RESUMO
Estudo Histórico Social que tem como objeto notícias sobre o Levantamento de Recursos e Necessidades de Enfermagem no Brasil, publicadas na Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem entre 1955 e 1958. A fonte primária foi constituída pelos exemplares da Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, publicados dentro do recorte temporal do estudo. As fontes secundárias foram constituídas por livros, artigos, dissertações e teses relativas à história da Enfermagem. A análise dos dados teve apoio das fontes secundárias e do pensamento do sociólogo Pierre Bourdieu. Os dados evidenciaram que a Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, além de oportunizar a divulgação de notícias acerca do Levantamento, proporcionou visibilidade ao mesmo mediante a veiculação dessas notícias e, por fim, teve o efeito simbólico de conferir poder e prestígio à Enfermagem Brasileira.
Social historical study that has as object news related to the Assessment of the Resources and Needs of Nursing in Brazil published in the Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem between 1955 and 1958. The primary source is constituted of copies of Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem published within the selected period of the study. The secondary sources are constituted of books, papers, dissertations and thesis related to the Nursing history. The data analysis was supported by the secondary sources and the thought of the sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. The results evidenced that Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, in addition to making possible the dissemination of news about the Assessment provided visibility to it and, at last, had the symbolic effect of giving power and prestige to the Brazilian Nursing.
Estudio Histórico Social que tiene como objeto noticias referentes al Levantamiento de Recursos y Necesidades de Enfermería en Brasil publicadas en la Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem entre 1955 y 1958. La fuente primaria se constituye de los ejemplares de la Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem publicados dentro del recorte temporal do estudio. Las fuentes secundarias están constituidas de libros, artículos disertaciones y tesis relativas a la historia de la Enfermería. El análisis de los datos tuvo apoyo de las fuentes secundarias y del pensamiento del Sociólogo Pierre Bourdieu. Los resultados evidencian que la Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, además de posibilitar la divulgación de noticias acerca del Levantamiento proporcionó visibilidad al mismo mediante la divulgación de esas noticias y, por fin, tuve el efecto simbólico de conferir poder y prestigio a la Enfermería Brasileña.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Camundongos , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B/genética , Vacinas contra Hepatite B/genética , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/genética , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/imunologia , Vacinas contra Hepatite Viral/genética , Fusão Gênica Artificial , Sequência de Bases , Hepacivirus/genética , Hepacivirus/imunologia , Vírus da Hepatite B/genética , Vírus da Hepatite B/imunologia , Imunização , Técnicas In Vitro , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Vacinas de DNA/genéticaRESUMO
The obtainment of transgenic edible plants carrying recombinant antigens is a desired issue in search for economic alternatives viewing vaccine production. Here we report a strategy for genetic transformation of lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.) using the surface antigen HBsAg of hepatitis B virus. Transgenic lettuce seedlings were obtained through the application of a regulated balance of plant growth regulators. Genetic transformation process was acquired by cocultivation of cotyledons with Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring the recombinant plasmid. It is the first description of a lettuce Brazilian variety "Vitória de Verão" genetically modified.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B/genética , Vacinas contra Hepatite B/genética , Lactuca/genética , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/genética , DNA Recombinante , Lactuca/imunologia , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/imunologia , Plântula/genética , Plântula/imunologia , Vacinas de Plantas ComestíveisRESUMO
Hepatitis B is a global serious disease caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). There is no known cure for hepatitis B. The best way to deal with the disease is by preventing with hepatitis B vaccine. However, the current protein-based vaccines made up of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) are ineffective in chronic HBV carriers and a significant number of the vaccinees do not mount the protective immune response. Novel DNA-based immunization may overcome the deficits of the protein-based immunization and may provide more effective prophylactic and therapeutic outcomes. In this study, we constructed a recombinant plasmid carrying gene encoding the HBV surface antigen (HBs) linked to DNA segment encoding full-length murine interleukin-18, i.e. pcDNA-HBs-IL-18. Immunogenicity of the DNA construct was carried out in BALB/c mice in comparison with mock, i.e. pcDNA3.1+ and vaccines comprised of pRc/CMV-HBs and pRc/CMV-HBs plus pcDNA-IL-18. All vaccinated mice revealed significant serum anti-HBs IgG response after two intramuscular injections of the vaccines at 28 day interval as compared to the level of mock. Co-administration of pRc/CMV-HBs and pcDNA-IL-18 elicited arbitrarily higher levels of anti-HBs IgG than the levels in mice immunized with pRc/CMV-HBs alone and mice that received pcDNA-HBs-IL-18 although not statistically different. Further experiments are needed to investigate the subisotypes of the IgG antibody, the kinetics of cytokine and the cell-mediated immune response. For this communication, the prototype HBs-IL-18 DNA vaccine was successfully constructed and the gene encoding murine IL-18 was successfully cloned. The latter can be co-injected with the antigen coding DNA or used as a fusion partner to the DNA for priming the immune response. The recombinant HBs and full-length IL-18 proteins have potential for other research purposes. They may be used also as standard proteins in the protein quantification assay.
Assuntos
Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Hepatite B/genética , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B/genética , Vacinas contra Hepatite B/genética , Vírus da Hepatite B/genética , Humanos , Imunidade Celular , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Interleucina-18/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genética , Vacinas de DNA/genéticaRESUMO
The most common cause of viral hepatitis in USA is the hepatitis B virus, and since 1983 is more common than hepatitis A. In 1980 a serum derived hepatitis B vaccine was evaluated and introduced to clinical practice. The fear of HIV transmission leads to the development in 1984 of a recombinant vaccine produced in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisae through DNA recombinant technics. Both vaccines have been proved effective and safe, with seroconversion in 85-96 percent of homosexual males and 96-98 percent of healthy adults. Several recent studies have shown that 5-10 percent of healthy adults fail to respond to the vaccine, even after additional dosages. The mechanism for this lack of Anti-HBs response has been extensively studied by several groups and associated to the major histocompatibility antigens in relationships with T lymphocytes responses to specific antigens. Recent studies have demonstrated that the lack of response to the HBsAg is due to a mechanism of peripheral restriction previously shown by Crave, Alpert et al, and not related to gene suppression nor through CD8T+ cells. The absence of response is secondary to the macrophage-antigen interaction and CD4T+ cells and is also multifactorial. Studies in caucasian populations have shown that poor responders to hepatitis B vaccines have certain haplotypes such as: B8, Dr7, Dr3, Dr7, Dr4 and Dr7+B8. Alpert et al have shown for the first time in humans that persons homozygous for extended haplotype HLA B8-DR3-SCO1, have a poor response to a HBsAg and is recessive. Only one haplotype is sufficient to have an adequate Anti-HBs response. Sasasuki et al, in contrast have shown that Japanese haplotype HLA-BW54-DR4-DRW53 and DQW3 is associated to poor response to HBsAg, and is dominant, they also suggest that lack of response depends of an immunosupresion gene through CD8 cells. Finally our results suggest that no responders have a specific defect located to the level of helper T Cells stimulation, and its not mediated through immunosupresion through CD8T cells.
Assuntos
Humanos , Antígenos E da Hepatite B/genética , Antígenos E da Hepatite B/imunologia , Vacinas contra Hepatite B/genética , Vacinas contra Hepatite B/imunologia , Vírus da Hepatite B/genética , Vírus da Hepatite B/imunologia , Hepatite B/genética , Hepatite B/imunologiaRESUMO
Hemos querido analizar las observaciones relacionadas con los estudios de inmunología celular asociada a la hepatitis B y a la vacuna. Desde el inicio de la década de los 80s se han practicado en el mundo numerosos estudios inmunológicos como: producción in vitro de anticuerpos, estudios de proliferación celular mediante antígenos solubles y mitógenos, estudios de subpoblaciones de células T, búsqueda de efectos del macrófago o de las células B y T, análisis de posibles trastornos en la generación de factores supresores. Observamos que muchos de estos estudios eran contradictorios y en los inicios de nuestro trabajo, a pesar del gasto excesivo que tuvimos tratando de producir anticuerpos in vitro anti-HBs, fue imposible lograrlo; por lo que decidimos hacer los estudios de cinética de proliferación celular y a través de la técnica del panning, en la cual utilizamos un anticuerpo monoclonal anti-CD8 que se une al plato de cultivo cuya superficie es de poliestireno, logramos así separar la subpoblación CD4 de la CD8; y posteriormente realizamos los experimentos de reconstitución que nos clarificó la hipotesis de Yunis y Alper sobre la no respuesta se debe a un defecto en la estructura genética- inmunogenética durante la segregación y a una falla en la presentación antigénica. Para lograr estas explicaciones hemos querido analizar los diferentes estudios y compararlos con el nuestro. Finalmente creemos que usando las diferentes tablas se pueda analizar los datos. Es posible que aún queden muchas dudas, pero el tiempo y la investigación en esta área harán que se aclaren; creemos que en Colombia, al realizar los estudios básicos en nuestras etnias, el futuro será más promisorio a corto plazo