Concordance Between Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of Abnormal Vaginal Discharge in Chilean Women / Concordância entre o diagnóstico clínico e laboratorial de corrimento vaginal anormal em mulheres chilenas

Abstract Objective To determine the concordance between the clinical diagnosis of women with abnormal vaginal discharge (AVD) and laboratory results using molecular detection and observation of the vaginal microbiota. Methods Cross-sectional study conducted in 2018 in Temuco, Chile. A total of 25 midwives from 12 health centers participated. A total of 125 women>18 years old, volunteers, were recruited. The sample of the posterior vaginal fornix was obtained by speculoscopy. Characteristics of the discharge and of the external and internal genitalia were observed. Gram staining was used to observe vaginal microbiota, blastoconidia and pseudohyphae, and polymerase chain reaction was used for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans. The Cohen kappa coefficient was used in the concordance analysis. Results Out of a total of 125 women with AVD, 85.6% consulted spontaneously and 14.4% were diagnosed clinically during a routine check-up. Absolute concordance was significant (p=0.0012), with an agreement of 13.6%. The relative concordance was significant, but fair for bacterial vaginosis (Kappa=0.21; p=0.003) and candidiasis (Kappa=0.22; p=0.001), and slight for trichomoniasis (Kappa=0.14; p=0.009). The percentage of coincidence of the diagnoses (single or mixed) by laboratory and midwives was: bacterial vaginosis 63.2% (12/19), candidiasis 36.5% (27/74), and trichomoniasis 12.5% (4/32). There was 20% coinfection. A total of 36% of the clinical diagnoses of AVD had negative laboratory tests. Conclusion The vulvovaginitis conditions candidiasis and trichomoniasis appear to be overdiagnosed, and bacterial vaginosis appears to be underdiagnosed by the clinical diagnosis when compared with the laboratory diagnosis. The low concordance obtained shows the importance of complementing the clinical diagnosis with a laboratory study of AVD, particularly in women with failed treatments and/or coinfections with unspecific and varying signs and symptoms.

Resumo Objetivo Determinar a concordância entre o diagnóstico clínico de mulheres com corrimento vaginal anormal (AVD) e os resultados laboratoriais por meio da detecção molecular e observação da microbiota vaginal. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado em 2018 em Temuco, Chile. Participaram 25 parteiras de 12 centros de saúde. Um total de 125 mulheres>18 anos, voluntárias, foramrecrutadas. A amostra do fórnice vaginal posterior foi obtida por especuloscopia. Foram observadas características da secreção e da genitália externa e interna. A coloração de Gram foi usada para observar a microbiota vaginal, blastoconídios e pseudo-hifas, e a reação em cadeia da polimerase foi usada para a detecção de Trichomonas vaginalis e Candida albicans. O coeficiente kappa de Cohen foi usado na análise de concordância. Resultados De um total de 125 mulheres com AVD, 85,6% consultaram espontaneamente e 14,4% foram diagnosticados clinicamente durante um check-up de rotina. A concordância absoluta foi significativa (p=0,0012), com concordância de 13,6%. A concordância relativa foi significativa, mas razoável para vaginose bacteriana (Kappa =0,21; p=0,003) e candidíase (Kappa=0,22; p=0,001), e leve para tricomoníase (Kappa=0,14; p=0,009). O percentual de coincidência dos diagnósticos (solteiros ou mistos) por laboratório e parteiras foi: vaginose bacteriana 63,2% (12/19), candidíase 36,5% (27/74) e tricomoníase 12,5% (4/32). Houve 20% de coinfecção. Umtotal de 36% dos diagnósticos clínicos de AVD tiveram exames laboratoriais negativos. Conclusão As condições de vulvovaginite candidíase e tricomoníase parecem ser sobrediagnosticadas, e a vaginose bacteriana parece ser subdiagnosticada pelo diagnóstico clínico quando comparado com o diagnóstico laboratorial. A baixa concordância obtida mostra a importância de complementar o diagnóstico clínico comestudo laboratorial de AVD, principalmente emmulheres com falha de tratamento e / ou coinfecções com sinais e sintomas inespecíficos e variáveis.

Diagnóstico de la Tricomonas vaginalis en la mujer / Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis in women

OBJETIVO: revisar los diferentes métodos de diagnóstico de la tricomoniasis vaginal disponibles hasta el presente. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: se revisó la bibliografía latinoamericano e internacional a través de los sitios electrónicos de Pub-Med y Scielo. RESULTADOS: la Tricomonas vaginalis es considera como la enfermedad de transmisión sexual no viral, curable más frecuente y prevalente en el mundo. Se revisan los diferentes de métodos para diagnosticar la presencia de la tricomonas vaginalis en pacientes femeninos con síntomas y signos de la infección producida por el protozoario flagelado. CONCLUSIONES: se revisaron los diferentes métodos de diagnostico de la infección producida por la Tricomonas vaginalis en pacientes femeninas, desde los clásicos hasta los más actuales que emplean alta tecnología.

OBJECTIVE: to review the different diagnostic methods of Trichomonas vaginal available at the present time. MATERIAL AND METHOD: it was reviewed the Latin-American and international bibliography using the Pub-Med and Scielo web sites. RESULTS: Trichomonas vaginalis is considered the most common and prevalent sexual transmitted disease curable and non-viral worldwide. It was reviewed the different methods to diagnose the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis in female patients with symptoms and signs of infection produces by the flagellate protozoa. CONCLUSION: Different methods of diagnosis of the infection produced by Trichomonas vaginalis, since the classics to the most current methods that use high technology, were reviewed.

Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and Human papillomavirus in female sex workers in Central Veracruz, Mexico / Prevalencia de Trichomonas vaginalis y virus del papiloma humano en mujeres trabajadoras sexuales en el centro de Veracruz, México

Female sex workers (FSWs) have been considered a key population for sexually transTrichomonas mitted infections (STIs); therefore, they are periodically screened as a requirement to obtain a work card. However, there is insufficient epidemiological data on STIs among FSWs in Mexico. The detection of Trichomonas vaginalis is limited to microscopic studies and the molecular screening of Human papillomavirus (HPV) is only done to women 35 years of age and older. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of T. vaginalis and HPV infections in FSWs in the city of Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico. Samples from 105 FSWs were obtained by cervical swab and analyzed. The identification of T. vaginalis and HPV was performed by molecular methods. HPV DNA was identified in 5.71% of the samples with the presence of HPV16, HPV18, and HPV58. A percentage of 25.7% samples were positive for T. vaginalis for optical microscopy and 23.8% for PCR. The results of the study indicate the need to incorporate more sensitive methods for the timely diagnosis of STIs as well as comprehensive health promotion programs directed to the most vulnerable groups among FSWs.

Las mujeres trabajadoras sexuales (MTS) han sido consideradas una población clave para las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS), por ello son examinadas periódicamente como requisito para obtener una tarjeta de trabajo. Sin embargo, no existen datos epidemiológicos suficientes sobre las ITS en las MTS en México. La detección de Trichomonas vaginalis se limita a los estudios microscópicos, y el cribado molecular del virus del papiloma humano (Human papillomavirus: HPV) solo se realiza en las mujeres de 35 años o mayores. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de T. vaginalis e infecciones por HPV en las MTS de la ciudad de Orizaba, Veracruz, México. Se analizaron 105 muestras de las MTS, obtenidas mediante frotis cervical. La identificación de T. vaginalis y HPV se realizó por métodos moleculares. El ADN del HPV se identificó en el 5,71% de las muestras, con la presencia de HPV16, HPV18 y HPV58. El 25,7% de las MTS fueron positivas para T. vaginalis por microscopia óptica el 23,8% por PCR. Los resultados del estudio indican la necesidad de incorporar métodos más sensibles para el diagnóstico oportuno de ITS y programas integrales de promoción de la salud en los grupos más vulnerables, entre las MTS.

Avaliação da abordagem sindrômica do corrimento vaginal para o diagnóstico de tricomoníase / Evaluation of syndromic approach of vaginal discharge flowchart to diagnosis of trichomoniasis

A infecção por Trichomonas vaginalis é a doença sexualmente transmissível não viral mais prevalente no mundo. Entre os diferentes métodos para seu diagnóstico, estão os fluxogramas previstos pela abordagem sindrômica. Objetivo: Avaliar o fluxograma de corrimento vaginal para o diagnóstico de tricomoníase em mulheres atendidas em equipe de saúde da família. Métodos: Estudo transversal feito com amostra consecutiva de população ambulatorial, composta por mulheres em idade fértil, exceto gestantes e menores de idade. As participantes responderam a um questionário onde foram registradas as queixas ocorridas nas últimas quatro semanas. Também foram examinadas e submetidas à medição do pH vaginal e teste das aminas. A cultura em meio específico foi considerada como padrão-ouro. Resultados: Dez por cento das mulheres infectadas pela T. vaginalis estavam assintomáticas; entre as infectadas, a dispareunia foi significativamente maior do que entre as mulheres negativas. O esquema proposto pela abordagem sindrômica tem baixa especificidade e acurácia. Conclusão: O diagnóstico de tricomoníase embasado apenas na queixa de corrimento tem baixa acurácia; o resultado do teste das aminas melhora a especificidade do diagnóstico da infecção por Trichomonas vaginalis, independentemente do valor do pH vaginal.

Trichomonas vaginalis infection is the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted disease in the world. Among the different methods for diagnosis, the World Health Organization and Ministry of Health of Brazil proposes the use of flowcharts in the syndromic approach. Objective: To evaluate the syndromic approach of vaginal discharge to diagnosis of T. vaginalis infection. Methods: Transversal study with sample of outpatient population consisting of women in reproductive age. After exclusion of pregnant women and minor girls, the final sample consisted of women between 18 and 49 years old. The participants answered a questionnaire where the complaints were registered. They were examined, had the vaginal pH assessed and sample tested with 10% KOH solution to verify the exhalation of amine odor (whiff test). After this proceeding, a vaginal secretion sample was inoculated in a specific T. vaginalis culture medium. The culture results were used as the gold standard to evaluate the syndromic approach flowchart. The algorithm was evaluated according sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and predictive values. Results: Among women with T. vaginalis infection, 10% were asymptomatic; among them, dyspareunia was significantly higher, if compared to women with no infection. Flowchart proposed by the syndromic approach had low specificity and accuracy, leading to unnecessary treatment in two-third of women. Conclusion: The diagnosis of trichomoniasis based only on the discharge complaint had low accuracy; the whiff test result improves the specificity of diagnosis of T. vaginalis infection, regardless of the vaginal pH value

Trichomonas vaginalis e sua associação com o câncer cervical: uma revisão sistemática / Trichomonas vaginalis associated with cervical cancer: a systematic review

A correlação entre Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) e o desenvolvimento do câncer cervical foi estabelecida. Uma revisão sistemática baseada em artigos originais (padrão ouro) foi conduzida a partir de duas importantes bases eletrônicas: PubMed e MEDLINE. A partir das bases de dados Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) e Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS) os seguintes termos "T. vaginalis & uterine cervical neoplasms" e "T. vaginalis & signal transduction" foram buscados. Critérios de inclusão e exclusão foram estabelecidos considerando as características específicas de cada artigo visando garantir a qualidade dos artigos selecionados (testes de relevância 1 e 2). Com relação aos efeitos patogênicos de T. vaginalis, o teste de relevância 1 selecionou 13 artigos de ambas as bases, PubMed e MEDLINE, enquanto o teste de relevância 2 finalizou com 8 artigos. Os estudos selecionados demonstraram correlação entre T. vaginalis e neoplasia cervical, apontando os efeitos citopatogênicos do parasito e enfatizando a importância das vias de sinalização, tais como as proteínas mitógenoativadas (MAPK).(AU)

A correlation between Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) and the development of cervical cancerwas investigated. A systematic review based on original articles (the gold standard) was conducted by performing a search of two major electronic databases, PubMed and MEDLINE. The search was performed by using the exploded MeSH and DeCS terms "T. vaginalis & uterine cervical neoplasms" and "T. vaginalis & signal transduction". Inclusion and exclusion criteria were assessed using specific characteristics to determine whether the quality of each article was high enough to warrant selection (the first and second tests of relevance). With reference to the cytopathogenic effects of T. vaginalis, the first test of relevance selected13 articles from both databases, PubMed and MEDLINE, whereas the second test of relevance selected8 articles. The studies selected showed a correlation between T. vaginalis and cervical neoplasia, demonstrating the cytopathogenic effects of the parasite and highlighting the importance of cell signaling pathways such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.(AU)

Secreção vaginal anormal: Sensibilidade, especificidade e concordância entre o diagnóstico clínico e citológico / Abnormal vaginal secretion: sensitivity, specificity and concordance between clinical and cytological diagnosis

OBJETIVOS: Estimar a prevalência da vaginose bacteriana (VB), candidíase e tricomoníase e comparar os achados do exame físico da secreção vaginal com o diagnóstico microbiológico, obtido pelo estudo citológico do esfregaço vaginal, pelo do método de Papanicolaou. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal que incluiu 302 mulheres com idade entre 20 a 87 anos, submetidas à entrevista e exame ginecológico para avaliação da secreção vaginal e coleta de esfregaço citológico, no período de junho de 2012 a maio de 2013. Para avaliar a acurácia das características da secreção vaginal em relação ao diagnóstico microbiológico do esfregaço citológico foi empregado as análises de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e valor preditivo negativo (VPN), com seus respectivos IC95%. Para avaliar o grau de concordância entre as características clínicas da secreção vaginal e os achados microbiológicos no exame citológico, foi aplicado o índice kappa (k). RESULTADOS: A prevalência da VB, candidíase e tricomoníase foi de 25,5, 9,3 e 2,0%, respectivamente. A sensibilidade, especificidade, valor o VPP e o VPN das características clínicas da secreção vaginal para o diagnóstico citológico de VB foram de 74, 78,6, 54,3, e 89,9%, respectivamente. A sensibilidade, a especificidade, o VPP e o VPN das características clínicas da secreção vaginal para o diagnóstico citológico de candidíase foram de 46,4, 86,2, 25,5 e de 94%, respectivamente. O grau de concordância entre a avaliação clínica da secreção vaginal e o diagnóstico microbiológico de VB, candidíase e tricomoníase, avaliados pelo índice kappa foi de 0,47, 0,23 e 0,28, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: A causa mais frequente de secreção vaginal anormal foi VB. A avaliação clínica da secreção vaginal apresentou sensibilidade, VPP e grau de concordância moderado a fraco, comparado ao diagnóstico microbiológico, o que indica a necessidade de avaliação complementar do achado clínico de secreção vaginal anormal. .

PURPOSE: To estimate the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV), candidiasis and trichomoniasis and compare the findings of physical examination of the vaginal secretion with the microbiological diagnosis obtained by cytology study of a vaginal smear using the Papanicolaou method. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 302 women aged 20 to 87 years, interviewed and submitted to a gynecology test for the evaluation of vaginal secretion and collection of a cytology smear, from June 2012 to May 2013. Sensitivity analyses were carried out and specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) with their respective 95%CI were determined to assess the accuracy of the characteristics of vaginal secretion in relation to the microbiological diagnosis of the cytology smear . The kappa index (k) was used to assess the degree of agreement between the clinical features of vaginal secretion and the microbiological findings obtained by cytology. RESULTS The prevalence of BV, candidiasis and trichomoniasis was 25.5, 9.3 and 2.0%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of the clinical characteristics of vaginal secretion for the cytological diagnosis of BV were 74, 78.6, 54.3 and 89.9%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and the NPV of the clinical characteristics of vaginal secretion for the cytological diagnosis of candidiasis were 46.4, 86.2, 25.5 and 94%, respectively. The correlation between the clinical evaluation of vaginal secretion and the microbiological diagnosis of BV, candidiasis and trichomoniasis, assessed by the kappa index, was 0.47, 0.23 and 0.28, respectively. CONCLUSION The most common cause of abnormal vaginal secretion was BV. The clinical evaluation of vaginal secretion presented amoderate to weak agreement with the microbiological diagnosis, indicating the need for complementary investigation of the clinical findings of abnormal vaginal secretion. .

Prevalencia de infecciones de transmisión sexual en mujeres embarazadas atendidas en un hospital público de Chile / Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in pregnant women attending a public hospital in Chile

Introduction: The epidemiologic rates of gonorrhea have declined steadily in Chile, while the incidence of infections with Trichomonas vaginalis and Chlamydia trachomatis is not well known. Aim: Since these sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and perinatal infections, this study aimed to update their prevalence in a public hospital in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. Patients and Methods: Between April and October 2010 and April and October 2011, pregnant women attending the antenatal Service, Hospital San Borja Arriarán, were randomly selected for detection of T. vaginalis, N. gonorrhoeae and C. tra-chomatis by culture in modified Diamond's broth, Thayer-Martin agar, and by omp1 gene amplification by nested PCR, respectively. We excluded pregnant women who received antibiotics within the past 30 days. Results: Two hundred and fifty five cervicovaginal samples were analyzed. C. trachomatis was detected in 15 (5.9%) and T. vaginalis in 6 (2.4%). N. gonorrhoeae was not found. Conclusion: The results show low prevalence of C. tracho-matis and T. vaginalis and absence of N. gonorrhoeae. These rates have remained stable at this medical center since the 1990s, with a slight increase in C. trachomatis.

Introducción: Las tasas epidemiológicas de gonorrea han disminuido constantemente en Chile, mientras que la incidencia de infecciones por Trichomonas vaginalis y Chlamydia trachomatis no es bien conocida. Estas infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITSs) están asociadas con resultados adversos del embarazo e infecciones peri-natales. Objetivo: Actualizar su prevalencia en un hospital público de la Región Metropolitana de Chile. Pacientes y Métodos: Entre abril y octubre de 2010 y desde abril a octubre de 2011, fueron seleccionadas al azar mujeres embarazadas atendidas en el Servicio de atención prenatal del Hospital San Borja Arriarán para detección de T. vaginalis, N. gonorrhoeae y C. trachomatis, por cultivo en caldo Diamond modificado, cultivo en Thayer-Martin y mediante amplificación del gen omp1, por RPC anidada, respectivamente. Se excluyeron mujeres embarazadas que recibieron antimicrobianos los 30 días previos. Resultados: Se analizaron 255 muestras cérvico-vaginales. C. trachomatis fue detectada en 15 (5,9%) de las mujeres embarazadas. T. vaginalis se aisló en 6 (2,4%) de ellas, mientras que N. gonorrhoeae no se encontró en las gestantes. Conclusión: Los resultados muestran prevalencia baja de C. trachomatis y de T. vaginalis y ausencia de N. gonorrhoeae, proporción que se mantiene estable en este establecimiento desde la década de 1990s, con leve aumento de C. trachomatis.

Clinical and laboratory evidence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among women of reproductive age in rural area.

Background: Vaginitis is a commonly encountered complaint and one of the most frequent reasons for patient visit to obstetrician-gynaecologists. Three vaginal infections are frequent causes of a vaginal discharge: (1) bacterial vaginosis, (2) vulvovaginal candidiasis and (3) trichomonas vaginitis. Differences in the clinical presentation are helpful in diagnosis. Characteristic signs and symptoms for these three vaginal infections are distinct, but on many occasions, they are overlapping. The aim of the present study was to find the prevalence and correlation between the clinical spectrum and laboratory evidence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection by simple, reliable, confirmatory and specific method, i.e. microscopic examination of wet mount preparation and acridine stain of vaginal fluid. Materials and Methods: Irrespective of HIV status, a total of 156 women with vaginal discharge were studied for establishing diagnosis of genital tract infection. The cases of bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis were excluded from the study. Vaginal speculum assisted high vaginal swabs were collected from women with discharge, during collection vagina was inspected for obvious signs. Results: Of the 156 women with vaginal discharge, 19 (12.06 %) showed T. vaginalis infection. All the women belonged to active reproductive age group, i.e. 20-40 years. Itching dysuria, and offensive, malodorous, thin, yellowish vaginal discharge were the main and consistent complaints. Only in 2 (1.52%) cases, vaginal speculum examination revealed erythema and punctuate haemorrhage, the so-called "strawberry' vagina. The pH was recorded to be >4.5. Conclusion: Clinical differentiation of various forms of infectious vaginitis is unreliable. The prevalence of T. vaginalis infection at 12.06% was found among rural young women of reproductive age using simple and reliable screening wet mount microscopy.

Comparison of resistant and susceptible strains of Trichomons vaginalis to metronidazole using PCR method

Metronidazole is drug of choice recommended by WHO for treatment of trichomoniasis, however, some reports claims drug resistance in Trichomonas vaginalis isolates recently. The objective of this study was to determine the minimum lethal concentration [MLC] of metronidazole in resistant and sensitive strains, as well as genetic patterns of these stains by PCR method. From February 2006 to March 2007, in a cross sectional study, clinical and wet mount examination of vaginal smear along with culture were performed on 683 women attending to public and private outpatient clinics in Hamadan. Trichomoniasis marked based on major clinical symptoms. Diagnosis confirmed using wet mount microscopically and culture in Diamond medium. A serial concentration of metronidazole was provided and all isolated Trichomonas strains [resistant and sensitive] tested by standard method. Finally, all sensitive and resistant strains examined by PCR technique. Only 15/683, [2.2%] of patients clinically diagnosed trichomonal vaginitis were positive for T. vaginalis by wet smear and culture. The minimum lethal concentration [MLC] for clinically sensitive isolates was 25 micro g/ml; however, this concentration for resistant isolates was 200 micro g/ml after 24 h and 100 micro g/ml after 50 h. The results of PCR examination of DNA from sensitive and resistant isolates had same pattern. The lanes appeared by two primers were 98 bp and 261 bp for both clinically sensitive and resistant strains. Resistance to metronidazole in T. vaginalis has not relation to genetic variations and might be related to some physiologic pathways of organism

Abnormal Vaginal Flora in Low-Risk Pregnant Women Cared for by a Public Health Service: prevalence and Association with Symptoms and Findings from Gynecological Exams / Alteração de flora vaginal em gestantes de baixo risco, atendidas em serviço público de saúde: prevalência e associação à sintomatologia e achados do exame ginecológico / Alteración de la flora vaginal en gestantes de bajo riesgo atendidas en servicio público de salud: prevalencia y asociación a la sintomatología y hallazgos del examen ginecológico

This study identifies the prevalence of vaginal flora alterations in low-risk pregnant women and their association with reported symptoms and gynecological exams. This quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in public primary care service units in Botucatu, SP, Brazil from 2006 to 2008 with 289 pregnant women from a stratified sample obtained by sampling by care unit. Tests of vaginal content were performed using Gram’s method and testing for Trichomonas vaginalis using Diamond’s medium. The prevalence of altered vaginal flora was 49.5 percent, of which bacterial vaginosis (20.7 percent), vaginal candidiasis (11.8 percent) and intermediate flora (11.1 percent) were the most frequent, not considering associations. Results revealed a high prevalence of vaginal flora alterations with little relation to symptoms, but in agreement with findings from the gynecological exams. Considering undesirable maternal and perinatal outcomes and feasible laboratory practices, the establishment of a routine for diagnosing vaginal flora alterations in low-risk pregnant women is suggested.

Objetivou-se identificar a prevalência das alterações de flora vaginal em gestantes de baixo risco, sua associação à sintomatologia referida e exame ginecológico. É estudo quantitativo, descritivo e transversal, desenvolvido no serviço público de atenção básica de Botucatu, SP, no período de 2006 a 2008, com 289 gestantes, amostradas de forma estratificada por unidade. Realizou-se exame do conteúdo vaginal, utilizando-se coloração pelo método de Gram e pesquisa de Trichomonas vaginalis em meio líquido de Diamond. Desconsiderando-se as associações, a prevalência de flora vaginal alterada foi de 49,5 por cento, sendo as mais frequentes: vaginose bacteriana (20,7 por cento), candidíase vaginal (11,8 por cento) e flora intermediária (11,1 por cento). Os dados apontam elevada prevalência das alterações de flora vaginal, com pouca associação à sintomatologia, mas associação com achados do exame ginecológico. Considerando-se as repercussões maternas e perinatais indesejáveis e a prática laboratorial exequível, sugere-se o estabelecimento de rotina para diagnóstico das alterações de flora vaginal em gestantes de baixo risco.

Se tuvo por objetivo identificar la prevalencia de las alteraciones de flora vaginal en gestantes de bajo riesgo, su asociación a la sintomatología referida y examen ginecológico. Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal, desarrollado en el servicio público de atención básica de Botucatu/SP, en el período de 2006 a 2008, con 289 gestantes, el muestreo fue realizado de forma estratificada por unidad. Se realizó examen del contenido vaginal utilizándose coloración por el método de Gram e investigación de Trichomonas vaginalis en medio líquido de Diamond. Desconsiderándose las asociaciones, la prevalencia de flora vaginal alterada fue de 49.5 por ciento, siendo las alteraciones más frecuentes: vaginitis bacteriana (20.7 por ciento), candidiasis vaginal (11.8 por ciento) y flora intermediaria (11.1 por ciento). Los datos apuntan elevada prevalencia de las alteraciones de flora vaginal, con poca asociación a la sintomatología, pero con asociación a hallazgos del examen ginecológico. Considerándose las repercusiones maternas y perinatales indeseables y la práctica de laboratorio ejecutable, se sugiere el establecimiento de rutina para diagnóstico de las alteraciones de flora vaginal en gestantes de bajo riesgo.

Utility of pH test & Whiff test in syndromic approach of abnormal vaginal discharge.

Background & objective: In India, National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) introduced syndromic approach to treat patients with abnormal vaginal discharge without a need for laboratory tests. Simple tools like pH test and Whiff test can be done without high expertise, microscope and even speculum. This can improve diagnostic value of syndromic approach of abnormal vaginal discharge. The present study was conducted to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of pH test and Whiff test in diagnosis of abnormal vaginal discharge, considering microscopic diagnosis as gold standard. Methods: This prospective hospital-based study included 564 women with abnormal vaginal discharge. All women were subjected to gynaecological examination, pH test and Whiff test. The findings were compared with microscopic examination. Statistical analysis was done by calculating proportions, percentage, sensitivity and specificity. Results: Vaginitis was diagnosed in 301 (53.37%) women. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) was the commonest type of vaginitis (39.01%). Cervical erosion was the second most common cause (17.91%) and physiological discharge was the third (14.36%). pH > 4.5 and positive Whiff test had sensitivity of 94.09 per cent and specificity 87.5 per cent in diagnosing BV. Similarly pH < 4.5 and positive or negative Whiff test had sensitivity of 83.72 per cent in diagnosing candidiasis. Interpretation &conclusion: pH test and Whiff test can improve diagnostic value of speculum examination where microscope facilities are not available.

Há aumento de dst no carnaval? Série temporal de diagnósticos em uma clínica de DST / Is there increase of std during carnival? Time series of diagnoses in a STD clinic

OBJETIVO: As doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DST) são causas frequentes de procura por serviços de saúde. As campanhas de mídia sobre DST/Aids apoiam-se na hipótese de que há maior exposição às práticas de risco para DST na época do Carnaval. Nosso objetivo é estudar a distribuição temporal dos atendimentos de primeira vez em uma clínica de DST no período de janeiro de 1993 a dezembro de 2005, visando verificar se há um aumento sazonal após o Carnaval. MÉTODOS: Selecionamos 2.646 prontuários com diagnóstico de gonorreia, sífilis e tricomoníase de pacientes que procuraram o Setor de DST da Universidade Federal Fluminense em Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Na análise estatística, utilizamos observação da média padronizada do número de atendimentos para os 13 anos, mês a mês, ano a ano, observação da série suavizada pelo método Lowess e pelo método determinístico da média móvel. RESULTADOS: Os meses de julho e agosto concentraram o maior número de diagnósticos de gonorreia e sífilis e os de junho e julho, os de tricomoníase. A gonorreia apresentou um valor máximo em maio, tendendo a se reduzir até agosto. Com relação à sífilis, observou-se um número de diagnósticos constantes entre maio e agosto, havendo menor número em janeiro e fevereiro com pico em novembro. O comportamento sazonal para a tricomoníase exibiu um máximo de diagnóstico em julho com tendência consistente de redução até o mês de dezembro, e elevação a partir de janeiro. CONCLUSÃO: O Carnaval não influencia no aumento da ocorrência de gonorréia, sífilis e tricomoníase em pacientes atendidos em uma clínica de DST em Niterói, Rio de Janeiro.

OBJECTIVE: Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) are often the cause for search for medical assistance. Media campaigns on STD/Aids presume that exposure to sexual risk practices during Carnival is greater than in other periods of the year. The objective here is to study the temporal distribution of first consultations in a STD clinic, from January, 1993, to December, 2005, to verify whether there is a seasonal increase of STD after Carnival. METHODS: Two thousand, six hundred and fifty six (2,656) records of patients who had received a diagnosis of gonorrhea, syphilisor trichomoniasis were selected. These patients at the time had looked for assistance at the STD Division of the Universidade Federal Fluminense, in Niterói, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The standardized mean of the number of consultations during those 13 years, month by month, and year by year was observed in the statistical analysis and also smoothed series by the Lowess method and by the deterministic method of the variable mean was considered. RESULTS: July and August showed an increased number of diagnoses for gonorrhea and syphilis, while in June and July there was a concentration of trichomoniasis diagnoses. Gonorrhea presented its highest value in May, tending to a reduction until August. A constant number of syphilis diagnoses was noted between May and August, with a decreased number in January and February, reaching a peak in November. The seasonal behavior of trichomoniasis showed the greatest number of diagnoses in July, with a consistent reduction tendency until December, and an increase from January on. CONCLUSION: The Carnival period has no influence on the increase of gonorrhea, syphilis and trichomoniasis diagnoses in patients observed in a STD clinic in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro.

Diagnóstico microbiológico de las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS): Parte 1. ITS no virales / Microbiological diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections (STI): Part 1. Non-viral STI

Non-viral sexually transmitted infections (STI) are an important cause of physical, psychological and social distress, have severe consequences for women's reproductive health and may be transmitted to the newborn child. These infections are also risk factors for the acquisition and transmission of HIV and other STI, and for premature labor. In the last years we have observed a gradual decrease in the national incidence of gonorrhea. The implementation of a screening program in our country for Chlomydia trachomatis is necessary, since up to 80 percent of infections in women are asymptomatic. Due to medical, psychosocial and legal reasons, laboratory diagnosis of STI has to be certain. This offers a great challenge to laboratories. Since etiological agents are susceptible to environmental conditions, present a high adaptation to their human host and have particular physiological characteristics, their laboratory diagnosis is more difficult than diagnosis of conventional microorganisms. Otherwise, the diagnostic techniques currently available for non-viral STI are characterized by their excellent sensitivity and specificity, which result of great interest given the curable nature of these infections. Clinical specimens obtained for diagnosis of STI and other genital infections, such as bacterial vaginosis or Candidiasis represent a large proportion of specimens processed by clinical laboratories. Thus, the creation of norms and quality control guidelines for laboratories which diagnose these infections, and also the epidemiologic and genetic surveillance of circulating sex transmitted microorganisms should be considered a priority in our country. The objective of this study is to review current literature on accurate diagnostic procedures especially for three non-viral STI agents: C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis.

Trichomonas vaginalis antigens in vaginal and urine specimens by immunochromatography, compared to culture and microscopy

This study evaluated the immunochromatographic [1C] capillary flow technology for detection of T. vaginalis antigens in vaginal and urine specimens. The 1C antigen-detection test and microscopy wet smears were assessed against the InPouch TV culture. Vaginal-swabs and first-voided urine specimens were obtained from 348 sexually active symptomatic or asymptomatic, >/= 16 years old women. Nineteen samples [5%] were positive by culture [95%, CI 0.3-0.8]. The 1C test [vaginal-specimens] was more sensitive than the wet smears. 1C sensitivity was 84% [95%CI, 0.68-1.01], specificity 98% [95%CI, 0.96-0.99], positive predictive value [PPV] 70% [95%CI, 0.51-0.88], negative predictive value [NPV] 99% [95%CI, 0.98-1], [positive likelihood ratio [+LR]: 39.6, and negative likelihood ratio [-LR] 0.2. The 1C test using urine as a substrate had less performance than both microscopy and 1C .test of vaginal specimens. Urine-IC sensitivity was 53% [95%CI, 0.30-0.75], specificity 99% [95% CI, 0.98-1.00], PPV 77% [95%CI, 0.54-1], NPV 97% [95%CI, 0.96-0.99], +LR: 57.7, and -LR: 0.5. Sensitivity of vaginal smear was 68% [95%CI, 0.48-0.89], specificity 100%, PPV 100% [95% CI, 1], NPV 98% [95% CI, 0.97-1], +LR>225, and -LR: 0.3. T. vaginalis was diagnosed in two wet urine samples, but not in smears. The 1C antigen improved T. vaginalis diagnosis, especially in screening, rapid, or point-of-care test, but in urine was less reliable than with vaginal smear

Balance del contenido vaginal en el diagnóstico diferencial de vaginosis-vaginitis: Reacción inflamatoria vaginal en embarazadas sintomáticas / Balance of vaginal content in vaginosis-vaginitis differential diagnosis: Vaginal inflammatory reaction in symptomatic pregnant women

El objetivo del trabajo fue validar el alto valor predictivo de BACOVA (Balance del contenido vaginal, disponible en www.fba.org.ar/proeco) en el diagnóstico microscópico diferencial de vaginosis bacteriana (VB) y vaginitis microbiana inespecífica (VMI). Fueron estudiadas 299 embarazadas sintomáticas. Se determinó por microscopía el Valor Numérico (Nugent) (VN), células guía (CG), morfotipos extraños (Mex), leucocitos por campo (Lpc), tricomonas (TV) y levaduras (LE) con lectura a 400X. Los resultados globales fueron: VN de 7 a 10, 16,4% del total de casos. BACOVA permitió diferenciar 11,7% de los casos con VN de 7 a 10, con reacción inflamatoria vaginal (RIV) menor de 10 Lpc, como casos típicos de BV. Con igual VN se detectó 4,7% de casos con RIV con más de 10 Lpc, compatibles con VMI. En sólo 7,3% de los casos de LE detectadas por microscopía (20,4% en total), se confirmó una RIV significativa. Hubo 2,7% del total de casos con RIV significativa, pH<4,5 y resultado negativo para el resto de los criterios estudiados. La determinación de la RIV, fue imprescindible, junto al VN, en el diagnóstico diferencial de VB y VMI. La RIV también es necesaria para establecer la significación clínica de la presencia de levaduras. BACOVA detecta casos con RIV significativa (2,7%), como único marcador, con pH inferior a 4,5, compatibles con infección del tracto genital superior.

This study was undertaken to demonstrate the high diagnostic predictive value of BACOVA (Balance of Vaginal Content, www.fba.org.ar/proeco) for bacterial vaginosis and microbial non specific vaginitis, in pregnant women primary health care. BACOVA including Nugent score (Gram 1000X) and leucocyte count (Wet mount and Giemsa, using 400X) was evaluated in 299 symptomatic pregnant women. Nugent score 7 to 10 was detected in 16.4%. Crossing Nugent value 7 to 10 with leucocytes counts shows that only 11.7% were below 10 leucocytes per field and 4.7% had a significant vaginal inflammatory response. Yeasts were detected in 20.4% but only in 7.2% of cases they show a significant association with vaginal inflammatory response. In 2.7% of the cases there was a significant vaginal inflammatory response, with pH below 4.5, VN from 0 to 3 and negative for TV, fishy odor, and exogenous microbial morphotypes. Simultaneous study of vaginal inflammatory response and Nugent score is mandatory in order to detect true cases of bacterial vaginosis (11.7%) from those of potential microbial non specific vaginitis (4.7%) (Donders' "aerobic vaginitis") Besides, vaginal inflammatory response became a strong criterion to define yeast vulvovaginitis (7.2%). Cases (2.7%) with score 0 to 3, negative for other criteria, with a high vaginal inflammatory response, are predictors of upper genital infections.

Investigación de Trichomonas vaginalis durante el embarazo mediante diferentes metodologías / Investigation of Trichomonas vaginalis through different methodologies during pregnancy

Los objetivos del trabajo fueron conocer la prevalencia de tricomonosis en pacientes embarazadas y evaluar la utilidad de diferentes metodologías para su diagnóstico. Se estudiaron prospectivamente 223 mujeres embarazadas. Trichomonas vaginalis se investigó utilizando distintos exámenes microscópicos, cultivo en medio sólido y medio líquido. Se evaluó la sensibilidad y especificidad de la microscopía considerando a los cultivos en ambos medios como método de referencia. La prevalencia del parásito obtenida por cultivo (medio líquido más medio sólido) fue de 4,5% (10/223) siendo la detección por examen en fresco, coloración de May-Grunwald Giemsa, fresco con solución acética formolada (SAF)/azul de metileno y por cultivo en medio sólido y líquido de 1,3%, 1,8%, 1,8% y 4,5% respectivamente. La sensibilidad del examen en fresco fue 30%, para el May-Grunwald Giemsa y el SAF/azul de metileno fue 40%. Utilizando conjuntamente los tres exámenes microscópicos, la sensibilidad se elevó al 50% y la especificidad fue 100% para todos los exámenes microscópicos. El cultivo en medio líquido detectó el 100% de los casos positivos , mientras que el medio sólido sólo el 50%. Por la baja sensibilidad de la microscopía para T. vaginalis, en embarazadas asintomáticas recomendamos la utilización del cultivo en medio líquido durante el embarazo, para instaurar un tratamiento precoz.

The aim of this study was to conduct a survey regarding the prevalence of trichomoniasis in pregnant patients and to evaluate the utility of different diagnostic methods. Two hundred and twenty three vaginal swab specimens from pregnant women were prospectively examined. Trichomonas vaginalis was investigated by various microscopic examinations, solid culture medium and liquid culture medium. The sensitivity and specificity of microscopy were evaluated by considering both culture media as the "gold standards". The prevalence of T. vaginalis obtained by both culture media (liquid plus solid media) was 4.5% (10/223). The prevalence of T. vaginalis obtained by direct smear, May-Grunwald Giemsa staining, sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin (SAF)/Methylene blue staining-fixing technique, solid medium and liquid medium was 1.3%, 1.8%, 1.8% and 4.5%, respectively. The sensitivity of the direct smear was 30 %, but for the May- Grunwald Giemsa staining and the SAF/Methylene blue staining-fixing technique was 40%. Considering the three microscopic examinations altogether, the sensitivity rose to 50% and the specificity was 100% for all of them. The solid medium detected only 50% of the positive cases; the liquid medium detected 100%. Due to the low sensitivity obtained with microscopy in asymptomatic pregnant patients, we recommend the use of the liquid medium during pregnancy, in order to provide an early treatment.

InPouch TV culture for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Trichomonas vaginalis accounts for almost half of all curable sexually transmitted infections and has also been associated with adverse outcomes of pregnancy and increased risk of HIV in women. Diagnosis of the condition by direct wet mount examination has a low sensitivity. Herein, we describe our experience with InPouch culture system for the detection of T. vaginalis. METHODS: This prospective study was carried out from May 2003 to April 2004 among women presenting with genitourinary symptoms attending a primary health center clinic in Ballabhgarh, India. Two vaginal swabs (cotton tips) were obtained from each woman. The first swab was obtained from the lateral wall of vagina and was used to make a wet mount preparation. The second swab was obtained from the posterior fornix of the vagina and inoculated in the InPouch for culture of T. vaginalis. RESULTS: Of the 601 women, 22 were positive by direct microscopy for T. vaginalis while 40 were positive by culture. Overall, T. vaginalis accounted for 6.7 per cent of reproductive tract infections. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The InPouch TV culture system is a simple, cost-effective and a sensitive method for diagnosing T. vaginalis and may be recommended for routine use in diagnosing genital tract infections.

Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in and around Surat.

Trichomonas culture method was used for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis along with gram staining and wet mount preparation. We selected 51 urban women and 51 rural women in this study. Samples were taken from both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Out of 102 samples 35 samples were positive for Trichomonas vaginalis by culture method. 20 women were positive for Trichomonas vaginalis by wet mount and 15 by gram staining technique. So it is a fact that culture of Trichomonas vaginalis is a "gold standard" in the diagnosis of trichomoniasis. As we had the opportunity to compare both urban and rural women in our study we were able to come to the conclusion that incidence of Trichomonas vaginalis is more in urban women than in rural women.

Frecuencia de tricomonas vaginalis detectadas mediante papanicolaou en cuatro servicios de salud, 1997-2002 / Frequency of Tricomonas vaginalis detected by means of Papanicolaou in four Services of Health, 1997-2002

La tricomonosis es una de las infecciones de transmisión sexual más frecuentes en el mundo. El Papanicolaou (PAP) no constituye el examen de elección para su diagnóstico, sin embargo, es frecuente el hallazgo del parásito en muestras obtenidas de población en control ginecológico. Para establecer la frecuencia de Tricomonas vaginalis en los PAP procedentes de los Servicios de Salud de Atacama, Metropolitano Norte, Oriente y Bío-Bío se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de 504.638 muestras entre los años 1997 y 2002. Los resultados demostraron la presencia del parásito en 20.270 muestras, (4,0 por ciento). En los 5 años estudiados se observó una tendencia a la disminución de la frecuencia de T. vaginalis de 4,96 por ciento a 3,31 por ciento en todos los Servicios de Salud. El grupo etario de 30-39 años fue el más afectado. Se discute la utilidad del PAP como método diagnóstico, los factores que pudieran incidir en la tendencia observada y las diferencias encontradas entre los servicios. Se concluye que la frecuencia de T. vaginalis disminuyó en los Servicios de Salud estudiados, y que la técnica de Papanicolaou permitió identificar a T. vaginalis, como también efectuar estudios de prevalencia y tratar los casos pesquisados.

Vulvovaginitis bacteriana en la prepúber / Bacterial vulvovaginitis in prepubertal girl

Considerando la alta incidencia de vulvovaginitis en la consulta de ginecología pediátrica y de adolescentes, y los aspectos únicos de la microbiología y endocrinología de la paciente prepúber se presenta una revisión de la literatura con lo más relevante de los últimos 5 años, en lo que se refiere a epidemiología, etiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la vulvovaginitis bacteriana específica de la niña prepúber. No existe claridad acerca de la microflora vaginal normal, lo cual dificulta en gran medida la interpretación de muestras. De acuerdo con la evidencia actual podemos decir que ante la vulvovaginitis específica de la prepúber debemos tener en consideración como principales agentes causales: patógenos respiratorios, epidérmicos y entéricos; higiene defectuosa, cuerpos extraños, irritantes, enfermedades dermatológicas vulvares, defectos anatómicos y abuso sexual. Streptococcus hemolitico del grupo A y Haemophilus influenzae son patógenos prevalentes.