Varizes pulsáteis simulando aneurisma de artéria femoral: relato de caso / Pulsatile varicose veins simulating femoral artery aneurysm: case report

Resumo A regurgitação tricúspide severa é citada como fator associado ao desenvolvimento ou à recidiva de varizes em membros inferiores as quais podem, retrogradamente, apresentar um fluxo pulsátil. O diagnóstico etiológico diferencial desse achado ultrassonográfico deve ser feito com a pesquisa de fístulas arteriovenosas, tendo em vista as diferentes formas de tratamento. Dada a complexidade do estado geral dos pacientes com regurgitação tricúspide, a escolha do tratamento das varizes pulsáteis deve ser individualizada, fruto de uma avaliação multidisciplinar. Fazem parte do arsenal terapêutico todas as técnicas habitualmente empregadas no tratamento de varizes, bem como a associações entre elas a serem escolhidas levando-se em conta a gravidade das manifestações clínicas e o risco cardiovascular envolvido. Relatamos um caso de varizes pulsáteis secundárias a regurgitação tricúspide, diagnosticado durante a suspeita primária de aneurisma de artéria femoral em paciente de 73 anos, com a classificação clínica da doença venosa (CEAP) 4a, oligossintomática, tratada com medidas posturais e elastocompressão.

Abstract Severe tricuspid regurgitation is mentioned as a factor associated with development or recurrence of varicose veins in the lower limbs and may present with retrograde pulsatile flow. Differential etiological diagnosis of this ultrasound finding must include investigation of arteriovenous fistulas, since the treatment methods are different. Given the complexity of the general condition of patients with tricuspid regurgitation, treatment for pulsatile varices should be chosen on a case-by-case basis after multidisciplinary evaluation. All of the techniques commonly used to treat varicose veins are part of the therapeutic arsenal, as well as combinations of them, taking into account the severity of clinical manifestations and the cardiovascular risk involved. We report a case of pulsatile varices secondary to tricuspid regurgitation diagnosed when investigating a primary suspicion of femoral artery aneurysm in a 73-year-old patient, CEAP 4a, oligosymptomatic, who was treated with postural measures and elastic compression.

Variz Intra-Óssea ­ um achado raro diagnosticado pela ressonância magnética / Intraosseous Varicose Vein ­ A rare finding diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging

Introdução: As varizes são veias que após submetidas a períodos de pressão aumentada no sistema venoso periférico se tornam dilatadas, tortuosas e alongadas. Pacientes acometidos irão referir dor no membro, além de sinais de insuficiência venosa. O exame de imagem comumente utilizado é o ultrassom com Doppler, no entanto, na presença de anomalias de drenagem venosa intraóssea, deve-se preferir a ressonância magnética. Objetivo: Relatar um caso e revisar a literatura acerca desta lesão incomum. Materiais e Métodos: Revisão do prontuário do paciente no Hospital América, registro fotográfico do método diagnóstico e revisão da literatura. Resultados: Homem de 46 anos com dor e queimação constantes, além de edema na perna e no pé esquerdos há dois meses Ao exame físico apresenta edema da perna, tornozelo e pé esquerdos, com discreto aumento de temperatura ao toque, sem alteração da coloração da pele. A ressonância magnética demonstra varicosidades das veias tibiais posteriores com comunicação através de veia perfurante com varicosidade da veia intraóssea posterior da tíbia ­ variz intraóssea. Conclusão: Este relato demonstra a dificuldade de diagnosticar a variz intra-óssea que, além de ser uma lesão rara, é diagnosticada apenas pela ressonância magnética.

Introduction: Varicose veins are veins that after being submitted to high pressure on the peripheral venous system become dilated, tortuous and elongated. Patients affected will report pain and venous insufficiency signs in the area. The imaging exam commonly used is the Doppler ultrasound, however, when in front of an intraosseous venous drainage anomaly ­ intraosseous varix, magnetic resonance should be preferred. Objective: Report a case and review the literature about this uncommon lesion. Materials and Methods: We carried out a review of medical records at Hospital América, a photographic record of diagnostic methods, and a review from the literature. Results: A 46-year-old man with constant pain and burning, as well as edema in his left leg and foot for two months. On physical examination, he had edema in his left leg, ankle, and foot, with a slight increase in temperature at the touch, without changing the skin color. Magnetic resonance imaging shows varicosities of the posterior tibial veins with communication through a perforating vein with varicosity of the posterior tibial intraosseous vein - intraosseous varicose vein. Conclusion: This report demonstrates the difficulty of diagnosing intraosseous varices, which, in addition to being a rare lesion, are diagnosed only by magnetic resonance imaging.

Associação entre insuficiência de perfurante anterior do joelho e insuficiência de veia safena magna em pacientes com varizes primárias dos membros inferiores / Association between insufficiency of anterior perforator vein of the knee and great saphenous vein insufficiency in patients with primary varicose veins of the lower limbs

A correta identificação dos pontos de refluxo no estudo das varizes primárias dos membros inferiores é importante na abordagem terapêutica desses pacientes. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre a insuficiência de veias perfurantes anteriores do joelho e a insuficiência de veia safena magna em pacientes com varizes primárias de membros inferiores. Métodos: Foram avaliados 886 pacientes, correspondendo a 1.772 membros inferiores, em pacientes acima de 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, submetidos ao mapeamento venoso superficial pela ecografia vascular. Resultados: Os pacientes apresentaram idade média de 46,1 ± 14,5 anos, sendo 81,7% do sexo feminino. A insuficiência de veia safena magna foi encontrada em 38,8% dos casos. A insuficiência da perfurante anterior do joelho foi encontrada em 146 membros inferiores (8,2%), com diâmetro médio de 1,7 ± 0,15 mm, sendo predominante a localização infrapatelar (86,4%). A tributária anterior da veia safena magna originou o refluxo na perna em 34%, com relação direta desta tributária com a perfurante anterior do joelho em 79,4%. Observou-se associação entre a presença de perfurante anterior do joelho e insuficiência de veia safena magna (p = 0,0001) e sexo masculino (p = 0,001). Conclusão: Houve associação entre insuficiência de perfurante anterior do joelho e insuficiência de veia safena magna em pacientes com varizes primárias dos membros inferiores submetidos à ecografia vascular, sendo que a correta identificação desta perfurante pode ser importante na abordagem terapêutica desses pacientes

The accurate identification of reflux points in the study of primary varicose veins of the lower limbs is important in the therapeutic approach of these patients. Objective: To evaluate the association between insufficiency of the anterior perforator vein of the knee and great saphenous vein insufficiency in patients with primary varicose veins of the lower limbs. Methods: The study included 886 patients, corresponding to 1,772 lower limbs, in patients older than 18, of both sexes, undergoing superficial venous mapping using vascular ultrasound. Results: The mean age of the patients was 46.1 ± 14.5 and 81.7% were females. Great saphenous vein insufficiency was found in 38.8% of the cases. Insufficiency of the anterior perforator vein of the knee was found in 146 lower limbs (8.2%), with a mean diameter of 1.7 ± 0.15 mm, prevailing in the infrapatellar area (86.4%). The anterior tributary vein of the great saphenous vein originated leg reflux in 34%, with a direct relation of this tributary vein with the anterior perforator vein of the knee in 79.4%. An association between the presence of anterior perforator vein of the knee and great saphenous vein insufficiency (p = 0.0001) and male gender (p = 0.001). Conclusion: There was an association between insufficiency of the anterior perforator vein of the knee and great saphenous vein insufficiency in patients with primary varicose veins of the lower limbs at vascular ultrasound, and the accurate identification of this perforator vein may be important in the therapeutic approach of these patients

Dolor pélvico crónico secundario a síndrome de congestión pélvica: resultados del tratamiento endovascular de la insuficiencia venosa pelviana y várices genitales / Embolization of insufficient pelvic veins for pelvic congestion syndrome: analysis of 17 cases

Background: Pelvic venous insufficiency may cause pelvic congestion syndrome that is characterized by chronic pelvic pain exacerbated by prolonged standing, sexual activity or menstrual cycle. It may be treated by embolizing the dysfunctional pelvic venous drainage and sometimes resecting vulvar, perineal and thigh varices. Aim: To assess the results of embolization of insufficient pelvic or ovarian veins on pelvic congestion syndrome. Material and Methods: Analysis of 17 female patients aged 32 to 53 years, who underwent subjected to a selective coil embolization of insufficient pelvic and/or ovarian veins through the jugular, basilic or cephalic veins. In the preoperative period, all patients had a lower extremity venous duplex pelvic ultrasound examination and some had an abdominal and pelvic CT angiogram. Results: The technical success of the procedure was 100% and no complications were registered. During a 32 month follow up, no patient had symptoms of pelvic venous insufficiency or relapse of vulvar or thigh varices. Conclusions: Embolization of insufficient pelvic and ovarian veins is a safe and successful procedure for the treatment of pelvic venous insufficiency or vulvar varices.

Generalidades de las venas varicosas en miembros inferiores y su tratamiento durante el embarazo: una revisión narrativa / Generalities regarding varicose veins in lower limbs and their treatment during pregnancy: a narrative review / Generalidades das varizes em membros inferiores e seu tratamento durante a gravidez: uma revisão narrativa

Resumen 20. La enfermedad varicosa es un problema común que afecta a gran parte de la población mundial, principalmente en mujeres, agravado por una condición de embarazo. Esta revisión narrativa tiene el objetivo de conocer la evidencia científica disponible sobre aspectos diagnósticos, factores de riesgo e intervención conservadora o invasiva, incluyendo cirugía de las venas varicosas en miembros inferiores en mujeres embarazadas. La búsqueda bibliográfica se llevó a cabo en las bases de datos PubMed, Biblioteca Cochrane y EBSCO Host entre los años 2009 y 2017. Se recuperó 50 referencias bibliográficas y se seleccionó seis documentos para el análisis. Respecto del diagnóstico se lleva a cabo mediante la observación, examen directo, historia clínica y exámenes más específicos como el doppler. La síntomatología más común que se presenta es el dolor en miembros inferiores, edema, pesadez, prurito y calambres. La intervención para el tratamiento a mujeres embarazadas es la terapia conservadora, aunque solo en casos excepcionales se determinará otro tipo de tratamiento. En este proceso, la educación tiene un rol muy importante en la seguridad de la madre y el feto, cuyo abordaje debe ser dado por un equipo de profesionales en salud. Se concluye que existe controversias respecto de la patogenia de esta morbilidad durante el embarazo, por lo tanto, no se ofrece otros tratamientos distintos a los recomendados desde el año 50, de manera que hay una gran necesidad de llevar a cabo estudios robustos que demuestren cuáles son las mejores medidas profilácticas más novedosas y de tratamiento desde el inicio del embarazo, además de promover la prevención de la aparición posterior, de tal manera que esté asegurada la salud de la mujer y, consecuentemente, la de su bebé.

Abstract 24. The varicose disease is a common problem that affects a large part of the world population in greater percentage of women, added to its condition the presence of pregnancy. This narrative review has the objective of knowing the available scientific evidence on diagnostic aspects, risk factors and conservative or invasive intervention including surgery of varicose veins in lower limbs in pregnant women. The bibliographic search was carried out in PubMed, Cochrane Library and EBSCO Host databases between 2009 and 2017. Fifty bibliographical references were retrieved and six documents were selected for analysis. Regarding the diagnosis is carried out through observation, direct examination, clinical history, more specific examinations such as Doppler. The most common symptom presented is a pain in the lower limbs, oedema, heaviness, pruritus and cramps. The intervention for the treatment of pregnant women is conservative therapy, only in exceptional cases will be determined another type of treatment. Education plays a very important role in the safety of the mother and the fetus. The approach to these women must be given by a team of health professionals. It is concluded that there are controversies regarding the pathogenesis of this morbidity during pregnancy and, therefore, no treatments other than those recommended since year 50 are offered, so there is a great need to carry out robust studies that show which are the best new prophylactic measures and treatment from the beginning of pregnancy, in addition to promoting the prevention of subsequent appearance, in such a way that the health of the woman and consequently that of her baby is ensured.

Resumo 28. A doença varicosa é um problema comum que afeta uma grande parte da população mundial em maior porcentagem para as mulheres, adicionou à sua condição a presença de gravidez. Esta revisão narrativa tem como objetivo conhecer as evidências científicas disponíveis sobre aspectos diagnósticos, fatores de risco e intervenção conservadora ou invasiva, incluindo cirurgia de varizes em membros inferiores em mulheres grávidas. A pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada nas bibliotecas PubMed, Cochrane Library e EBSCO Host entre 2009 e 2017. Cinquenta referências bibliográficas foram recuperadas e 6 documentos foram selecionados para análise. Quanto ao diagnóstico é realizado através da observação, exame direto, história clínica, exames mais específicos, como Doppler. O sintoma mais comum apresentado é a dor nos membros inferiores, edema, peso, prurido e cólicas. A intervenção para o tratamento de mulheres grávidas é a terapia conservadora, apenas em casos excepcionais será determinado outro tipo de tratamento. A educação desempenha um papel muito importante na segurança da mãe e do feto. A abordagem dessas mulheres deve ser dada por uma equipe de profissionais de saúde. Conclui-se que há controvérsias quanto à patogenia desta morbidade durante a gravidez e, portanto, não são oferecidos outros tratamentos além dos recomendados desde o ano 50, por isso há uma grande necessidade de realizar estudos robustos que mostrem quais são as melhores medidas profiláticas novas e o tratamento desde o início da gravidez, além de promover a prevenção da aparição subseqüente, de tal forma que seja assegurada a saúde da mulher e conseqüentemente a de seu bebê.

Clinical, ultrasonographic and histological findings in varicose vein surgery

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE This study aims to correlate the demographic data, different clinical degrees of chronic venous insufficiency (CEAP), ultrasound findings of saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) reflux, and anatomopathological findings of the proximal segment of the great saphenous vein (GSV) extracted from patients with primary chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) submitted to stripping of the great saphenous vein for the treatment of lower limb varicose. METHOD This is a prospective study of 84 patients (110 limbs) who were submitted to the stripping of the great saphenous vein for the treatment of varicose veins of the lower limbs, who were evaluated for CEAP clinical classification, the presence of reflux at the SFJ with Doppler ultrasonography, and histopathological changes. We study the relationship between the histopathological findings of the proximal GSV withdrawal of patients with CVI with a normal GSV control group from cadavers. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was higher in the advanced CEAPS categories when comparing C2 (46,1 years) with C4 (55,7 years) and C5-6(66 years), as well as C3 patients (50,6 years) with C5-6 patients. The normal GSV wall thickness (mean 839,7 micrometers) was significantly lower than in the saphenous varicose vein (mean 1609,7 micrometers). The correlational analysis of reflux in SFJ with clinical classification or histopathological finding did not show statistically significant findings. CONCLUSIONS The greater the age, the greater the clinical severity of the patients. The GSV wall is thicker in patients with lower limb varicose veins, but those histopathological changes are not correlated with the disease's clinical severity or reflux in the SFJ on a Doppler ultrasound.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Este estudo tem como objetivo correlacionar os dados demográficos, os diferentes graus clínicos da insuficiência venosa crônica (Ceap), com achados ultrassonográficos de refluxo da junção safenofemoral (JSF) e os achados anatomopatológicos do segmento proximal da veia safena magna (VSM) extraído de pacientes com insuficiência venosa crônica (IVC) primária submetidos à safenectomia magna para correção de varizes dos membros inferiores. MÉTODO Estudo prospectivo de 84 pacientes e 110 membros submetidos à safenectomia magna para o tratamento de varizes de membros inferiores, correlacionando a sua classificação clínica Ceap, presença de refluxo na JSF ao ultrassom Doppler e alterações histopatológicas. Comparamos ainda os achados histopatológicos da VSM proximal retirada dos pacientes com IVC com grupo controle de VSM normal retirada de cadáveres. RESULTADOS Média de idade dos pacientes foi maior nos Ceaps avançados quando comparado Ceap C2 (46,1 anos) com C4 (55,7 anos) e C5-6 (66 anos), e pacientes C3 (50,6 anos) com C5-6. A espessura da parede da VSM normal (média de 839,7 micrômetros) foi significativamente menor do que das VSM varicosas (média de 1.609,7 micrômetros). As análises de correlação da presença do refluxo em JSF com a classificação clínica ou achado histopatológico não demostraram ser estatisticamente significativas. CONCLUSÕES Quanto maior a idade, mais avançada é a classificação clínica da IVC dos pacientes. A espessura da parede da crossa da VSM é maior nos pacientes com IVC e essas alterações não se correlacionam com a classificação clínica da doença ou com a presença de refluxo na JSF ao ultrassom Doppler.

Evaluation of embolization for periuterine varices involving chronic pelvic pain secondary to pelvic congestion syndrome

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical response and success rate after periuterine varices embolization in patients with chronic pelvic pain secondary to pelvic congestion syndrome and to report the safety of endovascular treatment and its rate of complications. METHODS: Retrospective cohort of patients undergoing endovascular treatment of pelvic congestion syndrome in our department from January 2012 to November 2015. Data were analyzed based on patient background, imaging findings, embolized veins, rate of complications, and clinical response as indicated by the visual analog pain scale. RESULTS: We performed periuterine varices embolization in 22 patients during the study, four of which required a second embolization. Seventeen patients reported a reduction in pelvic pain after the first embolization and three patients reported a reduction in pelvic pain after the second embolization. Minor complications were observed in our patients, such as postural hypotension, postoperative pain, and venous perforation during the procedure, without clinical repercussion. CONCLUSION: Periuterine varices embolization in patients with chronic pelvic pain secondary to pelvic congestion syndrome appears to be an effective and safe technique.

Internal Jugular Vein Phlebectasia : A Rare Case of Lateral Neck Swelling.

Internal Jugular vein Phlebectasia (IJP) is a rare disease in which there is a fusiform or saccular dilatation of Internal Jugular vein, usually presenting as a compressible neck mass that becomes prominent on coughing, straining or Valsalva manoeuvre. Colour Doppler is the non invasive diagnostic tool which clinches the diagnosis. It is important to keep this diagnosis in mind in case of lateral neck swellings to avoid invasive investigations and inappropriate treatment as management of asymptomatic case is conservative.

Fluoroscopy-Guided Endovenous Sclerotherapy Using a Microcatheter Prior to Endovenous Laser Ablation: Comparison between Liquid and Foam Sclerotherapy for Varicose Tributaries

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and adverse effects of endovenous foam sclerotherapy (EFS) and liquid sclerotherapy (ELS) using a microcatheter for the treatment of varicose tributaries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From December 2007 to January 2009, patients with venous reflux in the saphenous vein were enrolled. The foam or liquid sclerosant was injected through a microcatheter just before endovenous laser ablation (EVLA). Patients were evaluated for the technical success, clinical success, and procedure-related complications during the procedure and follow-up visits. RESULTS: A total of 94 limbs were included: 48 limbs (great saphenous vein [GSV], 35; small saphenous vein [SSV], 13) were managed using EFS and EVLA (foam group; FG), and 46 limbs (GSV, 37; SSV, 9) were treated by ELS and EVLA (liquid group; LG). Varicose tributaries demonstrated complete sclerosis in 92.7% with FG and in 71.8% with LG (p = 0.014). Bruising (78.7% in FG vs. 73.2% in LG, p > 0.05), pain or tenderness (75.6% in FG vs. 51.2% in LG, p = 0.0237) were noted. Hyperpigmentation (51.2% in FG vs. 46.2% in LG, p > 0.05) was found. CONCLUSION: Endovenous foam sclerotherapy using a microcatheter is more effective than ELS for eliminating remnant varicose tributaries prior to EVLA. However, EFS is more commonly associated with local complications such as pain or tenderness than ELS. Furthermore, both techniques seem to prolong the duration of hyperpigmentation along with higher costs.

Pulmonary varices - rare cause of haemoptysis

Haemoptysis has a long list of causes, but pulmonary varices are amongst the rare causes. Pulmonary varices are rare abnormalities of pulmonary veins that may exist either as an isolated malformation or in association with pulmonary venous hypertension. This case report describes pulmonary varices as a cause of hemoptysis in an adolescent boy, which was diagnosed on multislice CT and confirmed on angiography

Prevalência do refluxo na veia safena parva em varizes primárias não complicadas dos membros inferiores pelo eco-Doppler colorido / Prevalence of short saphenous vein reflux in primary uncomplicated varicose veins by Doppler ultrasonography

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de refluxo venoso na veia safena parva em membros inferiores com varizes primárias não complicadas pelo eco-Doppler colorido. MÉTODO: No período de 18 meses, 1.953 pacientes foram submetidos ao eco-Doppler colorido de membros inferiores por doença venosa. Destes, 1.631 com varizes primárias não complicadas foram selecionados para esta análise, sendo que 1.383 eram do sexo feminino (84,79 por cento) e 248 (15,21 por cento) do sexo masculino. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 42,89 (± 0,48) anos, variando de 13 a 85 anos. Dos 1.631 pacientes, 1.323 foram submetidos a exame bilateral e 308 a exame unilateral, totalizando 2.954 membros inferiores com varizes primárias não complicadas avaliados. Desse total, 1.461 eram membros inferiores direitos e 1.493, esquerdos. Todos os exames foram realizados seguindo o mesmo protocolo. RESULTADO: Dos 2.954 membros inferiores avaliados, 372 (12,59 por cento) apresentaram refluxo em veia safena parva. A prevalência nos homens foi de 14,08 por cento e, nas mulheres, de 12,35 por cento. O refluxo da safena parva foi maior no membro inferior esquerdo (13.13 por cento) do que no direito (12,05 por cento). A prevalência do refluxo foi significativamente maior nos pacientes acima de 60 anos. CONCLUSÃO: O refluxo da veia safena parva é relativamente comum, e sua pesquisa deve ser sempre realizada em pacientes com varizes primárias de membros inferiores.

Assessment of recurrent varicose veins after surgery

The recurrence of varicose veins is a common and costly consequence of varicose vein surgery. Despite the long history and vast experience of varicose vein surgery, the exact cause of recurrence is still unknown. It may arise due to either inadequate first time surgery where missed branches can cause problems later or due to neovascularization, which is the growth of new fine veins as a consequence of the progression of the venous insufficiency disease. Investigate the aetiological background behind recurrence of varicose veins after surgery. 39 patients with 42 lower limbs with recurrent varicose veins [RVV] after surgery were divided into 3 groups. Group [A] included patients with early recurrence [within 12 weeks of their first surgery], group [B] included patients with delayed recurrence [after 12 weeks of the first surgery up to two years], while group [C] included patients with late recurrence [after two years]. All patients were clinically examined and investigated for the presence of venous reflux and/or obstruction of the superficial, deep and perforating veins using duplex scanning. Suitable management was undertaken in accordance to the duplex finding and patient's compliance. 18 [43%] lower limbs were found to have recurrence at significant sites whether sapheno-femoral junction, long saphenous vein or perforating veins. Re-do surgery was considered in 11 limbs. Injection compression sclerotherapy was considered in 18 limbs. Elastic compression socks solely were advised for the rest 13 limbs for regular follow-up. There is no way of guaranteeing that varicose veins do not recur following surgery. The risk of recurrence may be reduced by thorough, accurate surgery performed in a specialized unit and based on the results of pre-operative duplex ultrasound scan

Radiological and endoscopic study of gastric varices in Schistosomal hepatic fibrosis

Thirty patients with a history of haematemesis due to schistosomal hepatic fibrosis were investigated radiologically and endoscopically to determine the accuracy of different radiological techniques in detected gastric varices. Gastric varices were detected by a standard barium meal in 30% of patients, by double contrast barium meal in 60 percent and by splenoportography in 76.6 percent. Gastric varices were visualized by endoscopy in 33.3 percent of patients