4 %. Conclusiones: La vigilancia desarrollada por el Laboratorio de Salud Pública de Boyacá contribuye al conocimiento de la circulación de agentes virales y es importante para iniciar las medidas de prevención, control y mitigación para disminuir el impacto de la infección respiratoria aguda en el departamento.

Abstract Introduction: Respiratory viral infection is the most frequent cause of medical appointment in the world. It can be associated with various clinical manifestations, from minor and self-limited upper airway cases to severe forms that compromise the lower airway such as community acquired pneumonia. Objective: Determine the prevalence of respiratory virus infection in the state of Boyacá 2016-2017. Methodology: This cross-sectional study included samples of patients that were sent by two primary data generating units to the sentinel surveillance program for respiratory viruses in the department of Boyacá. Indirect immunofluorescence screening was performed for the detection of influenza A and B viruses, parainfluenza 1, 2 and 3, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus. Results: 614 samples were included. Virus positivity was 22.8%. The most identified respiratory viruses were respiratory syncytial virus 66.0%, followed by influenza 8.7%, metapneumovirus 8.6%, adenovirus 8.6% and parainfluenza 8.1%. There was co-infection by two viruses in 7.7% of the samples. Of the positive patients, 50.7% were female and 83.5% were under five years of age. The most frequent clinical data were cough with 89.2%, fever 87.8%, runny nose 58.5% and odynophagia with 56.4%. Conclusions: The surveillance developed by the Public Health Laboratory of Boyacá contributes to the knowledge of the circulation of viral agents and is important to initiate prevention, control and mitigation measures to reduce the impact of acute respiratory infection in the state.

Infección respiratoria aguda viral en dos instituciones del departamento de Boyacá, durante los años 2016-2017 / Acute viral respiratory infection in two institutions of the state of Boyacá, during 2016-2017

Resumen Introducción: La infección por virus respiratorios es la causa más frecuente de consulta médica en el mundo. Puede asociarse con manifestaciones clínicas diversas, desde cuadros menores y auto limitados de la vía aérea superior hasta formas graves que comprometen la vía aérea inferior como la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de infección por virus respiratorios en dos instituciones de Boyacá 2016-2017. Metodología: Estudio de corte transversal. Se incluyeron las muestras de pacientes que fueron enviadas por dos unidades primarias generadoras de datos al programa de vigilancia centinela de virus respiratorios del departamento de Boyacá. Se realizó tamizaje por inmunofluorescencia indirecta para la detección de virus de influenza A y B, parainfluenza 1, 2 y 3, adenovirus, virus sincitial respiratorio y metapneumovirus. Resultados: Se incluyeron 614 muestras. La positividad para virus fue 22,8 %. Los virus respiratorios más identificados fueron virus sincitial respiratorio 66,0 %, seguido por influenza 8,7 %, metaneumovirus 8,6 %, adenovirus 8,6 % y parainfluenza 8,1 %. Se presentó co-infección por dos virus en 7,7 % de las muestras. De los pacientes positivos, el 50,7 % correspondieron al sexo femenino y el 83,5 % eran menores de cinco años. Los datos clínicos más frecuentes fueron tos 89,2 %, fiebre 87,8 %, rinorrea 58,5 % y odinofagia 56,4 %. Conclusiones: La vigilancia desarrollada por el Laboratorio de Salud Pública de Boyacá contribuye al conocimiento de la circulación de agentes virales y es importante para iniciar las medidas de prevención, control y mitigación para disminuir el impacto de la infección respiratoria aguda en el departamento.

Abstract Introduction: Respiratory viral infection is the most frequent cause of medical appointment in the world. It can be associated with various clinical manifestations, from minor and self-limited upper airway cases to severe forms that compromise the lower airway such as community acquired pneumonia. Objective: Determine the prevalence of respiratory virus infection in the state of Boyacá 2016-2017. Methodology: This cross-sectional study included samples of patients that were sent by two primary data generating units to the sentinel surveillance program for respiratory viruses in the department of Boyacá. Indirect immunofluorescence screening was performed for the detection of influenza A and B viruses, parainfluenza 1, 2 and 3, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus. Results: 614 samples were included. Virus positivity was 22.8%. The most identified respiratory viruses were respiratory syncytial virus 66.0%, followed by influenza 8.7%, metapneumovirus 8.6%, adenovirus 8.6% and parainfluenza 8.1%. There was co-infection by two viruses in 7.7% of the samples. Of the positive patients, 50.7% were female and 83.5% were under five years of age. The most frequent clinical data were cough with 89.2%, fever 87.8%, runny nose 58.5% and odynophagia with 56.4%. Conclusions: The surveillance developed by the Public Health Laboratory of Boyacá contributes to the knowledge of the circulation of viral agents and is important to initiate prevention, control and mitigation measures to reduce the impact of acute respiratory infection in the state.

Mudança no padrão de vírus respiratórios identificados em uma população pediátrica hospitalizada durante os anos de 2019 e 2020 / Change in the pattern of respiratory viruses identified in a pediatric population hospitalized during the years of 2019 and 2020

Introdução: de destaque como agente etiológico em várias doenças respiratórias, os vírus, tem grande importância dentro da Pneumologia Pediátrica. Objetivo: estudar os vírus identificados de secreções respiratórias de pacientes pediátricos, hospitalizados na enfermaria e UTI pediátrica, durante o período de janeiro de 2019 a dezembro de 2020. Metodologia: levantamento de resultados do RT-PCR (reação da transcriptase reversa seguida pela reação em cadeia da polimerase) de secreções respiratórias de pacientes pediátricos, através do GAL (Gerenciamento de Análises Laboratoriais) aplicando os filtros necessários para selecionar os pacientes da instituição e o período estipulado. Resultados: Foram realizadas 30 coletas em 2019 e 196 em 2020 de secreções respiratórias devido ao quadro de Síndrome Respiratória. As amostras coletadas em 2019 foram positivas para vírus em 56,7% dos casos investigados, sendo 6,7% para Influenza e 50% para Vírus Sincicial Respiratório (VSR), enquanto que em 2020 as amostras foram positivas em 21,4% dos casos, sendo todos eles para SARS-CoV-2. O período do ano com maior número de coletas de secreção foi em maio e junho considerando o ano de 2019 (60% das coletas de 2019), e julho, agosto e dezembro considerando o ano de 2020 (42,8% das coletas de 2020), com uma positividade de 77,7% (2019) e 25% (2020) para os vírus solicitados para pesquisa. Conclusão: Pôde-se perceber uma importante mudança no perfil dos vírus identificados dos quadros respiratórios entre 2019 e 2020, comparáveis ao perfil apresentado pelos Boletins Epidemiológicos do Ministério da Saúde, principalmente no ano de 2020 com o surgimento do novo coronavírus e sua pandemia. A etiologia viral presente na grande maioria dos quadros respiratórios da pediatria, deve sempre ser valorizada e os testes de identificação viral são ferramentas de grande aplicabilidade na clínica.

Introduction: highlighted as an etiological agent in several respiratory diseases, viruses, has great importance in Pediatric Pulmonology. Objective: study the viruses identified from respiratory secretions of pediatric patients hospitalized in the pediatric ward and ICU, during the period from January 2019 to December 2020. Methodology: survey of results of the RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase reaction followed by polymerase chain reaction) of respiratory secretions of pediatric patients, through the LAM (Laboratory Analysis Management) applying the necessary filters to select the patients of the institution and the stipulated period. Results: Thirty collections were performed in 2019 and 196 in 2020 for respiratory secretions due to the Respiratory Syndrome. The samples collected in 2019 were positive for viruses in 56.7% of the investigated cases, with 6.7% for Influenza and 50% for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), while in 2020 the samples were positive in 21.4% of the cases, all of which were for SARS-Cov-2. The period of the year with the highest number of secretion collections was in May and June considering 2019 (60% of 2019 collections), and July, August and December considering 2020 (42.8% of 2020 collections), with a positivity of 77.7% (2019) and 25% (2020) for viruses requested for research. Conclusion: It was possible to notice an important change in the profile of the viruses identified in respiratory conditions between 2019 and 2020, comparable to the profile presented by the Epidemiological Bulletins of the Ministry of Health, especially in the year 2020 with the emergence of the new coronavirus and its pandemic. The viral etiology present in the vast majority of pediatric respiratory conditions should always be valued and viral identification tests are tools of great applicability in the clinic.

Research progress of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and respiratory diseases in infancy / 生理学报

Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) induced by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of hospitalization for infants. Compared with adults, infants are more likely to cause serious respiratory diseases after RSV infection due to the specific immature airway structure and immune system. The balance of immune resistance and immune tolerance of the host is critical to effective virus clearance and disease control. This paper reviews the relationship between RSV infection and respiratory diseases in infancy, the influence factors of the high pathogenicity of RSV infection in early life, as well as the research progress of anti-RSV therapy, and expands the specific molecular events regulating immune resistance and immune tolerance. We expect to present new ideas for the prevention and treatment of RSV-related respiratory diseases in clinical practice.

Virus sincicial respiratorio en niños nacidos prematuros: 19 años de vigilancia epidemiológica activa en un hospital pediátrico / Respiratory syncytial virus in preterm infants: 19 years of active epidemiological surveillance in a children's hospital

Introducción. El virus sincicial respiratorio (VSR) es el principal agente causal de la infección respiratoria aguda baja (IRAB) en pediatría. Los niños prematuros tienen mayor riesgo de complicaciones asociadas con esta infección. Los objetivos fueron describir y comparar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas asociadas a IRAB por VSR en niños/as nacidos pretérmino y a término, y establecer predictores de letalidad en los prematuros.Métodos. Estudio prospectivo, transversal, de pacientes ingresados por IRAB, en el período 2000-2018. El diagnóstico virológico se realizó mediante inmunofluorescencia indirecta o reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcriptasa inversa de aspirados nasofaríngeos. Se registraron las características clínico-epidemiológicas. Se desarrolló un modelo de regresión logística múltiple para establecer los predictores de letalidad en prematuros.Resultados. Se incluyeron 16 018 casos de IRAB; 13 545 (el 84,6 %) fueron estudiados; 6047 (el 45 %) positivos; VSR predominó en el 81,1 % (4907); mostró un patrón epidémico estacional; el 14 % (686) fueron prematuros.Los prematuros mostraron mayor frecuencia de comorbilidades, antecedentes respiratorios perinatales, cardiopatía congénita, desnutrición, enfermedad respiratoria crónica, displasia broncopulmonar, hospitalización previa por IRAB y enfermedad neurológica crónica (p < 0,001); requirieron más cuidados intensivos, mayor tiempo de internación y mayor tasa de letalidad (p < 0,01). La cardiopatía congénita fue predictor independiente de letalidad por VSR en prematuros [OR 3,67 (1,25-10,8), p = 0,01].Conclusión. VSR mostró un patrón epidémico, afectó a prematuros con ciertas comorbilidades con mayor morbimortalidad que los de término. La letalidad por VSR en prematuros se asoció con la cardiopatía congénita.

Introduction. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI) in pediatrics. Preterm infants are at a higher risk for complications. We aimed to describe and compare the clinical and epidemiological characteristics associated with ALRTI due to RSV in preterm and term infants and to establish the predictors of fatality among preterm infants.Methods. Prospective, cross-sectional study of patients admitted due to ALRTI in the 2000-2018 period. Viral diagnosis was done by indirect immunofluorescence or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in nasopharyngeal aspirates. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics were recorded. A multiple logistic regression model established the predictors of fatality among preterm infants.Results. A total of 16 018 ALRTI cases were included; 13 545 (84.6 %) were tested; 6047 (45 %) were positive; RSV was prevalent in 81.1 % (4907), with a seasonal epidemic pattern; 14 % (686) were preterm infants.Comorbidities, perinatal respiratory history, congenital heart disease, malnutrition, chronic respiratory disease, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, prior hospitalization due to ALRTI, and chronic neurological disease (p < 0.001) were more common among preterm infants; they required more intensive care and a longer length of stay, and had a higher fatality rate (p < 0.01). Congenital heart disease was an independent predictor of fatality due to RSV among preterm infants (OR: 3.67 [1.25-10.8], p = 0.01).Conclusion. RSV showed an epidemic pattern and affected more preterm infants with certain comorbidities, with a higher morbidity and mortality, compared to term infants. RSV fatality among preterm infants was associated with congenital heart disease.

Temporal trend of hospitalizations for acute bronchiolitis in infants under one year of age in brazil between 2008 and 2015 / Tendência temporal das hospitalizações por bronquiolite aguda em lactentes menores de um ano no brasil entre 2008 e 2015

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the trend of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis in infants under one year of age, in the past eight years and after the implementation of the palivizumab immunization program in Brazil. Methods: The study is a retrospective analysis of data on infants younger than one year of age, who were hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis between 2008 and 2015 in Brazil. The Brazilian National Health System database was used. The rates of hospitalization in the pre-implementation (2008-2012) and post-implementation (2014-2015) periods of the palivizumab immunization program were evaluated. The total number of admissions in the same period was used as a comparison. Results: Between January 2008 and December 2015, 263,679 hospitalizations for bronchiolitis were recorded in infants younger than one year of age, 60% represented by boys. The incidence of hospitalization for bronchiolitis increased by 49% over this period (8.5 to 12.7 per 1,000 inhabitants per year). Between 2013 and 2014, the incidence rate of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis decreased by 8% (12.5 to 11.5 per 1,000 inhabitants per year). However, in the second year of the program, hospitalization rate increased again by 10% (12.7 per 1,000 inhabitants per years). Conclusions: Acute bronchiolitis presented increasing rates of hospitalization over the study period. Hospitalization incidence for acute bronchiolitis declined one year after the implementation of palivizumab but increased again in the second year of the program.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a tendência de hospitalização por bronquiolite aguda (BA) em lactentes menores de um ano de idade nos últimos oito anos no Brasil e, secundariamente, após a implementação do programa de imunização por palivizumabe. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva dos dados de lactentes menores de um ano de idade, hospitalizados com diagnóstico de BA entre 2008 e 2015 no Brasil, utilizando o banco de dados do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Foram avaliadas as taxas de hospitalização nos períodos pré-implementação (2008-2012) e pós-implementação (2014-2015) do programa de imunização por palivizumabe. O número total de internações no mesmo período foi utilizado como comparação. Resultados: Entre janeiro de 2008 e dezembro 2015 foram registradas 263.679 internações por bronquiolite em lactentes menores de um ano de idade, 60% representado por meninos. A incidência de hospitalização por bronquiolite aumentou em 49% ao longo desse período (8,5 para 12,7 por mil ­habitantes/­ano). Entre 2013 e 2014, a taxa de incidência de hospitalização por BA diminuiu 8% (12,5 para 11,5 por mil habitantes/ano). Porém, no segundo ano do programa, a taxa de internação aumentou novamente em 10% (12,7 por mil habitantes/ano). Conclusões: A BA apresentou taxas de hospitalização crescente ao longo do período estudado. A incidência de hospitalizações de BA apresentou declínio um ano após a implementação de palivizumabe e retornou à tendência crescente no segundo ano do programa.

Efectos de la contaminación y el clima en las consultas pediátricas por infección respiratoria aguda en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires / Effects of contamination and climate in the Pediatric Emergency Department visits for acute respiratory infection in the City of Buenos Aires

Introducción: La contaminación y el clima tienen impacto en la patología respiratoria en niños; pocos estudios lo evaluaron en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la interacción entre contaminantes atmosféricos y clima en las consultas por infección respiratoria aguda baja (IRAB) en un hospital pediátrico.Métodos: Estudio ecológico, de series temporales con modelos aditivos generalizados, que incluyó todas las consultas y consultas por IRAB (urgencias) entre 2012 y 2016. Para controlar sesgos, se conformó una serie con promedios móviles de 7 días para consultas por IRAB. Los predictores fueron niveles diarios de contaminantes atmosféricos (monóxido de carbono, dióxido nitroso, material particulado < 10 µ) y variables meteorológicas (temperatura, humedad). Los contaminantes fueron medidos en 3 estaciones de monitoreo. Se controló por variables temporales (día de la semana, semestre cálido/frío).Resultados: Las consultas totales fueron 455 256 y por IRAB 17 298. Solo consultas totales correlacionaron con día de la semana (lunes y sábados, más consultas y jueves, menos). El semestre cálido registró menos consultas por IRAB que el frío (riesgo relativo = 0,23; intervalo de confianza 95 %: 0,29-0,18; p < 0,001).Una estación de monitoreo no presentó ninguna correlación; las otras mostraron correlación débil entre monóxido de carbono y material particulado < 10 µ y consultas por IRAB.Conclusión: La época del año explica con precisión el incremento del número de consultas totales y por IRAB. Aunque el nivel de algunos contaminantes muestra correlación con el número de consultas, su impacto es irrelevante.Palabras clave: contaminación del aire, clima, infecciones del sistema respiratorio, niño.

Introduction: Pollution and climate have an impact on pediatric respiratory diseases; few studies have assessed this in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires.Objective: To assess the impact of the interaction between air pollutants and climate on the Emergency Department visits for acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI) in a children's hospital.Methods: Ecological, time-series study with generalized additive models that included total visits and visits for ALRTI to the Emergency Department between 2012 and 2016. A series with 7-day moving averages for ALRTI visits was founded as a bias control measure. Predictors were daily levels of air pollutants (carbon monoxide, nitrous dioxide, particulate matter < 10 µ) and meteorological variables (temperature, humidity). Pollutants were measured at three monitoring stations. Temporal variables (day of the week, warm/cold semester) were controlled.Results: There were 455 256 total visits; 17 298 accounted for visits for ALRTI. A correlation was established only between total visits and day of the week (Mondays and Saturdays, more visits; Thursdays, less visits). Less visits for ALRTI were recorded in the warm semester compared to the cold semester (relative risk = 0.23; 95 % confidence interval: 0.29-0.18; p < 0.001). One monitoring station did not show any correlation; the other two stations showed a weak correlation between carbon monoxide and particulate matter < 10 µ and visits for ALRTI. Conclusion: The season accurately accounts for the increased number of total visits and visits for ALRTI. Although there was a correlation between the level of certain pollutants and the number of visits, its impact was irrelevant.

Caracterización de una cohorte durante cinco años después de un episodio de bronquiolitis que requiere hospitalización en una clínica de tercer nivel de Bogotá, Colombia / Characterization of a cohort five years after an episode of bronchiolitis that required hospitalization in a third level clinic of Bogotá, Colombia

Introducción. La Bronquiolitis secundaria al Virus Sincitial Respiratorio, se han asociado con episodios sibilantes recurrentes y desarrollo de asma, incluso en la adultez. Sin embargo, la relación entre estas patologías es controvertida, y aun no se conoce el comportamiento de este fenómeno en Colombia. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la evolución clínica a cinco años, de los niños con antecedente de bronquiolitis que requirieron hospitalización Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo de cohorte retrospectiva de menores de dos años, con diagnóstico de Bronquiolitis atendidos en la Clínica Universitaria Colombia en los años 2008 a 2011 con seguimiento de hospitalizaciones por patologías respiratorias hasta el año 2016. Se revisaron 306 historias clínicas de pacientes y se analizaron características socio- demográficas, aislamientos virales y manejo farmacológico. Resultados. Los años con mayor número de hospitalizaciones por episodios sibilantes posterior al episodio bronquiolitis fueron el 2009 y 2011 con una incidencia acumulada de 15,6% y 9,9%. La edad promedio de hospitalización fue 6 meses y más frecuente en hombres. El virus sincital fue aislado con mayor frecuencia en los años de seguimiento, y la mayoría de los casos requirió manejo antibiótico; la ampicilina sulbactam (28,5%) y la ampicilina (22,6%).

Introduction. Bronchiolitis secondary to Respiratory Syncytial Virus, have been associated with recurrent wheezing episodes and development of asthma, even in adulthood. However, the relationship between these pathologies is controversial, and the behavior of this phenomenon in Colombia is not yet known. The aim of this study was to describe the five-year clinical course of children with a history of bronchiolitis who required hospitalization Materials and methods. Descriptive study of a retrospective cohort of children under two years of age, with a diagnosis of Bronchiolitis attended at the University Clinic Colombia in the years 2008 to 2011 with follow-up of hospitalizations for respiratory pathologies up to 2016. 306 patient clinical histories were reviewed and characteristics were analyzed. socio-demographic, viral isolates and pharmacological management. Results. The years with the highest number of hospitalizations for wheezing episodes after the bronchiolitis episode were 2009 and 2011 with an accumulated incidence of 15.6% and 9.9%. The average age of hospitalization was 6 months and more frequent in men. The syncytial virus was isolated more frequently in the years of follow-up, and most of the cases required antibiotic management; ampicillin sulbactam (28.5%) and ampicillin (22.6%).

Prevalencia de microorganismos patógenos respiratorios durante dos temporadas consecutivas de virus sincicial respiratorio en un centro de atención de alta complejidad / Prevalence of respiratory pathogens during two consecutive respiratory syncytial virus seasons at a tertiary medical care center

Objetivo. Determinar el perfil etiológico de la infección de vías respiratorias bajas (IVRB) en los neonatos durante la temporada de virus sincicial respiratorio (VSR) y definir las características de esta y otras infecciones. Métodos. Estudio retrospectivo con neonatos hospitalizados por IVRB durante dos temporadas de VSR, con reacción múltiple en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real. Se revisaron los datos relevantes y se compararon las características de la infección por VSR con las de otros microorganismos. Resultados. Entre 224 pacientes, 160 (71 %) fueron positivos para, al menos, un agente causal potencial. Entre ellos, el 65 % tenía VSR y el 15 %, más de un agente (coinfección). En el grupo con VSR, hubo más dificultad respiratoria (p < 0,01), radiografías de tórax anormales (p < 0,01), requerimiento de atención en terapia intensiva (p < 0,01) y más días de oxigenoterapia (p < 0,01). No obstante, hubo menos casos de fiebre al ingreso y menos días de antibioticoterapia (en ambos, p < 0,01), y la duración de la hospitalización no fue más prolongada. Los pacientes con coinfección requirieron atención en terapia intensiva en mayor medida que los demás (25 % contra 6,5 %, p < 0,01). Conclusión. Este estudio demostró que el VSR fue más frecuente en los neonatos hospitalizados por IVRB durante la temporada y condujo a una evolución más grave que otros microorganismos patógenos detectados. Posiblemente la gravedad de la infección por VSR se viera aumentada por la presencia de una coinfección y radiografía de tórax anormal.

Aim: To determine the etiological profiles of lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) in neonates during respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) season, and to define the clinical features of RSV-related infection and others. Methods: The retrospective study included newborn infants who were hospitalized for LRI during the two consecutive RSV seasons, and then tested for possible etiological agent by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction. All relevant data were reviewed, and the clinical characteristics of RSV-related infection were compared to those of others. Results: Of 224 patients, 160 (71 %) were positive for at least one potentially causative agent. Of them, 65 % had RSV, and 15 % had more than on ecausative agent (co-infection). The RSV group had more the findings of respiratory distress (p< 0.01), abnormal chest radiography (p< 0.01), need for intensive care (p< 0.01), and duration of oxygen requirement (p< 0.01) but less fever on admission and duration of antibiotic use (for both, p< 0.01), and no longer hospital stay. Need of intensive care nursery was more common in patients with co-infection than others (25 % vs. 6.5 %, p< 0.01). Conclusion: This study highlighted that RSV was the most frequent agent in neonates hospitalized for LRI during the season, with a more severe clinical course than other detected pathogens. The disease severity of RSV infection may have seemed to be increased by the presence of coinfection and abnormal chest radiography.

Estudio Transversal: Prevalencia de Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio en Pacientes Ingresados en el Hospital de Especialidades José Carrasco Arteaga, 2017 / Cross- sectional study: Prevalence of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections in Patients Admitted at the Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, 2017

INTRODUCCIÓN: El virus sincitial respiratorio es una de las principales causas de infección respiratoria baja en pacientes menores de 5 años; constituye además una de las principales causas de mortalidad pediátrica a nivel mundial. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de infección por virus sincitial respiratorio en pacientes ingresados en el Hospital de Especialidades José Carrasco Arteaga. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó un estudio transversal, el universo incluyó a pacientes pediátricos con edades comprendidas entre los 0 y 5 años, que hayan sido ingresados en el Hospital de Especialidades José Carrasco Arteaga con diagnóstico de infección respiratoria baja. Se usó la inmunocromatografía como prueba para detección del virus, los datos fueron tabulados mediante el programa estadístico SPSS versión 22.0. RESULTADOS: 186 pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio; de estos el 76.35% (n=142) fue diag-nosticado de neumonía, 19.35% (n=36) de bronquiolitis y 4.30% (n=8) de bronquitis aguda. La prevalencia de infecciones por virus sincitial respiratorio en pacientes pediátricos fue del 44% (n=82). Los factores analizados en busca de asociación con la infección fueron: edad 24 ­ 60 meses (p= 0.012), sexo masculino (p= 0.236), parto por cesárea (p= 0.853), patología crónica de base (p=0.060), esquema de vacunación incompleto (p= 0.010), lactancia materna no exclusiva (p= 0.176), tabaquismo pasivo (p= 0.609) y nivel socio económico bajo (p= 0.609). CONCLUSIÓN: La prevalencia general de infección por virus sincitial respiratorio en pacientes menores a 5 años es del 43%. De los factores analizados, la edad (24 ­ 60 meses) y el esquema de vacu-nación incompleto presentaron asociación estadísticamente significativa con la presencia de la infección. Esta investigación no reportó asociación con sexo masculino, parto por cesárea, patología crónica de base, lactancia materna incompleta, tabaquismo previo o nivel socio económico bajo.(AU)

BACKGROUND: Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus is one of the main causes of lower respiratory infections in patients under 5 years of age; it is also one of the main causes of pediatric mortality worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus infection in patients admitted to Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed; the universe included pediatric patients between 0 and 5 years old, who had been admitted to Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga with a diagnosis of low respiratory infection. Immunochromatography was used as a test for virus detection; the data was tabulated using the statistical software SPSS version 22.0. RESULTS: 186 patients were included; 76.35% (n=142) were diagnosed with pneumonia, 19.35% (n=36) of bronchiolitis and 4.30% (n=8) of acute bronchitis. The prevalence of human respiratory syncytial virus infections in pediatric patients was 44% (n=82). The factors analyzed in search of association with the infection were: age 24 - 60 months (p= 0.012), male sex (p= 0.236), cesarean delivery (p= 0.853), chronic base pathology (p= 0.060), incomplete vaccination scheme (p= 0.010), non-exclusive breastfeeding (p= 0.176), passive smoking (p= 0.609) and low socio-economic status (p= 0.609). CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of human respiratory syncytial virus infection in patients younger than 5 years is 43%. Of the analyzed factors, age (24 - 60 months) and incomplete vaccination scheme showed a statistically significant association with the presence of the infection. This investigation did not report association with male sex, cesarean delivery, chronic basic pathology, incomplete breastfeeding, previous smoking or low socio-economic status.

Doenças respiratórias em crianças prematuras em Uberlândia-MG / Respiratory diseases in premature children in Uberlândia-MG

A bronquiolite, causada pelo vírus sincicial respiratório (VSR), é a doença mais frequente do trato respiratório inferior em prematuros e a primeira causa de hospitalização de recémnascidos (RN) no mundo. Sem uma vacina contra o VSR para uso populacional, o Palivizumabe (PVZ), um anticorpo monoclonal, tem sido indicado para profilaxia da doença grave por VSR. Beneficiam-se com PVZ crianças menores de um ano de idade, nascidas prematuras com Idade Gestacional (IG) menor ou igual a 28 semanas e crianças com até dois anos de idade com doença pulmonar crônica ou doença cardíaca congênita com repercussão hemodinâmica demonstrada. Este estudo de coorte retrospectivo, analítico, objetivou analisar o adoecimento de crianças prematuras, por complicações respiratórias, nascidas entre 2012 e 2016 em Uberlândia, MG e que não foram contempladas com PVZ. Extraíram-se dados dos prontuários de 504 crianças, tanto no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal quanto nas Unidades de Saúde do município. A média de idade materna foi de 26,1 anos, 281(55,9%) tinham ensino médio e 274 (55,1%) eram de cor não branca. Tiveram gestações anteriores, 306 (60,7%) mães que realizaram, na gestação atual, média de 7,8 consultas de pré-natal. Maior prevalência (371;73,6%) para parto cesáreo, 255 (50,7%) crianças do sexo masculino; IG média de 34,2 semanas e 385 (76,4%) com baixo peso ao nascer. Identificaram-se 270 (54%) RN com internação em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI); 284 (58,7%) bebês com, pelo menos, um diagnóstico respiratório na internação e 267 (53,3%) receberam alta hospitalar após sete ou mais dias. Na alta, 186 (36,6%) RN estavam em aleitamento materno exclusivo. Ao longo do primeiro ano de vida, identificaram-se 2.899 atendimentos de rotina e eventuais; média de 5,75 consultas para cada criança. Em 1.437 atendimentos foram diagnosticadas doenças com maior frequência para doenças do trato respiratório 803(55,8%), seguidas das doenças do aparelho digestivo 141(9,8%), doenças nutricionais e metabólicas 73(5%) e doenças do ouvido 72 (5%), respectivamente. Dos 561 episódios de doenças do trato respiratório superior (DTRS), as Infecções das Vias Aéreas Superiores (IVAS) e a nasofaringite aguda (resfriado comum) corresponderam a 477 (85%) episódios. Em relação aos 242 episódios de doenças respiratórias do trato respiratório inferior (DRTI) 105 (29,5%) crianças foram acometidas com 147 (60,7%) episódios de bronquiolite, média de 0,43 episódios. Em 44 (3,33%) atendimentos, houve necessidade de hospitalização, sendo três (0,14%) em UTI. Verificou-se correlação entre o número de consultas eventuais (NCE) e o número de episódios de doenças respiratórias. Crianças com somente fórmula láctea na alta hospitalar tiveram um número médio maior de episódios de doenças respiratórias no primeiro ano de vida. A idade da mãe, o diagnóstico respiratório na alta hospitalar e o NCE apresentaram associação significativa com adoecimento por bronquiolite. As DTRS foram mais frequentes nessa coorte, com média de 2,16 episódios de doença respiratória por criança no primeiro ano de vida. O NCE foi significante para doenças respiratórias e o aleitamento materno mostrou-se como fator protetor para este desfecho. Da análise do adoecimento das crianças prematuras, a ocorrência de bronquiolite revela a importância de atender estas crianças em tempo oportuno para evitar desfechos desfavoráveis como hospitalização. Evidencia-se também a importância de rastrear crianças com diagnóstico respiratório em uso de fórmula na alta hospitalar para orientar medidas preventivas de doenças respiratórias

Bronchiolitis, caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), is the most common disease of the lower respiratory tract in premature infants and the leading cause of hospitalization of newborns (NB) in the world. Without a RSV vaccine for population use, Palivizumab (PVZ), a monoclonal antibody, has been indicated for the prophylaxis of severe RSV disease. Children under one year of age, premature babies with gestational age (GA) less than or equal to 28 weeks and children up to two years of age with chronic lung disease or congenital heart disease with demonstrated hemodynamic repercussion benefit from PVZ. This retrospective, analytical cohort study aimed to analyze the illness of premature children, due to respiratory complications, born between 2012 and 2016 in Uberlândia, MG and who were not treated with PVZ. Data was extracted from the medical records of 504 children, both at the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University and in the Health Units of the municipality. The mean maternal age was 26.1 years, 281 (55.9%) had high school and 274 (55.1%) were non-white. There were previous pregnancies, 306 (60.7%) mothers who had, in the current pregnancy, an average of 7.8 prenatal consultations. Higher prevalence (371; 73.6%) for cesarean delivery, 255 (50.7%) male children; Mean IG of 34.2 weeks and 385 (76.4%) with low birth weight. 270 (54%) NB with admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) were identified; 284 (58.7%) babies with at least one respiratory diagnosis on admission and 267 (53.3%) were discharged after seven or more days. At discharge, 186 (36.6%) NBs were exclusively breastfed. During the first year of life, 2,899 routine and occasional visits were identified; average of 5.75 consultations for each child. In 1,437 visits, diseases were diagnosed more frequently for diseases of the respiratory tract 803 (55.8%), followed by diseases of the digestive system 141 (9.8%), nutritional and metabolic diseases 73 (5%) and diseases of the ear 72 (5%), respectively. Of the 561 episodes of upper respiratory tract disease (URTD), Upper Airway Infections (UAI) and acute nasopharyngitis (common cold) corresponded to 477 (85%) episodes. Regarding the 242 episodes of respiratory diseases of the lower respiratory tract (LRTD) 105 (29.5%) children were affected with 147 (60.7%) episodes of bronchiolitis, average of 0.43 episodes. In 44 (3.33%) visits, there was a need for hospitalization, three (0.14%) in the ICU. There was a correlation between the number of occasional visits (NOV) and the number of episodes of respiratory diseases. Children with milk formula only at hospital discharge had a higher average number of episodes of respiratory diseases in the first year of life. The mother's age, the respiratory diagnosis at hospital discharge and the NOV showed a significant association with illness from bronchiolitis. URTD were more frequent in this cohort, with an average of 2.16 episodes of respiratory disease per child in the first year of life. NOV was significant for respiratory diseases and breastfeeding was shown to be a protective factor for this outcome. From the analysis of the illness of premature children, the occurrence of bronchiolitis reveals the importance of attending these children in a timely manner to avoid unfavorable outcomes such as hospitalization. It also highlights the importance of screening children with respiratory diagnosis using formula at hospital discharge to guide preventive measures against respiratory diseases