Exuberant case of erythema elevatum diutinum in a patient infected with HIV and hepatitis B virus

Abstract Erythema elevatum diutinum is a small vessel vasculitis which is benign, rare, and chronic. It is clinically characterized by violaceous, brown, or yellowish plaques, nodules, and papules. It has been associated with autoimmune, infectious, and neoplastic processes. The following case describes a patient with hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus with CD4 count < 200 mm3, HIV-seropositive for 16 years, and diagnosed with hepatitis B virus at the hospital. The patient was treated with oral dapsone 100 mg/day, showing regression after seven months of treatment. The authors found three cases in the literature of association of erythema elevatum diutinum, human immunodeficiency virus, and hepatitis B virus.

Vasculitis crioglobulinémica con compromiso renal y síndrome de Sjögren / Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis with renal involment and Sjögren's syndrome

La vasculitis crioglobulinémica es una vasculitis de vasos pequeños que se da en presencia de crioglobulinas séricas. Las crioglobulinemias mixtas son las más frecuentes y se asocian a infecciones crónicas, típicamente al virus de la hepatitis C, así como a enfermedades linfoproliferativas y autoinmunes, más a menudo al síndrome de Sjögren. Las manifestaciones clínicas incluyen púrpura de los miembros inferiores, neuropatía periférica, artralgias y glomerulonefritis. La presencia de vasculitis crioglobulinémica en el contexto de un síndrome de Sjögren es marcadora de peor pronóstico. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con vasculitis crioglobulinémica con compromiso cutáneo y renal, que condujo al diagnóstico de un síndrome de Sjögren primario. (AU)

Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis is a small-sized vasculitis that occurs in the context of serum cryoglobulins. Mixed cryoglobulinemias are the most frequent and are associated with chronic infections, typically hepatitis C and autoimmune diseases, most commonly Sjögren's syndrome. Clinical manifestations include purpura of lower limbs, peripheral neuropathy, arthralgias and glomerulonephritis. The presence of cryoglobulinemic vasculitis in the context of Sjögren's syndrome is a marker of poor prognosis. We present the case of a patient with cryoglobulinemic vasculitis associated to cutaneous and renal involvement that led us to the diagnosis of primary Sjögren's syndrome. (AU)

Púrpura de Schönlein-Henoch del adulto con compromiso cutáneo y renal / Henoch-Schonlein purpura in an adult with cutaneous and renal involvement

La púrpura de Schönlein-Henoch (PSH) es una vasculitis sistémica dada por el depósito de inmunoglobulina A (Ig A) en la pared de los pequeños vasos sanguíneos. Clínicamente se manifiesta por un tétrada característica: compromiso cutáneo ("púrpura palpaable"); afección articular (artralgias o artritis), compromiso del tubo digestivo (dolor abdominal, hemorragia digestiva) y afección renal (hematuria o proteinuria). La patogenia de la enfermedad involucra una predisposición genética sobre la que actúan factores gatillo tales como infecciiones (más frecuentes en los niños), alimentos, picaduras de insectos, medicamentos y neoplasias (los dos últimos más frecuentes en adultos). El estudio histopatológico de las lesiones evidencia una vasculitis leucocitoclásica. La inmunofluorescencia directa detecta los depósitos de Ig A y fracción C3 del complemento a nivel perivascular en los órganos afectados. El pronóstico se determina a corto plazo por el compromiso gastrointestinal y a largo plazo por el compromiso renal. El curso de la afección renal suele ser autolimitado en los niños, ya que sólo el 1% de la población infantil desarrolla insuficiencia renal crónica. En los adultos, la glomerulinefritis es mucho más frecuente (30%) y, por lo tanto, el pronóstico no es tan favorable. No existe una teraéutica estandarizada para la PSH. El tratamiento, desde conducta expectante y medidas de soporte hasta glucocorticoides sistémicos asociados a inmunosupresores, se enfoca a controlar los síntomas agudos (artritis y dolor abdominal) y a monitorear la función renal, pues el daño puede presentarse hasta 10 años después del brote inicial. Se presenta un paciente adulto varón, de 21 años, con PSH con compromiso cutáneo (púrpura palpable en las cuatro extremidades que evoluciona por brotes) y renal (glomerulonefritis proliferativa mesangial focal y segmentaria) que respondió satisfactoriamente al tratamiento con glucocorticoides orales

Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is a systemic vasculitis due to the deposition of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the wall of small blood wessels. Clinically it is manifested by a characteristic tetrad: cutaneous involvement ("palpable purpura") joint affection (arthralgia or arthritis), digestive tract compromise (abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding) and renal affection (hematuria or proteinuria). The pathogenesis of the disease involves a genetic predisposition on which trigger factors such as infections (more frequent in children), food, insect bites, medications and neoplasms (the last two more frequent in adults). The histopathological study of the lesions evidences a leukocytoclastic vascultitis. Direct immunofluorescence detects the deposits of IgA and C3 fraction of the complement at the perivascular level in the affected organs. The prognosis is determined by the gastrointestinal commitment in the short term and by the renal compromise in the long term. The course of hidney disease is usually self-limiting in children, since only 1% of the child poulation develop chronic renal failure. In adults, glomerulonephritis is much more frquent (30%) and therfore, the prognosis is not so favorable. There is no standardized therapy for HSP. The treatment, from expectant management and support measurs to systemic glucocorticoids associated with immunosuppressants, focuses on controlling acute symptoms (arthritis and abdominal pain) and monitoring renal function, as the damage can occur up to 10 years after the initial outbreak. We present a male adult patient of 21 years old with HSP with cutaneous involvement (palpable purpura in the four extremities that evalves in outbreaks) and renal involvement (focal and segmental esangial proliferative glomerulonephritis) that responded satisfactorily to treatment with oral glucocorticoids

Vasculitis of small and large vessels, a casual association?

SUMMARY The authors report a case of a 69-year-old man with idiopathic leukocytoclastic cutaneous vasculitis. For three years, the lesions recurred with progressive worsening and were associated with systemic manifestations of low-grade fever, weight loss and raised inflammatory markers. The patient latter presented a 6th cranial nerve involvement, raising the concern of a possible systemic vasculitis, which was latter evidenced by the development of deep vein thrombosis and angina pectoris. The treatment of the patient witch based on the decreasing of inflammatory activity, by using effective immunosuppressive therapy, with lower toxicity is more important than identifying the type of the vasculitis. This case illustrates the importance of awareness for the systemic involvement that can occur in up to 50% of patients with leukocytoclastic cutaneous vasculitis.

RESUMO Os autores reportam um caso de vasculite leucocitoclástica recidivante num homem de 69 anos. Durante cerca de três anos as lesões cutáneas de vasculite leucocitoclástica reapareceram periodicamente, acompanhando-se sempre de um quadro sistêmico caracterizado por febrícula, perda de peso e astenia, assim como aumento de novo dos parâmetros inflamatórios. O aparecimento de parésia do sexto par craniano no decurso de uma dessas recorrências cutâneas levantou a hipótese de estarmos perante uma vasculite mais agressiva, com envolvimento extracutâneo. Esse envolvimento sistêmico foi novamente evidente com aparecimento de angina pectoris e trombose venosa profunda. Atualmente, mais do que a identificação do tipo de vasculite, a abordagem dos doentes com essa patologia assenta na cessação da atividade inflamatória recorrendo a terapêutica imunossupressora eficaz, com a menor toxicidade possível. Destacamos a importância da vigilância do componente sistêmico, que pode ocorrer até 50% na vasculite leucocitoclástica cutânea.

Interferon-gamma-induced local leukocytoclastic vasculitis at the subcutaneous injection site

Abstract Cutaneous reactions associated with interferons (IFNs) treatment are either localized or generalized. The most common presentation of localized reactions at IFNs injection site is usually an erythematous patch or plaque. Local leukocytoclastic vasculitis presenting with cutaneous necrosis is extremely rare. We report a 19-year-old man with hepatitis B who had local leukocytoclastic vasculitis induced by interferon-gama injection at the injection site. After changing the injection sites and using the combined treatment of prednisone and colchicine, the previous lesion healed and no other cutaneous lesion occurred. We also made a mini review of such cases.

Erythema elevatum diutinum and hypothyroidism: coincidence or causal relationship?

AbstractErythema elevatum diutinum is a rare chronic leukocytoclastic vasculitis of unknown etiology. It is believed to be due to deposition of immune complexes in the vessels. Clinically it is manifested as erythematous violaceous papules and nodules, isolated or confluent with hardened consistency, symmetrical, usually located on the extensor surface of the extremities, particularly over the joints. Diagnosis is based on clinical and histological findings. We report the case of a woman, 71 years old, with erythematous violaceous nodules on the hands, elbows, back and legs, beginning two years ago, with pain and itching. Histopathological analysis revealed leukocytoclastic vasculitis, confirming the clinical suspicion. Laboratory tests revealed hypothyroidism. We report the case because of its rarity, with subsequent review of the literature.

Drug-induced lupus with leukocytoclastic vasculitis: a rare expression associated with adalimumab

TNF alpha antagonist-induced lupus-like syndrome is a rare condition which predominantly affects women (4:1). The average age of onset is 46-51 years. It occurs after exposure to TNF alpha antagonist and disappears after discontinuation of such agents. The pathogenic mechanism for development of the TNF alpha antagonist-induced lupus-like syndrome is not fully defined. It is believed that the medication induces apoptosis, leading to an accumulation of nucleosomal antigens of apoptotic cells. This would cause autoantibodies to be produced by susceptible individuals. The most common cutaneous manifestations include maculopapular exanthem, malar rash, alopecia, photosensitivity and, more rarely, vasculitis. Extracutaneous manifestations include: fever, weight loss, arthritis or arthralgia, myositis and hematological abnormalities. Antinuclear antibody may be positive in 80% of cases and anti-histone antibody is considered a disease marker for TNF alpha antagonist-induced lupus-like syndrome. Treatment corresponds to drug discontinuation. We report a rare case of sub-acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus with leukocytoclastic vasculitis induced by adalimumab in a 42-year-old patient.

Clinical and surgical therapeutic approach in Erithema Elevatum Diutinum - case report / Abordagem terapeutica clinico-cirurgica no Eritema Elevatum Diutinum - relato de caso

Erythema elevatum diutinum is a rare chronic cutaneous vasculitis which usually affects adults. It is characterized by symmetrical and persistent papules, plaques, and nodules. These lesions are usually located on the extensor surfaces of the extremities. We report a case of erythema elevatum diutinum in which the association of dapsone and surgical excision promoted complete remission of skin lesions, providing a new approach to the treatments described in the literature.

O eritema elevatum diutinum é uma vasculite cutânea rara, crônica, que costuma afetar adultos, manifestando-se com pápulas, placas e nódulos, simétricos e persistentes, nas regiões extensoras das extremidades. Relata-se um caso de eritema elevatum diutinum, onde a associação terapêutica da dapsona e excisão cirúrgica promoveu a remissão completa das lesões cutâneas, oferecendo uma nova abordagem aos tratamentos descritos na literatura.

Cutaneous lesions and finger clubbing uncovering hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis and hepatitis C with mixed cryoglobulinemia / Lesoes cutaneas e baqueteamento digital reveladores de vasculite urticariforme hipocomplementemica e hepatite C com crioglobulinemia mista

Urticarial vasculitis is a rare clinicopathologic entity characterized by urticarial lesions that persist for more than 24 hours and histologic features of leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Patients can be divided into normocomplementemic or hypocomplementemic. The authors report the case of a healthy 49-year-old woman with a 1-year history of highly pruritic generalized cutaneous lesions and finger clubbing. Laboratory tests together with histopathologic examination allowed the diagnosis of hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis, chronic hepatitis C and type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. The patient started symptomatic treatment and was referred to a gastroenterologist for management of the hepatitis C, with progressive improvement of the skin condition. The development of hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis in the context of chronic hepatitis C is exceedingly rare and possible pathogenic mechanisms are discussed.

A vasculite urticariforme é uma entidade clinico-patológica rara caracterizada por lesões urticariformes com duração superior a 24 horas e uma vasculite leucocitoclásica na histologia. É dividida em normo e hipocomplementêmica. Os autores relatam o caso de uma mulher saudável de 49 anos, com lesões cutâneas intensamente pruriginosas e baqueteamento digital com 1 ano de evolução. O estudo efectuado permitiu efectuar os diagnósticos de vasculite urticariforme hipocomplementêmica, hepatite C crônica e crioglobulinêmia mista tipo II. A doente iniciou tratamento sintomático e foi referenciada para a Gastroenterologia para orientação da hepatite, com melhoria progressiva das lesões cutâneas. O desenvolvimento de vasculite urticariforme hipocomplementêmica no contexto de hepatite C crónica é raro e os possíveis mecanismos patogênicos são discutidos.

Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis in the presence of methimazole therapy / Vasculite leucocitoclástica cutânea na vigência de terapêutica com metimazol

Treatment with antithyroid drugs may be accompanied by side effects. We present a patient diagnosed with Grave's Disease who developed extensive vasculitis in the lower limbs during methimazole use. After suspension of the methimazole and the introduction of prednisone in immunesupressor doses the cutaneous lesions started to involute.

A terapêutica com drogas antitireoidianas pode ser acompanhada de efeitos colaterais. Apresentamos um caso de paciente com diagnóstico de Doença de Graves que na vigência da terapêutica com metimazol desenvolveu um quadro extenso de vasculite de membros inferiores. A partir da suspensão do metimazol e da introdução de prednisona em doses imunossupressoras as lesões cutâneas entraram em involução.

Enfermedad de finkelstein: reporte de un caso / Finkelstein's disease: a case report

La enfermedad de Finkelstein es una vasculitis leucocitoclástica de pequeños vasos y de curso benigno que afecta principalmente a niños menores de 2 años y se caracteriza por manifestaciones cutáneas singulares, debido al aspecto morfológico y por la aparición súbita de sus lesiones. Característicamente no se presentan afectaciones viscerales asociadas y su típica apariencia de las lesiones cutáneascontrasta con el buen estado general de los niños afectados, presentando completa y espontánea recuperación en 1-3 semanas, sin secuelas permanentes post inflamatorias. Se informa de un lactante de 18 meses de edad, cuatro días de evolución caracterizada por múltiples lesiones tipo placas purpúricas múltiples, multiformes en cara, miembros superiores e inferiores y región glútea, asociado a edema demanos y pies. La importancia del estudio radica en la etiología desconocida, la poca frecuencia de la enfermedad y en la necesidad de un diagnóstico diferencial entre la enfermedad de Finkelstein y la Púrpura de Schõlein-Henoch (PSH) debido a sus similitudes clínicas, ya que de ello dependen varios factores; en primer lugar el diagnóstico médico, pues en vista de la poca información reportada sobre eltema y a la semejanza con la PSH se pueden hacer diagnósticos equivocados y por ende tratamientos innecesarios, por esta misma razón, se cree que hay un mayor número de casos de enfermedad de Finkelstein no diagnosticados.

Finkelstein’s disease is a leukocytoclastic vasculitis of small vessels and benign course that mainly affects children under the age of 2years and is characterized by typical cutaneous manifestations. Characteristically associated visceral affectations do not occur and thespectacular nature of the skin lesions contrasts with the general condition of the affected children, presenting complete and spontaneous recovery in 1-3 weeks, without permanent sequelae. An 18 month old infant, four days of evolution characterized by multiple typepurpuric plaques multiple, multifaceted purpuric on face, upper and lower limbs, and gluteus, associated with edema of face hands and feet. The importance of the study lies in the unknown etiology, the infrecuency of the disease, and the need for a differential diagnosisbetween disease of Finkelstein and the Henoch Shonlein Purpura (PSH) due to their clinical similarities, since it´s depends on several factors; first medical diagnosis, because in view of the limited information reported on the topic and the similarity with the PSH can makewrong diagnoses and therefore unnecessary treatments, for this same reason, believed that there is a greater number of undiagnosed casesof disease of Finkelstein.

An atypical presentation of erythema elevatum diutinum

Erythema elevatum diutinum is a rare chronic leukocytoclastic vasculitis of unknown etiology. Lesions are usually asymptomatic, although burning and itchiness can occur. The typical clinical presentation is characterized by persistent, symmetrical,papules and nodules that may coalesce to form larger nodules or plaques. It may be associated with various pathologies and the diagnosis is based on clinical and histopathological findings. Treatment is based on the use of dapsone and sulfonamides, first-line therapies, and other options such as niacinamide, tetracycline,colchicine, chloroquine and corticosteroids. We describe the case of a 65-year-oldmale patient that presented a single lesion on the dorsum of the hand, an unusual clinical presentation.

Eritema elevatum diutinum como diagnóstico diferencial das doenças reumatológicas: relato de caso / Eritema elevatum diutinum como diagnóstico diferencial das doenças reumatológicas: case report

O eritema elevatum diutinum é uma vasculite leucocitoclástica cutânea crônica e rara, caracterizada por pápulas, placas e nódulos vermelhos, purpúreos e amarelados, distribuídos simetricamente sobre as superfícies extensoras das extremidades. Está associado a vários processos autoimunes, neoplásicos e infecciosos, principalmente malignidades hematológicas (cerca de 30 por cento dos casos). Artralgia e artrite são sintomas frequentes, que afetam por volta de 40 por cento dos pacientes, o que indica a necessidade de sua inclusão no diagnóstico diferencial das doenças reumatológicas, principalmente se em conjunto com outras apresentações da vasculite leucocitoclástica, caracterizadas pela combinação de manifestações reumáticas com alterações cutâneas características. Descrevemos o caso de uma paciente de 18 anos que desenvolveu eritema elevatum diutinum, cujo diagnóstico baseou-se nas características morfológicas, no padrão de distribuição das lesões cutâneas e nos achados histopatológicos de vasculite leucocitoclástica. O principal sintoma sistêmico era uma artrite severa.

Erythema elevatum diutinum is a chronic and rare cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis, characterized by red, purple and yellow papules, plaques and nodules, distributed symmetrically on the extensor surfaces of the limbs. It is associated with several autoimmune, neoplastic and infectious processes, mainly hematological malignancies in about 30 percent of the cases. Joint pain and arthritis are frequent symptoms, affecting approximately 40 percent of the patients, indicating the need for its inclusion in the differential diagnosis of rheumatic diseases, chiefl y the other presentations of leukocytoclastic vasculitis, which are characterized by the combination of rheumatic manifestations and peculiar cutaneous lesions. We report the case of an 18-year-old female patient who developed erythema elevatum diutinum and whose diagnosis was based on the morphologic characteristics, the distribution pattern of the cutaneous lesions and the histopathological fi ndings of leukocytoclastic vasculitis. The major systemic symptom was severe arthritis.

An aetiological & clinicopathological study on cutaneous vasculitis.

Background & objectives: Cutaneous vasculitis has protean clinical manifestations. It may be idiopathic or associated with a spectrum of conditions such as infections, drugs, etc. Skin is involved in both small vessel vasculitis (SVV) and medium vessel vasculitis (MVV). Overlapping features are seen between SVV and MVV. The histopathological features may not always relate with the clinical lesions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the aetiological factors and clinicopathological association in patients with cutaneous vasculitis. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, detailed history and clinical examination were done on patients with biopsy proven cutaneous vasculitis. Two skin biopsies were taken from each patient for routine histopathology and direct immunofluorescence. Results: Of the 61 patients studied, hypersensitivity vasculitis (HSV) [23 (37.7%)] and Henoch Schonlein purpura (HSP) [16 (26.2%)] were the two most common forms. Systemic involvement was seen in 32 (52.45%) patients. Drugs were implicated in 12 (19.7%) cases, infections in 7 (11.4%) and connective tissue disorders in 4 (6.5%) cases. Histologically SVV was the most common pattern, seen in all the clinically diagnosed patients with SVV (47), and in 12 of the 14 clinically diagnosed patients with MVV. Direct immunofluorescence showed positivity for at least one immunoreactant in 62 per cent of the patients and the most common deposit was C3 followed by IgG, IgA and IgM. Interpretation & conclusions: Majority of our patients with cutaneous vasculitis were idiopathic. Histologically, SVV was seen in most of our patients. No association was seen between history of drug intake and tissue eosinophilia and also between histologically severe vasculitis and clinical severity. The presence of immunoreactant IgA was not specific for HSP.

Clinical and serological manifestations associated with interferon-α levels in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus

OBJECTIVE: To determine the serum levels of interferon alpha in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus patients, their first-degree relatives and healthy controls and to evaluate the associations between serum interferon alpha and disease activity, laboratory findings and treatment features. METHODS: We screened consecutive childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus patients in a longitudinal cohort at the pediatric rheumatology unit of the State University of Campinas between 2009 and 2010. All patients demonstrated disease onset before the age of 16. Disease status was assessed according to the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) and Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index (SDI). Interferon alpha levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. RESULTS: We included 57 childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus patients (mean age 17.33±4.50), 64 firstdegree relatives (mean age 39.95±5.66), and 57 healthy (mean age 19.30±4.97) controls. Serum interferon alpha levels were significantly increased in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus patients compared to their firstdegree relatives and healthy controls. Interferon alpha levels were significantly increased in patients with positive dsDNA antibodies, patients with cutaneous vasculitis, patients with new malar rash and patients who were not receiving medication. Interferon alpha levels correlated with C3 levels and systemic lupus erythematosus Disease Activity Index scores. In addition, we observed an inverse correlation between patient age and interferon alpha levels. CONCLUSION: Interferon alpha may play a role in the pathogenesis of childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus, especially in cutaneous manifestations and dsDNA antibody formation. The observation that interferon alpha levels are increased in patients who are not taking medication should be investigated in longitudinal studies to determine whether elevated interferon alpha levels may predict systemic lupus erythematosus flares.

Edema agudo hemorrágico da infância: relato de três casos / Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy: report of three cases

O Edema Agudo Hemorrágico da Infância é uma vasculite leucocitoclástica pouco frequente, que ocorre, quase exclusivamente, em crianças entre 4 meses e 2 anos de idade. Caracteriza-se, clinicamente, pela tríade febre, lesões purpúricas na face, pavilhões auriculares e extremidades e edema. Embora os achados cutâneos sejam dramáticos e de surgimento rápido, o prognóstico é favorável, com resolução espontânea dentro de 1 a 3 semanas. Descrevem-se três casos cujos achados clínicos e histopatológicos são característicos de edema agudo hemorrágico da infância.

Acute Hemorrhagic Edema of Infancy is an infrequent leukocytoclastic vasculitis which occurs almost exclusively in children between 4 months and 2 years of age. It is clinically characterized by the triad fever, purpuric lesions on the face, auricular pinna and extremities, and edema. Although the cutaneous findings are dramatic and of rapid onset, the prognosis is favorable, with spontaneous resolution within 1 to 3 weeks. Three cases are described in which clinical and histopathological findings are characteristic of acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy.

Vasculite leucocitoclástica: mais uma "imitação" da sífilis / Leukocytoclastic vasculitis: another condition that mimics syphilis

A sífilis, doença de importante morbiletalidade no passado, tem ressurgido nos últimos anos, graças, sobretudo, às alterações nos comportamentos de risco. Um grupo epidemiológico, frequentemente, acometido é a população com infecção pelo HIV: estes pacientes podem apresentar características peculiares nas manifestações e evolução da doença. Relatamos o caso de um paciente masculino, HIV-positivo, que desenvolveu um quadro florido de secundarismo: além da roséola sifilítica, apresentou pan-uveíte bilateral e acometimento do sistema nervoso central. A investigação, apresentou fenomeno pro-zona e no estudo histologico, mostrou a presenca de vasculite leucocitoclastica achado este extremamente raro e pouco documentado.

Syphilis, a disease that in the past was associated with significant morbidity and lethality rates, has resurged in recent years principally as a consequence of changes in risk behavior. An epidemiological group that is commonly affected is the HIV-infected population. The characteristics of the disease and its progression may differ in these patients. The present report describes a case of an HIV-positive male patient, who developed florid secondary syphilis: in addition to syphilitic roseola, he also presented with bilateral panuveitis and involvement of the central nervous system. Investigation revealed the prozone phenomenon and histological examination of the skin lesions showed the presence of leukocytoclastic vasculitis. This finding is extremely rare and few cases have been documented.

Eritema elevatum diutinum: reporte de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Erythema elevatum diutinum: report of two cases and literature review

Eritema elevatum diutinum es una enfermedad cutánea poco frecuente y de curso crónico recurrente. Se caracteriza por pápulas, placas y nódulos de color rojo-violáceo de distribución acral y simétrica sobre las superficies extensoras. Un hallazgo histopatológico característico es la vasculitis leucacitoclástica. El tratamiento de elección es la dapsona, A continuación se describen dos casos de Eritema Elevatum Diutinum, el primero en un paciente adulto y el segundo en una niña de 15 años, ambos con estudio histopatológico compatible y buena respuesta al uso de difenildiazona (dapsona).

Erithema elevatum diutinum is a rare cutaneous disease. It usually has a chronic course and is characterized by purple red papules, plaques o nodules with an acral and symmetrical distribution. The main histological feature is o leucocytoclostic vasculitis. Treatment of choice is dapsone. We describe two cases of erithema elevatum diutinum, a male adult patient and a 15 year old girl. Both cases present characteristic histological findings and good response to dapsone.