Key Points for Curbing Cardiopulmonary Bypass Inflammation

PURPOSE: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) procedures are thought to activate systemic inflammatory reaction syndrome (SIRS). Strategies to curb systemic inflammation have been previously described. However, none of them is adequate, since "curbing" the extent of the inflammatory response requires a multimodal approach. The aim of the present mini-review is to discuss the main key points about the main principles in cardiopulmonary bypass curbing inflammation. METHODS: No systematic literature search (MEDLINE) and extracted data from the accumulated experience of the authors. The preconceived idea of an association between severe inflammation and coagulation disorders is reviewed. Also, some fundamental concepts, CPB inflammatory biomarkers, the vasoplegic syndrome and the need forindividual CPB protocols for children, diabetes and old patients, are discussed. CONCLUSION: The ways in which surgical technique (atraumatic vein harvest, biocompatibility and shear resistance of the circuit, monitoring, minimizing organ ischemia, minimal cross-clamping trauma, and blood management) are thought to curb SIRS induced by CPB and affect positively the patient outcome.Improved patient outcomes are strongly associated with these modalities of care, more than single or combinatorial drug strategies (aprotinin, tranexamic acid, pentoxifylline) or CPB modalities (minicircuits, heparin-coated circuits, retrograde autologous prime).

Reclassificando o espectro de pacientes septicos com o uso do lactato: sepse grave, choque criptico, choque vasoplegico e choque disoxico / Reclassifying the spectrum of septic patients using lactate: severe sepsis, cryptic shock, vasoplegic shock and dysoxic shock

Objetivo: A definição atual de sepse grave e choque séptico inclui um perfil heterogêneo de pacientes. Embora o valor prognóstico de hiperlactatemia seja bem estabelecido, ela está presente em pacientes com ou sem choque. Nosso objetivo foi comparar o prognóstico de pacientes sépticos estratificando-os segundo dois fatores: hiperlactatemia e hipotensão persistente. Métodos: Este estudo é uma análise secundária de um estudo observacional conduzido em dez hospitais no Brasil (Rede Amil - SP). Pacientes sépticos com valor inicial de lactato das primeiras 6 horas do diagnóstico foram incluídos e divididos em 4 grupos segundo hiperlactatemia (lactato >4mmol/L) e hipotensão persistente: (1) sepse grave (sem ambos os critérios); (2) choque críptico (hiperlactatemia sem hipotensão persistente); (3) choque vasoplégico (hipotensão persistente sem hiperlactatemia); e (4) choque disóxico (ambos os critérios). Resultados: Foram analisados 1.948 pacientes, e o grupo sepse grave constituiu 52% dos pacientes, seguido por 28% com choque vasoplégico, 12% choque disóxico e 8% com choque críptico. A sobrevida em 28 dias foi diferente entre os grupos (p<0,001), sendo maior para o grupo sepse grave (69%; p<0,001 versus outros), semelhante entre choque críptico e vasoplégico (53%; p=0,39) e menor para choque disóxico (38%; p<0,001 versus outros). Em análise ajustada, a sobrevida em 28 dias permaneceu diferente entre os grupos (p<0,001), sendo a maior razão de risco para o grupo choque disóxico (HR=2,99; IC95% 2,21-4,05). Conclusão: A definição de pacientes com sepse inclui quatro diferentes perfis, se considerarmos a presença de hiperlactatemia. Novos estudos são necessários para melhor caracterizar pacientes sépticos e gerar conhecimento ...

Objective: The current definition of severe sepsis and septic shock includes a heterogeneous profile of patients. Although the prognostic value of hyperlactatemia is well established, hyperlactatemia is observed in patients with and without shock. The present study aimed to compare the prognosis of septic patients by stratifying them according to two factors: hyperlactatemia and persistent hypotension. Methods: The present study is a secondary analysis of an observational study conducted in ten hospitals in Brazil (Rede Amil - SP). Septic patients with initial lactate measurements in the first 6 hours of diagnosis were included and divided into 4 groups according to hyperlactatemia (lactate >4mmol/L) and persistent hypotension: (1) severe sepsis (without both criteria); (2) cryptic shock (hyperlactatemia without persistent hypotension); (3) vasoplegic shock (persistent hypotension without hyperlactatemia); and (4) dysoxic shock (both criteria). Results: In total, 1,948 patients were analyzed, and the sepsis group represented 52% of the patients, followed by 28% with vasoplegic shock, 12% with dysoxic shock and 8% with cryptic shock. Survival at 28 days differed among the groups (p<0.001). Survival was highest among the severe sepsis group (69%, p<0.001 versus others), similar in the cryptic and vasoplegic shock groups (53%, p=0.39), and lowest in the dysoxic shock group (38%, p<0.001 versus others). In the adjusted analysis, the survival at 28 days remained different among the groups (p<0.001) and the dysoxic shock group exhibited the highest hazard ratio (HR=2.99, 95%CI 2.21-4.05). Conclusion: The definition of sepsis includes four different profiles if we consider the presence of hyperlactatemia. Further studies are needed to better characterize septic patients, to understand the etiology and to design adequate targeted treatments. .

Cirugía cardiaca con circulación extracorpórea: síndrome vasoplégico y vasopresina / Vasoplegic syndrome and its treatment with vasopressin during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with systemic inflammatory response. In some cases this clinical condition is characterized by severe hypotension due to low systemic vascular resistance during and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Afew ofthese cases do not respond to volume or catecholamines. This condition is known as vasoplegic syndrome. Its etiology is notfully understood today and carries associated morbidity and mortality In this syndrome, vasopressin levéis are reduced, as in septic and hypovolemic shock. Supplementary vasopressin improves blood pressure and might be considered as an alternative treatment. Severa! reports have shown benefits when used alone or in combination with catecholamines. However, further studies are necessary to find the most appropriate use ofthe drug for vasoplegic syndrome.