Cobertura para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la apnea obstructiva del sueño en Latinoamérica: reporte del Foro Latinoamericano de Sociedades Respiratorias / Coverage for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Latin America: Report from the Latin American Forum of Respiratory Societies

Introducción: La Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño (AOS) es un problema de salud pública en Latinoamérica; una región que es heterogénea, con recursos diferentes y sistemas de salud diversos. El objetivo fue describir la información recabada por el Foro Latino-americano de Sociedades Respiratorias sobre el acceso y cobertura para los estudios diagnósticos y tratamiento con CPAP de los pacientes con AOS. Material y Métodos: A través de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Tórax (ALAT), se envió una encuesta a todas las sociedades miembros con preguntas sobre el acceso a diagnóstico, tratamiento y cobertura de seguros privados. Resultados: El foro contó con 15 países. Se reportó la existencia de 396 unidades formales de sueño, 82% privadas y 18% públicas; en 12 países el sistema de salud público (SSP) contrata unidades privadas para otorgar servicios. En todos los países se realiza tanto polisomnografía como poligrafía respiratoria para el diagnóstico. En 8 (53%) países, el SSP cubre el tratamiento con CPAP de la AOS (en Argentina, Guatemala y México esta cobertura es parcial); los seguros privados cubren AOS en 7/15 países. Conclusiones: En Latinoamérica, existen pocas unidades formales de sueño y la mayoría son privadas. Cerca de la mitad de los sistemas de salud pública no cubren su tratamiento y, en la mayoría de los casos, los seguros privados no ofrecen cobertura. Esto deja a nuestra población vulnerable a las complicaciones de la AOS, con un concomitante aumento de la morbimortalidad y costos en salud.

Introduction: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a public health problem in Latin America, which is a heterogeneous region, with different resources and diverse health systems. The objective was to describe the information collected by the Latin American Forum of Respiratory Societies on access and coverage for diagnostic studies and CPAP treatment of patients with OSA. Methods: Through the Latin American Thorax Association (ALAT, Spanish acronym), a survey was sent to all member societies with questions about access to diagnosis, treatment, and private insurance coverage. Results: The forum included 15 countries. The existence of 396 sleep medicine units was reported, 82% private and 18% public; in 12/15 countries the public health system (PHS) contracts private units to provide services. In all countries, both polysomnography and respiratory polygraphy are performed to make the diagnosis. In only 8 (53%) countries the PHS covers the treatment of OSA (in Argentina, Guatemala and Mexico this coverage is partial); private insurance coverage is in 7/15 countries.Conclusions: In Latin America there are few formal sleep units and most are private. About half of public health systems do not cover their treatment and, in most cases, private insurance does not offer coverage. This leaves our population vulnerable to the complications of OSA, with a concomitant increase in morbidity, mortality and health costs.

Avaliação dos hábitos de vida e o risco de desenvolvimento de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em uma universidade de goiás / Assessment of lifestyle habits and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes at a university in Goiás / Evaluación de los hábitos de vida y el riesgo de desarrollar diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en una universidad de Goiás

Introdução:O diabetes mellitustipo 2éuma condição endócrino-metabólica caracterizada pela hiperglicemia crônica decorrente da progressiva perda de sensibilidade periférica à insulina. Com efeito, as mudanças ocorridas nos padrões alimentares e de atividade física nos últimos anos possuem estreita relação com o aumento na prevalência dediabetes mellitus tipo 2mundialmente. Dito isso, é imprescindível a identificação precoce dos hábitos de vida inadequados na população, para que seja possível atuar preventivamente e diminuir os riscos de desenvolvimento da doença. Objetivo:Analisar os fatores de risco e o risco de desenvolvimento de diabetes mellitustipo 2 entre os alunos do curso de medicina, por meio do Escore Finlandês de Risco de Diabetes. Metodologia:Estudo epidemiológico analítico realizado por meio de questionário auto aplicado. As prevalências dos fatores de risco foram calculadas, e o teste do qui-quadrado e/ou Exato de Fisher foram realizados para verificar possível associação dos fatores de risco e o perfil dos entrevistados. 343 estudantes participaram do estudo. Resultados:A pontuação foi de 4,45 na amostra geral, classificado como "risco baixo". Os fatores de risco mais prevalentes foram parentesco com indivíduo portador de diabetes, alimentação não-saudável e sedentarismo. Houve associação entre sexo feminino e sedentarismo e entre sexo masculino e sobrepeso/obesidade. Conclusões:O escore de risco dos estudantes de medicina é considerado baixo e a presença de fatores de risco pode ser associada ao perfil do entrevistado (AU).

Introduction:Diabetes mellitus type 2is an endocrine and metabolic condition characterized by chronic hyperglycemia arising from progressive loss of peripheral sensibility to insulin. Effectively, changes in diet and physical activity in the past years are closely related to the increase in prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2worldwide. Considering that, it is indispensable to perform an early identification of inadequate populational lifestyles in order to allow preventative measures seeking to decrease the development of this disease. Objective:Analyzing the risk factors and risks of developing diabetes mellitus type 2 among the medicine school students through the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score. Methodology:Analytic epidemiologic study through a self-assessment questionnaire. Risk factors prevalence were calculated and the chi-square test and/or the Fisher's exact test were conducted to verify a possible association between risk factors and interviewees' profile. 343 students have participated in the study. Results:Within the general sampling, the final scorewas 4.45, which is classified as "low risk". The most prevalent risk factors were: being related to individuals with diabetes, unhealthy diet, and sedentarism. There was an association of female individuals and sedentarism, and of male individuals and overweight/obesity. Conclusions:The risk score of the medicine school students is considered low and the appearance of risk factors can be associated to the interviewee's profile (AU).

Introducción: El diabetes mellitus clase 2es una condición endocrino-metabólica caracterizada por la hiperglucemia crónica originada por la progresiva pérdida de sensibilidad periférica a la insulina. En efecto, los cambios que ocurren en los estándares alimentarios y de actividad física en los últimos años tienen relación con el aumento de la prevalencia dediabetes mellitus classe 2mundialmente. Por ello, es importante la identificación temprana de los hábitos de vida no adecuados en la población para que se pueda actuar de manera preventiva y disminuir los riesgos de desarrollo de esta enfermedad. Objetivo: Analizar los factores de riesgo y el riesgo del desarrollo de diabetes mellitus clase 2 entre los alumnos del curso de medicina, a través del Score Finlandés de Riesgo de Diabetes. Metodología: Estudios epidemiológico-analíticos hechos a través de encuestas auto aplicadas. Las prevalencias de los factores de riesgo se calculan y el test de chicuadrado y/o Exacto de Fisher serealizan para verificar la posible asociación de los factores de riesgo y el perfil de los entrevistados. 343 estudiantes participan del estudio. Resultados: La puntuación es de 4,45 en la muestra general, clasificado como "riesgo bajo". Los factores de riesgo más prevalentes fueron parentesco con individuo que tiene diabetes, alimentación no sana y sedentarismo. Hubo asociación entre sexo femenino y sedentarismo y entre sexo masculino y sobrepeso/obesidad.Conclusiones: El score de riesgo de los estudiantes de medicina es considerado bajo y la presencia de factores de riesgo puede asociarse al perfil del entrevistado (AU).

Bacteriemia asociada a catéteres venosos centrales no tunelizados en niños en hemodiálisis crónica / Bacteremia associated with non-tunneled central venous catheters in children undergoing chronic hemodialysis

Introducción. La infección asociada a catéter venoso central (CVC) es la principal complicación que presentan los pacientes en hemodiálisis en los que se usa este tipo de acceso. Objetivo. Estimar la incidencia de bacteriemia asociada a CVC no tunelizado, analizar la frecuencia de agentes causales y explorar factores de riesgo asociados en niños en hemodiálisis. Población y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo realizado en niños en hemodiálisis por CVC no tunelizado entre el 1 junio de 2015 y el 30 de junio de 2019. Para evaluar factores de riesgo predictores de bacteriemia asociada a CVC, se realizó regresión logística. Los factores de riesgo independiente se expresaron con odds ratio con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza del 95 %. Se consideró estadísticamente significativo un valor de p <0,05. Resultados. En este estudio se incluyeron 121 CVC no tunelizados. La incidencia de bacteriemia fue de 3,15 por 1000 días de catéter. El microorganismo aislado con mayor frecuencia fue Staphylococcus epidermidis (16 casos, 51,5 %). La infección previa del catéter fue el único factor de riesgo independiente encontrado para el desarrollo de bacteriemia asociada a CVC no tunelizado (OR: 2,84; IC95%: 1,017,96; p = 0,04). Conclusiones. El uso prolongado de los CVC no tunelizados para hemodiálisis crónica se asoció con una incidencia baja de bacteriemia. Los gérmenes grampositivos predominaron como agentes causales. La presencia de infección previa del CVC aumentó en casi 3 veces el riesgo de bacteriemia asociada a CVC en nuestra población pediátrica en hemodiálisis.

Introduction. Central venous catheter (CVC)-related infection is the main complication observed in patients undergoing hemodialysis with this type of venous access. Objective. To estimate the incidence of non-tunneled CVC-related bacteremia, analyze the frequency ofcausative agents, and explore associated risk factors in children undergoing hemodialysis. Population and methods. Retrospective study in children receiving hemodialysis via a non-tunneled CVC between June 1 st, 2015 and June 30 th, 2019. A logistic regression was carried out to assess risk factors that were predictors of CVC-related bacteremia. Independent risk factors were described as odds ratios with their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). A value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. A total of 121 non-tunneled CVCs were included in this study. The incidence of bacteremia was 3.15 per 1000 catheter-days. The most commonly isolated microorganism was Staphylococcus epidermidis(16 cases, 51.5%). Prior catheter infection was the only independent risk factor for the development of bacteremia associated with non-tunneled CVC (OR: 2.84, 95% CI: 1.01­7.96, p = 0.04). Conclusions. Prolonged use of non-tunneled CVCs for chronic hemodialysis was associated with a low incidence of bacteremia. Gram-positive microorganisms prevailed among causative agents. A prior CVC infection almost trebled the risk for CVC-related bacteremia in our pediatric population receiving hemodialysis.

Guía técnica de continuidad de cuidados para personas con trastornos mentales graves y/o problemas psicosociales de riesgo en los Centros de Salud Mental Comunitaria / Technical guide to continuity of care for people with serious mental disorders and/or psychosocial problems at risk in Community Mental Health Centers

La presente publicación describe las pautas para establecer los criterios conceptuales y metodológicos para la implementación, ejecución y evaluación de la continuidad de cuidados de las personas con trastorno mental grave y/o problemas psicosociales de riesgo en los Centros de Salud Mental Comunitaria

Mortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 durante la primera ola en una institución de tercer nivel de Neuquén / Mortality in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 during the First Wave in a Tertiary Care Institution in Neuquén

Introducción: En diciembre de 2019, se detectó un brote de enfermedad por un nuevo coronavirus que evolucionó en pandemia con severa morbilidad respiratoria y mortali- dad. Los sistemas sanitarios debieron enfrentar una cantidad inesperada de pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria. En Argentina, las medidas de cuarentena y control sani - tario retrasaron el primer pico de la pandemia y ofrecieron tiempo para preparar el sis- tema de salud con infraestructura, personal y protocolos basados en la mejor evidencia disponible en el momento. En una institución de tercer nivel de Neuquén, Argentina, se desarrolló un protocolo de atención para enfrentar la pandemia adaptado con la evo- lución de la mejor evidencia y evaluaciones periódicas de la mortalidad hospitalaria. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte observacional para evaluar la evolución de pacientes con COVID-19 con los protocolos asistenciales por la mortalidad hospitalaria global y al día 28 en la Clínica Pasteur de Neuquén en 2020. Resultados: Este informe describe los 501 pacientes diagnosticados hasta el 31 de di- ciembre de 2020. La mortalidad general fue del 16,6% (83/501) y del 12,2% (61/501) al día 28 de admisión. En los 139 (27,7%) pacientes con ventilación mecánica, la mortali- dad general y a los 28 días fue de 37,4% (52/139) y 28,1% (38/139) fallecieron, respec- tivamente. Los factores de riesgo identificados fueron edad, comorbilidades y altos re- querimientos de oxígeno al ingreso. Conclusión: La mortalidad observada en los pacientes hospitalizados en nuestra insti- tución en la primera ola de la pandemia COVID-19 fue similar a los informes internacio- nales y menor que la publicada en Argentina para el mismo período.

Introduction: In December 2019, an outbreak of disease due to a new coronavirus was detected that evolved into a pandemic with severe respiratory morbidity and mortality. Health systems had to face an unexpected number of patients with respiratory failure. In Argentina, quarantine and health control measures delayed the first peak of the pan - demic and offered time to prepare the health system with infrastructure, personnel and protocols based on the best evidence available at the time. In a third level institution of Neuquén, Argentina, a care protocol was developed to confront the pandemic adapted by evolving best evidence and periodic evaluations of hospital mortality. Methods: Observational cohort study to evaluate the evolution of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 with care protocols in terms of overall hospital mortality and at day 28 at the Pasteur Clinic in Neuquén in 2020. Results: This report describes the 501 patients diagnosed until December 31, 2020. Mortality was 16.6% (83/501) and 12.2% (61/501) on day 28 of admission. Among the 139 (27.7%) patients with mechanical ventilation, overall mortality and at 28 days it was 37.4% (52/139) and 28.1% (38/139), respectively. The risk factors identified were age, comorbidities and high oxygen requirements on admission. Conclusion: The mortality observed in patients hospitalized in our institution during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic was similar to international reports and lower than other publications in Argentina for the same period.

Cribado prenatal de aneuploidías mediante análisis de ácido desoxirribonucleíco libre total circulante en plasma materno. Revisión narrativa / Prenatal screening for aneuploidies by analysis of circulating total free deoxyribonucleic acid in maternal plasma. Narrative review

La prueba prenatal no invasiva es un método de cribado de aneuploidías fetales y de resultar con riesgo alto debe ser confirmado a través de prueba genética diagnóstica. Es la prueba de detección más sensible y específica para las aneuploidías fetales comunes y minimiza la realización de técnicas invasivas, solo para las gestantes con riesgo elevado. Se debe realizar asesoramiento genético pre- y poscribado. Este estudio tiene como objetivo describir los fundamentos básicos de la prueba prenatal no invasiva mediante el análisis del ácido desoxirribonucleíco libre circulante en plasma materno para cribado de aneuploidías, y de los métodos primordiales y avances en biología molecular incluyendo las tecnologías de secuenciación de nueva generación, que lo han facilitado, considerando sus beneficios y limitaciones al aplicarla en la práctica clínica, en este campo que cambia con tanta rapidez(AU)

The non-invasive prenatal test is a screening method for fetal aneuploidies and if the result is at high risk, it must be confirmed through diagnostic genetic test. It is the most sensitive and specific detection test for common fetal aneuploidies and minimizes the use of invasive techniques, only for pregnant women at high risk. Genetic counseling should be performed before and after screening. This study aims to describe the basic fundamentals of non-invasive prenatal testing by analyzing free circulating deoxyribonucleic acid in maternal plasma for aneuploidy screening, and the primary methods and advances in molecular biology, including next-generation sequencing technologies, which have facilitated it, considering its benefits and limitations when applying it in clinical practice, in this rapidly changing field(AU)

Epidemiological study of Hepatitis C in people deprived of liberty / Estudo epidemiológico da Hepatite C em pessoas privadas de liberdade

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of hepatitis C (HCV) is high among prisoners. If untreated, a substantial number of patients progress to cirrhosis, hepatocarcinoma, or liver failure. World Health Organization aims to reduce the incidence of infection by 90% by 2030. OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of anti-HCV and sociodemographic and clinical aspects, related to the presence of the antibody, in the population deprived of liberty. METHODS: Cross-sectional and epidemiological survey, with exploratory, observational, quantitative-analytical components. A simple random sample of 233 participants, with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) and, a 4% margin of error, was calculated for a population of 1,564 prisoners. The relationship between sociodemographic and clinical variables was evaluated, considering as outcome of the rapid test for anti-HCV results, using the associative measure Prevalence Ratio (PR) with a 95% CI. RESULTS: 240 people participated. The prevalence of anti-HCV was 2%, and the use of injectable drugs (PR 14.75; PRIC95% 2.09-104.28), being born in the decades of 1951 to 1980 (PR 9.28; PRIC95% 1.06-81.57) and be co-infected with hepatitis B virus (PR 10.75; PRIC95% 1.66-69.65) were the aspects that presented a relevant prevalence ratio for the presence of the virus, which could be generalized to the population. CONCLUSION: This is a population that is difficult to access, the study is relevant because it contributes to preventive measures of public health in the prison system. Moreover, it shows the need to implement measures to prevent and contain the spread of HCV, aiming at the elimination of hepatitis C in this population.

INTRODUÇÃO: A prevalência da hepatite C (HCV) é elevada entre os prisioneiros. Se não tratada, proporção substancial das infecções progride para cirrose, hepatocarcinoma ou insuficiência hepática. Organização Mundial de Saúde tem a meta de reduzir a incidência da infecção em 90% até 2030. OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência do anti-HCV e os aspectos sociodemográficos e clínicos, relacionados à presença do anticorpo, na população privada de liberdade. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal por inquérito epidemiológico, com componente exploratório, observacional, quantitativo-analítico. Foi calculada amostra aleatória simples de 233 pessoas, Intervalo de Confiança (IC) 95%, margem de erro 4% para população de 1564 prisioneiros. Foi avaliada a relação entre os aspectos sociodemográficos e clínicos com o desfecho obtido pelo teste rápido para anti-HCV por meio da medida associativa Razão de Prevalência (RP) e IC de 95% para essa estimativa. RESULTADOS: Participaram 240 pessoas. A prevalência do anti-HCV foi de 2%, sendo que o uso de drogas injetáveis (RP 14,75; RPIC95% 2,09-104,28), ter nascido nas décadas de 1951 a 1980 (RP 9,28; RPIC95% 1,06-81,57) e ser coinfectado com o vírus da hepatite B (RP 10,75; RPIC95% 1,66-69,65) foram os aspectos que apresentaram razão de prevalência para a presença do vírus, passível de generalização para a população. CONCLUSÃO: Trata-se de população de difícil acesso, o estudo é relevante por contribuir para medidas preventivas de saúde pública no sistema prisional. Outrossim, mostra a necessidade de se implementar medidas para evitar e conter a disseminação de HCV, visando a microeliminação da hepatite C na população carcerária.

Guía técnica de continuidad de cuidados para personas con trastornos mentales graves y/o problemas psicosociales de riesgo en los Centros de Salud Mental Comunitaria / Technical guide for continuity of care for people with serious mental disorders and/or risk psychosocial problems in Community Mental Health Centers

La presente publicación describe los criterios conceptuales y metodológicos para la implementación, ejecución y evaluación de la continuidad de cuidados (CC) de las personas con trastorno mental grave y/o problemas psicosociales de riesgo en los en los Centros de Salud Mental Comunitaria (CSMC), así como de contribuir a la recuperación, calidad de vida, la integración familiar y comunitaria de las personas con trastorno mental grave y/o problemas psicosociales de riesgo, mediante el fortalecimiento de la continuidad de cuidados (CC) en los Centros de Salud Mental Comunitaria (CSMC)

Prevalence of depression and anxiety and associated factors among students in southern Brazil: results from Respire study / Prevalência de depressão e ansiedade e fatores associados em estudantes no sul do Brasil: resultados da pesquisa Respire

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms has significantly increased in Brazil since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the studies investigating the prevalence of these symptoms in school-aged in Brazil are scanty. OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of moderate or severe symptoms of depression and anxiety and the associated factors among students in southern Brazil. METHODS: This was a census study with all 14 sites of the Federal Institute Sul-riograndense. We used a self-administered, online instrument to assess biological, sociodemographic, health, nutrition, and behavior-related variables. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale assessed depression and anxiety. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 5,112 students. The prevalence of students who presented moderate or severe symptoms of anxiety and depression was 34.3% and 24.3%, respectively. In the fully adjusted analysis, factors associated with anxiety and depression symptoms were female sex, low income, screen time at work, worse health perception, unhealthy diet, poor sleep quality, smoking, alcohol consumption, and medication use. Early age and students whose family members or friends died from COVID-19 were associated with anxiety. Married and having less screen time during leisure was a protective factor for depression. Physical activity reduced by 18% and 33% the likelihood of moderate or severe symptoms of anxiety and depression, respectively. CONCLUSION: Public policies to improve the health care of Brazilian students during the return to face-to-face activities are required.

INTRODUÇÃO: No Brasil, a prevalência de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão aumentaram significativamente desde o início da pandemia de COVID-19. No entanto, há uma lacuna no número de estudos que investigaram a prevalência destes sintomas em estudantes de idade escolar no Brasil. OBJETIVO: Identificar a prevalência de depressão e ansiedade e seus fatores associados em estudantes no sul do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um censo em todos os 14 campi do Instituto Federal Sul-rio-grandense através de um instrumento on-line, auto preenchido, com variáveis biológicas, sociodemográficas, de saúde, nutricionais e comportamentais. A saúde mental foi coletada através da Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. RESULTADOS: Participaram do estudo 5.112 estudantes com prevalência de sintomas moderados ou severos de ansiedade e depressão de 34,3% e 24,3%, respectivamente. Após a análise ajustada, ser mulher, ter renda baixa, maior tempo de tela no trabalho, pior percepção de saúde, maior consumo de alimentos não saudáveis, baixa qualidade de sono, ser fumante, consumir bebidas alcoólicas e usar medicamentos foram fatores de risco para ansiedade e depressão. Foram associadas somente a ansiedade, ser mais jovem e ter tido familiar/amigo morto por COVID-19. Ser casado e ter menor tempo de tela no lazer foi fator protetor para depressão. Praticar atividade física reduziu 18% e 33% a probabilidade de apresentar sintomas mais severos de ansiedade e depressão, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: É importante a implementação de políticas de gestão no cuidado da saúde dos estudantes nas escolas durante o retorno as atividades presenciais.

Mal do século: meio ambiente e doença no filme "Safe" (1995) de Todd Haynes / Evil of the century: environment and disease in the film "Safe" (1995) by Todd Haynes / El mal del siglo: medio ambiente y enfermedad en la película "Safe" (1995) de Todd Haynes

O filme "Safe" (1995), dirigido por Todd Haynes, conta a história de Carol White, dona de casa de classe média alta em Los Angeles, que começa a sofrer de uma misteriosa alergia aos frutos da "modernidade" (alimentos ultraprocessados, produtos sintéticos e poluição). Realizado décadas atrás, o filme é atual para criticar a sociedade contemporânea, explorando a desconexão e o vazio existencial nas crises ambientais. A resenha se aprofunda nos dilemas sofridos pela personagem que, apesar de viver em um ambiente abastado, sente-se alienada e busca refúgio em um grupo que oferece uma solução pseudocientífica para seu mal. O filme se posiciona como uma crítica à sociedade de consumo e às consequências das políticas neoliberais, questionando a eficácia de soluções superficiais para problemas profundos e sistêmicos.

The film "Safe" (1995), directed by Todd Haynes, tells the story of Carol White, an upper-middle-class housewife in Los Angeles, who begins to suffer from a mysterious allergy to the fruits of "modernity" (ultra-processed foods, synthetic products and pollution). Despite being made decades ago, the film is current in criticizing contemporary society, exploring the disconnection and existential void in environmental crises. The review delves into the dilemmas suffered by the character who, despite living in a wealthy environment, feels alienated and seeks refuge in a group that offers a pseudoscientific solution to her illness. The film positions itself as a critique of consumer society and the consequences of neoliberal policies, questioning the effectiveness of superficial solutions to deep, systemic problems.

La película "Safe" (1995), dirigida por Todd Haynes, cuenta la historia de Carol White, una ama de casa de clase media alta de Los Ángeles, que comienza a sufrir una misteriosa alergia a los frutos de la "modernidad" (alimentos, productos ultraprocesados, productos sintéticos y contaminación). A pesar de haber sido realizada hace décadas, la película está vigente en su crítica a la sociedad contemporánea, explorando la desconexión y el vacío existencial en las crisis ambientales. La reseña profundiza en los dilemas que sufre el personaje que, pese a vivir en un entorno acomodado, se siente alienada y busca refugio en un grupo que ofrece una solución pseudocientífica a su enfermedad. La película se posiciona como una crítica a la sociedad de consumo y las consecuencias de las políticas neoliberales, cuestionando la efectividad de soluciones superficiales a problemas sistémicos profundos.

Reparación tisular de los tejidos orales: una revisión de la literatura / Oral tissues healing: a review of the literature

El odontólogo realiza de forma rutinaria procedimientos que generan lesiones en los tejidos duros y blandos, por lo que resulta importante que el profesional conozca los procesos normales de cicatrización y reparación. La cicatrización es un fenómeno fisiológico que se presenta en cualquier tejido vivo que ha sido lesionado, que tiene importantes componentes vasculares y celulares que llevan una secuencia específica y que dependiendo de la magnitud de la lesión, el tejido podrá regenerar o cicatrizar según sea el caso. Asimismo, existen patologías sistémicas específicas y locales capaces de retrasar el proceso normal de cicatrización. El objetivo del presente artículo es explicar el proceso normal de reparación tisular de los tejidos orales y periorales (AU)

The dentist routinely performs procedures that generate injuries to hard and soft tissues, so it is important that the professional knows the normal healing and repair processes. Cicatrization is a physiological phenomenon that occurs in any living tissue that has been injured that has important vascular and cellular components that carry a specific sequence and that, depending on the magnitude of the lesion, the tissue may regenerate or heal as the case may be. Likewise, there are specific systemic and local pathologies capable of delaying the normal healing process. The aim of this article is to explain the normal tissue repair process of oral and perioral tissues (AU)

Factores de riesgo asociados a mala adherencia en adolescentes trasplantados hepáticos en transición / Risk factors associated with poor adherence in adolescent liver transplant recipients in transition

Cada vez más pacientes trasplantados hepáticos durante la edad pediátrica alcanzan la adultez debido al aumento en las tasas de sobrevida a largo plazo, por lo que requieren continuar su atención en un centro de adultos. Este pasaje entre centros se asocia con peores resultados clínicos y mayor mala adherencia, debido al momento de vulnerabilidad que representa este momento en la atención médica y por el mismo momento vital atravesado por el paciente adolescente. La mayoría de los centros de trasplantes establecieron programas de transición para mejorar estos resultados. Para que estos programas sean efectivos, deben conocerse las barreras y los facilitadores de adherencia tanto en el paciente como en su entorno. El objetivo de este trabajo es reconocer estos factores de riesgo y su relación con mala adherencia y resultados clínicos, y realizar un seguimiento a corto plazo de los pacientes transferidos a un centro de atención de adultos. Para esto, se realizó una encuesta pre y post derivación a una cohorte de pacientes adolescentes del Hospital Garrahan. Para medir mala adherencia se utilizaron métodos objetivos y subjetivos, cada uno de los cuales correlacionó con distintos factores de riesgo, como presencia de violencia, consumo de sustancias y déficit educativo. Como conclusión, medir la mala adherencia es complejo debido a que su origen es multifactorial. Al parecer, combinar cuestionarios validados con entrevistas no estructuradas es la estrategia más efectiva para detectar mala adherencia en la consulta médica. Luego, las variables psicosociales están cobrando cada vez más relevancia y deben ser consideradas en los programas de transición de los servicios de trasplante si se quiere lograr un seguimiento a largo plazo exitoso (AU)

An increasing number of pediatric liver transplant patients reach adulthood due to the increase in long-term survival rates, and therefore require continued care in an adult center. This transition between centers is associated with worse clinical outcomes and poorer adherence, due to the vulnerability that this moment in medical care represents and the same vital moment that the adolescent patient goes through. Most transplant centers have established Transition Programs to improve these outcomes. For these programs to be effective, the barriers and facilitators of adherence in both the patient and their environment should be known. The aim of this study was to identify these risk factors and their relationship with poor adherence and clinical outcomes, and to perform a short-term follow-up of patients transferred to an adult care center. For this purpose, a pre- and post-referral survey was conducted on a cohort of adolescent patients from the Garrahan Hospital. Objective and subjective methods were used to measure poor adherence, each of which correlated with different risk factors, such as the presence of violence, substance use, and educational deficits. In conclusion, measuring poor adherence is complex because its origin is multifactorial. Combining validated questionnaires with unstructured interviews seems to be the most effective strategy for detecting poor adherence in the medical consultation. Therefore, psychosocial variables are becoming increasingly relevant and should be considered in the Transition Programs of transplantation services if a successful longterm follow-up is to be achieved (AU)

Perfil das doenças metabólicas na perda auditiva ocupacional / Profile of metabolic damages in occupational hearing loss / Perfil de enfermedades metabólicas en la pérdida auditiva ocupacional

Introdução: O diagnóstico precoce quanto às perdas auditivas é essencial para minimização do impacto social em relação à rotina laboral e na qualidade de vida. Objetivo: Caracterizar a associação entre a perda auditiva em trabalhadores com doenças metabólicas. Método: Estudo transversal retrospectivo de dados secundários de prontuário com o tratamento das doenças metabólicas, os dados foram coletados em duas clínicas de saúde ocupacional (C1 e C2) em Florianópolis - Santa Catarina (Brasil), no período de janeiro de 2020 a dezembro de 2022, considerando exames referenciais a partir do ano de 2005. Os dados foram organizados em planilhas do programa Microsoft Excel® e, posteriormente, exportados e analisados no software MedCalc® Statistical Software versão 22.006. Resultados: Foram analisados dados de 97 pacientes (71 homens e 26 mulheres), expostos ao ruído ocupacional (p = 0,0047), com diagnóstico de ao menos uma doença metabólica (41,20%) e prevalência de medicamentos da classe ATC H (p = 0,0465) e Losartana® (OR = 1,6976). Conclusão: O ruído ocupacional é o principal fator de risco auditivo nas empresas analisadas, e a presença de doença metabólica poderá influenciar em alterações dos limiares auditivos. Para reduzir a vulnerabilidade dessa população, é necessário a promoção, educação e conscientização dos trabalhadores nos aspectos de saúde. (AU)

Introduction: Early diagnosis of hearing loss is essential to minimize the social impact in relation to work routine and quality of life. Objective: Analyze the association between hearing loss in workers and metabolic diseases. Method: Retrospective cross-sectional study of secondary data on the use of medications in metabolic diseases, the data were collected in two occupational health clinics (C1 and C2) in Florianópolis - Santa Catarina (Brazil), from January 2020 to December 2022, considering references from exams from the year 2005. The data were organized in Microsoft Excel® spreadsheets and subsequently exported and analyzed using the MedCalc® statistical software version 22.006. Results: The data of 97 patients (71 men and 26 women) exposed to occupational noise (p = 0.0047), diagnosed with at least one metabolic disease (41.20%) and prevalence of ATC H class medications (p = 0.0465) and Losartan® (OR = 1.6976). Discussion andConclusion: Occupational noise is the main auditory risk factor, and the presence of metabolic disease can influence hearing thresholds. To reduce the vulnerability of this population, it is necessary to promote, raise awareness and educate, using approaches related to health aspects at work. (AU)

Introducción: El diagnóstico precoz de la pérdida auditiva es fundamental para minimizar el impacto social en la rutina laboral y la calidad de vida. Propósito: Analizar la asociación entre pérdida auditiva en trabajadores y enfermedades metabólicas. Metodología: Estudio transversal retrospectivo de datos secundarios sobre el uso de medicamentos en enfermedades metabólicas; Los datos fueron recolectados en dos clínicas de salud ocupacional (C1 y C2) en en Florianópolis - Santa Catarina (Brasil), de enero de 2020 a diciembre de 2022, considerando referencias de exámenes del año 2005. Los datos fueron organizados en hojas de cálculo Microsoft Excel®. y posteriormente exportados y analizados. utilizando el software estadístico MedCalc® versión 22.006. Resultados: Se analizaron los datos de 97 pacientes (71 hombres y 26 mujeres) expuestos a ruido ocupacional (p = 0,0047), diagnosticados con al menos una enfermedad metabólica (41,20%) y prevalencia de medicamentos clase ATC H (p = 0,0465). y Losartan® (OR = 1,6976). Discusión y Conclusión: El ruido ocupacional es el principal factor de riesgo auditivo y la presencia de enfermedad metabólica puede influir en los umbrales auditivos. Para reducir la vulnerabilidad de esta población es necesario promover, sensibilizar y educar utilizando enfoques relacionados con aspectos de salud en el trabajo. (AU)

Correlation between postoperative cardiac risks factors, functionality and hospital length of stay / Correlação entre os fatores de risco cardíaco pós-operatórios, funcionalidade e tempo de internação

INTRODUÇÃO: Cardiac surgery (CS) may be associated with several organic repercussions responsible for the appearance of cardiac risk factors during the postoperative period. These, associated with prolonged hospital length of stay (LoS), may trigger critical manifestations in individuals undergoing this surgical procedure. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationships between postoperative cardiac risk factors, LoS, and changes in functioning state. METHODS: Patients undergoing reconstructive, substitutive, or corrective cardiac surgeries were evaluated. The presence of postoperative cardiovascular risks was assessed using the InsCor score, while LoS and functionality were collected from medical records. RESULTS: One-hundred patients with a mean age of 59.2±12.3 years were included. Significant correlations between functionality and both the hospital and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) LoS (p<0.0001, ρ=0.56; p=0.002, ρ=0.29, respectively), as well as between hospital LoS and the number of comorbidities (p=0.003, ρ=0.28) were found. No significant relationships were observed between the number of postoperative risk factors and LoS. CONCLUSION: Functionality and comorbidities are associated with increased hospital and ICU LoS in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

INTRODUÇÃO: A cirurgia cardíaca (CC) pode estar associada a diversas repercussões orgânicas responsáveis pelo surgimento de fatores de risco cardíaco no pós-operatório. Estas, associadas ao tempo de internação hospitalar (TIH) prolongado, podem desencadear manifestações críticas em indivíduos submetidos a esse procedimento cirúrgico. OBJETIVO: Investigar a correlação entre os fatores de risco cardíaco pós-operatórios em CC, funcionalidade e o (TIH). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados pacientes submetidos a CC reconstrutivas, substitutivas ou corretivas. A presença de riscos cardiovasculares pós-operatórios foi avaliada pelo escore da InsCor, enquanto o TIH e a funcionalidade foram coletados em prontuários médicos. RESULTADOS: Cem pacientes com idade média de 59,2±12,3 anos foram incluídos. Correlações significativas entre funcionalidade e TIH total e na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) (p<0.0001, ρ=0.56; p=0.002, ρ=0.29, respectivamente), bem como entre o TIH e o número de comorbidades (p=0.003, ρ=0.28) foram encontradas. Não foram observadas correlações significativas entre o número de fatores de risco pós-operatórios e o TIH. CONCLUSÃO: O número de alterações funcionais e o número de comorbidades estão associados ao aumento do TIH total e na UTI em pacientes submetidos à CC.

Assessment of obstetric history and cervical length as risk factors for preterm birth / Evaluación de la história obstétrica y la longitud cervical como factores de riesgo para el parto prematuro

Introduction: Preterm birth, before 37 weeks of gestation, is the main determinant of neonatal morbidity and mortality and is associated with serious consequences,including compromised quality of life for the affected individual and physical, psychological, and economic costs. Objective: To evaluate the correlation of obstetric history, cervicovaginal infections, and cervical length with preterm birth. A prospective, blind cohort study evaluated 1,370 pregnant women from Ribeirão Preto between 20 and 25 weeks of gestation. Materials and methods: The correlation between obstetric history, cervical length, and gestational age at birth was obtained by calculating the relative risk of the different variables. Results: The distribution of pregnant women according to cervical length (CL) showed a predominance of women with a cervix longer than 2.5 cm (n = 1,308, 95.8%), followed by women with a cervix between 2 and 2.49 cm (n = 42, 3.1%) and < 2 cm (n = 15, 1.1%). Among the 1,370 pregnant women evaluated, 133 had spontaneous preterm birth (< 259 days); 14 (10.5%) preterm births occurred in women under 19 years of age, 105 (79%) in women between 19 and 35 years, and 14 (10.5%) in women older than 35 years. Microbiological analysis showed the growth of Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and other bacteria in 8, 17, and 16 women with preterm birth, respectively. Among the 133 women with spontaneous preterm birth, CL was < 2.5 cm in 15 women, < 2 cm in 3, < 1.5 cm in 3, and < 1 cm in 2. Conclusion: The identification of pregnant women at high risk for preterm delivery can reduce the incidence of preterm birth. Although no gold standard test exists for the prediction of preterm birth, this study confirms that the measurement of CL is a good individual predictor.

Introducción: El nacimiento pretérmino, antes de las 37 semanas de gestación, es el principal determinante de la morbimortalidad neonatal y se asocia a graves consecuencias,incluyendo el compromiso de la calidad de vida del individuo afectado y costes físicos, psicológicos y económicos. Objetivo: Evaluar la correlación de los antecedentes obstétricos, infecciones cervicovaginales y longitud cervical con el parto prematuro. Estudio de cohorte prospectivo, ciego, evaluando 1.370 gestantes de Ribeirão Preto entre 20 y 25 semanas de gestación. Material y métodos: La correlación entre los antecedentes obstétricos, la longitud cervical y la edad gestacional al nacer se obtuvo calculando el riesgo relativo de las diferentes variables. Resultados: La distribución de las gestantes según la longitud cervical (LC) mostró un predominio de mujeres con cuello uterino mayor de 2,5 cm (n = 1,308, 95.8%), seguidas de mujeres con cuello uterino entre 2 y 2,49 cm (n = 42, 3.1%) y menor de 2 cm (n = 15, 1.1%). De las 1,370 embarazadas evaluadas, 133 tuvieron un parto prematuro espontáneo (< 259 días); 14 (10.5%) partos prematuros se produjeron en mujeres menores de 19 años, 105 (79%) en mujeres de entre 19 y 35 años, y 14 (10.5%) en mujeres mayores de 35 años. Los análisis microbiológicos mostraron la proliferación de Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum y otras bacterias en 8, 17 y 16 mujeres con parto prematuro, respectivamente. Entre las 133 mujeres con parto prematuro espontáneo, la CL fue < 2.5 cm en 15 mujeres, < 2 cm en 3, < 1.5 cm en 3 y < 1 cm en 2. Conclusión: La identificación de las gestantes con alto riesgo de parto prematuro puede reducir la incidencia de parto prematuro. Aunque no existe una prueba de referencia para la predicción del parto prematuro, este estudio confirma que la medición de la longitud cervical es una buena predicción individual.

Transición a la medicina del adulto en sobrevivientes de un trasplante alogénico de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas / Transition to adult medicine in survivors of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Los sobrevivientes de un trasplante alogénico de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas (TACPH) pediátrico presentan alto riesgo de padecer problemas de salud. Debido a esta vulnerabilidad, la continuidad del cuidado impacta en su pronóstico y la transición a la medicina del adulto (TMA) es un proceso clave. Objetivo: Evaluar el proceso actual de TMA de los receptores de TACPH en nuestro hospital. Métodos: Diseño: observacional retrospectivo y prospectivo. Población: todos los pacientes (p) que realizaron su TMA desde enero/2022 a marzo/2023. Instrumentos: entrevista personal; material escrito; resumen de historia clínica; escalas TRAQ 5.0 (transición), PedsQL 4.0 (CVRS) y Lansky (funcionalidad); elección de estrategias de seguimiento según complejidad y requerimientos; contacto con profesionales de adultos; entrevista telefónica luego de 6 meses posTMA; red conformada. Resultados: 36p completaron la TAM (33 presencial, 3 virtual). Edad m19 años (m6 años de seguimiento), 70% del interior del país, 58% TACPH por enfermedad maligna, 64% TACPH familiar. A la TMA: antecedente EICHc 50%, segunda enfermedad maligna 2%, compromiso órganos 75% (m2/p, r0-8, mayormente endocrinológicas, oculares y neurológicas), 94% Lansky ≥80 (r50-100), PedsQL m82 (27% ≤75), TRAQ m3.4 (r1.7- 4.8). Derivación: todos los p cubrían sus necesidades (30% en centros de alta complejidad o expertos en THA) pero 3p debieron readecuar las estrategias, 5p presentaban complicaciones en actividad o necesidad de pronta resolución. Contacto posterior: 30/33p continuaban seguimiento, 3p pudieron retomarlo, 9p nuevas complicaciones/tratamientos. Red: 20 profesionales/instituciones. Conclusiones: Se refuerza la necesidad y utilidad de un proceso de TMA tanto formal como personalizado según necesidades individuales de los pacientes con TACPH (AU)

Pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) survivors are at high risk for health problems. Because of this vulnerability, continuity of care impacts their prognosis and transition to adult medicine (TAM) is a key process. Objective: To evaluate the current process of TAM of HSCT recipients in our hospital. Methods: A retrospective and prospective observational study was conducted. The population included all patients (p) who underwent TAM from January 2022 to March 2023. Instruments used included personal interviews, written materials, medical history summaries, the TRAQ 5.0 (transition), PedsQL 4.0 (HRQoL), and Lansky (functionality) scales. Follow-up strategies were chosen according to complexity and requirements, with contact established with adult professionals and a telephone interview conducted six months post-TAM in an established network network. Results: 36p completed TAM (33 face-to-face, 3 online). Mean age was 19 years (with a mean of 6 years of follow-up); 70% were from the provinces of the country, 58% underwent HSCT due to malignant disease, 64% had familial HSCT. At TAM: 50% had a history of GVHD, 2% had a second malignant disease, and 75% had organ involvement (mean of 2 per patient, ranging from 0 to 8, mostly endocrinological, ocular, and neurological), 94% had Lansky ≥80 (range, 50-100), mean PedsQL was 82 (27% ≤75), mean TRAQ was 3.4 (range, 1.7-4.8). Referral needs were met for all patients (30% in tertiary-level centers or with experts in allogeneic HSCT), although 3 patients had to readjust strategies, and 5 had complications requiring prompt resolution. In subsequent contact, 30 out of 33 patients continued follow-up, 3 resumed it, and 9 experienced new complications or treatments. The network included 20 healthcare providers/institutions. Conclusions: This study reinforces the need for and usefulness of a formal and personalized TAM process according to the individual needs of patients with HSCT (AU)

Partos y cesáreas en edad de riesgo en hospitales del Maule desde 2017 a 2021 / Births and cesarean sections at risk age in Maule hospitals from 2017 to 2021

Pregnancy, despite being a physiological process, can lead to morbidity and mortality, which is increased at risk ages, defined as younger or equal to15 years and older or equal to 35 years. For an adequate approach it is necessary to know the local reality of the population, therefore, the objective of this study is to describe and analyze the discharges of births and cesarean sections at risk age in the Maule Region from 2017 to 2021 using the database collected from the Biostatistics Unit of the Maule Health Service, which includes the hospitals of the region. Within the observed period, a total of 30,599 deliveries and cesarean sections were studied, being these a total of 5,581 at risk age, of which 0.65% corresponds to women younger or equal to 15 years and 17.57% to women older or equal to 35 years. There is a downward tendency in births in general, mostly evidenced in less or equal to 15 years, and on the contrary, a rise in births and cesarean sections of more or equal to 35 years, differing with the statistics at the country level. The tendency of increasing maternal age of pregnancies in the Maule region and its consequences are a fundamental factor when planning new public policies, so we consider it of vital importance to promote research and update the evidence, with a focus on the local population.

El embarazo a pesar de ser un proceso fisiológico puede conllevar morbimortalidad, la cual se acrecienta en edades de riesgo, definida como menor o igual a 15 años y mayor o igual a 35 años. Para el adecuado enfrentamiento se necesita conocer la realidad local, por ello, el objetivo de este estudio es describir y analizar los egresos de partos y cesáreas en edad de riesgo en la Región del Maule desde el año 2017 a 2021 utilizando la base de datos recogida desde la Unidad de Bioestadística del Servicio de Salud Maule, la cual incluye los hospitales de la región. Dentro del periodo observado se estudió un total de 30.599 partos y cesáreas, siendo estos un total de 5.581 en edad de riesgo, de los cuales 0.65% corresponde a mujeres menores o igual a 15 años y 17.57% a mujeres mayores o igual a 35 años. Existe una tendencia a la baja de los nacimientos en general, mayormente evidenciado en menores o igual a 15 años, y por el contrario, un alza en los partos y cesáreas de mayores o igual a 35 años, difiriendo con las estadísticas a nivel país. El aumento de la edad materna de los embarazos en la región del Maule y sus consecuencias son un factor fundamental a la hora de planificar nuevas políticas públicas, por lo que consideramos de vital importancia promover la realización de investigaciones y actualización de la evidencia sobre el tema, con un enfoque en la población local.

Avaliação dos principais fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento do carcinoma espinocelular: revisão narrativa de literatura / Evaluation of the main risk factors associated with the development of spinocellular carcinoma: narrative literature review

Introdução: A detecção precoce de lesões malignas na cavidade oral é crucial para a prevenção do câncer oral. Cirurgiões-dentistas desempenham um papel vital ao compreender os fatores de risco do carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) a fim de facilitar essa prevenção. No entanto, a identificação do câncer bucal é complexa, sendo a falta de capacitação um obstáculo para diagnósticos oportunos. Objetivo: Este estudo visa apresentar, por meio de uma revisão de literatura, os fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento do CEC a estudantes e profissionais da área. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizada uma busca de artigos científicos publicados entre 2015 e 2023 nas bases de dados SciELO, Pubmed e ScienceDirect. As palavras-chave foram escolhidas com base nos Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS), abrangendo "Neoplasias Bucais" e "Carcinoma Oral de Células Escamosas". Resultados: Foram identificados 502 documentos. Após critérios de exclusão, 26 artigos científicos originais relacionados ao tema foram considerados elegíveis. Conclusão: O papel do cirurgião-dentista é essencial na prevenção e detecção precoce do câncer oral, exigindo total atualização sobre os fatores de risco para um desempenho eficaz.

Introduction: Early detection of malignant lesions in the oral cavity is crucial for the prevention of oral cancer. Surgeons-dentists play a vital role in understanding the risk factors of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in order to facilitate this prevention. However, the identification of oral cancer is complex, being the lack of training an obstacle for timely diagnoses. Objective: This study aims to present, through a literature review, the risk factors associated with the development of CEC to students and professionals of the area. Materials and methods: A search was carried out for scientific articles published between 2015 and 2023 in the SciELO, Pubmed and ScienceDirect databases. The keywords were chosen based on the Describers in Health Sciences (DeCS), encompassing "Buccal Neoplasms" and "Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma". Results: Foram identified 502 documents. After exclusion criteria, 26 original scientific articles related to the topic were considered eligible. Conclusion: The role of dental surgery is essential in the prevention and early detection of oral cancer, requiring full updating on risk factors for effective performance.

Reemergencia de la encefalitis equina del oeste (WEEV) en la Argentina: una revisión de aspectos epidemiológicos, virológicos y clínicos de relevancia / Reemergence of western equine encephalitis in Argentina

La encefalitis equina del oeste (WEEV, por su sigla en inglés, Western Equine Encephalitis) es una enfermedad reemergente en Argentina a partir del año 2023. La co-municación inicial fue en 1933, las últimas epizootias ocurrieron en 1983 y el último caso humano se registró en 1996. Se revisan las características del agente causal, la ecología con especial referencia a los vectores iden-tificados en el país, su competencia en la transmisión y el ciclo así como los factores de riesgo para adquirir la enfermedad. La situación epidemiológica en equinos y humanos desde noviembre 2023 hasta marzo 2024 es analizada. Se describen las formas clínicas de presen-tación de la enfermedad humana, las posibilidades evo-lutivas, los datos disponibles en los casos confirmados y el tratamiento. La metodología y algoritmo empleados para el diagnóstico etiológico en el Centro Nacional de Referencia son detallados. Las estrategias para la pre-vención y el control se basan en la vacunación de los equinos, el saneamiento ambiental y el control del foco ante la presentación de la enfermedad animal (vigilancia epidemiológica activa)

Western equine encephalitis (WEE) is a re-emerging dis-ease in Argentina starting in 2023. Since the initial notifi-cation in 1933, the last epizootics occurred in 1983, and the last human case was recorded in 1996.The charac-teristics of the causative agent, the ecology with special reference to vectors identified in the country, their compe-tence in transmission, and the cycle as well as the risks factors for acquiring the disease, are reviewed.The epidemiological situation in horses and humans from November 2023 to March 2024 is analyzed. The clinical presentation of the human disease, its evolutionary po-tential, available data in confirmed cases, and the treat-ment are described.The methodology and algorithm used for the etiological diagnosis at the National Reference Center are detailed. Strategies for prevention and control are based on vaccination of horses, environmental sani-tation and outbreak control in the presence of the animal disease (active epidemiological surveillance)