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A systematic literature review of leptospirosis outbreaks worldwide, 1970-2012 / Revisión sistemática de los brotes de leptospirosis en el mundo, 1970-2012
Munoz-Zanzi, Claudia; Groene, Emily; Morawski, Bozena M; Bonner, Kimberly; Costa, Federico; Bertherat, Eric; Schneider, Maria Cristina.
  • Munoz-Zanzi, Claudia; University of Minnesota. Minneapolis MN. US
  • Groene, Emily; University of Minnesota. Minneapolis MN. US
  • Morawski, Bozena M; University of Minnesota. Minneapolis MN. US
  • Bonner, Kimberly; University of Minnesota. Minneapolis MN. US
  • Costa, Federico; Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador BA. BR
  • Bertherat, Eric; World Health Organization. Geneva. CH
  • Schneider, Maria Cristina; Pan American Health Organization. Washington DC. US
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 44: e78, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1127124
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective. This review describes the geographic and temporal distribution of, detection methods for, and other epidemiological features of published leptospirosis outbreaks, with the aim of informing efforts to standardize outbreak-reporting practices. Methods. We conducted a systematic review of leptospirosis outbreaks reported in the scientific literature and ProMED during 1970-2012. Predefined criteria were used to identify and classify outbreaks and a standard form was used to extract information. Results. During 1970-2012, we identified 318 outbreaks (average 7 outbreaks/year; range 1-19). Most outbreaks were reported in the Latin America and the Caribbean region (36%), followed by Southern Asia (13%), and North America (11%). Most outbreaks were located in tropical and subtropical ecoregions (55%). Quality classification showed that there was clear description of laboratory-confirmed cases in 40% of outbreaks. Among those, the average outbreak size was 82 cases overall (range 2-2 259) but reached 253 cases in tropical/subtropical ecoregions. Common risk factors included outdoor work activities (25%), exposure to floodwaters (23%), and recreational exposure to water (22%). Epidemiologic investigation was conducted in 80% of outbreaks, mainly as case interviews. Case fatality was 5% overall (range 0%-60%). Conclusions. Outbreak reporting increased over the study period with outbreaks covering tropical and non-tropical regions. Outbreaks varied by size, setting, and risk factors; however, data reviewed often had limited information regarding diagnosis and epidemiology. Guidelines are recommended to develop standardized procedures for diagnostic and epidemiological investigations during an outbreak and for reporting.(AU)
RESUMEN
RESUMEN Objetivo. Describir la distribución geográfica y temporal, los métodos de detección y otras características epidemiológicas de los brotes de leptospirosis publicados con el fin de fundamentar los esfuerzos tendientes a estandarizar las prácticas empleadas en la notificación de brotes. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de los brotes de leptospirosis notificados en la bibliografía científica y en ProMED entre 1970 y 2012. Se utilizaron criterios predefinidos para identificar y clasificar los brotes y se empleó un formulario estándar para extraer la información. Resultados. Entre 1970 y 2012 se identificaron 318 brotes (promedio 7 brotes/año; rango 1-19), la mayoría de ellos en América Latina y el Caribe (36%), región seguida por Asia meridional (13%) y América del Norte (11%). La mayoría de los brotes se localizaron en ecorregiones tropicales y subtropicales (55%). La clasificación cualitativa reveló que en el 40% de los brotes había una clara descripción de los casos confirmados por laboratorio. Entre ellos, el tamaño promedio del brote fue de 82 casos (rango 2-2259 casos) pero alcanzó los 253 casos en ecorregiones tropicales o subtropicales. Entre los factores de riesgo frecuentes figuraban las actividades laborales al aire libre (25%), la exposición a agua proveniente de inundaciones (23%) y la exposición a agua con fines recreativos (22%). En el 80% de los brotes se realizaron investigaciones epidemiológicas, principalmente entrevistas de casos. La mortalidad específica de los casos fue del 5% (rango 0%-60%). Conclusiones. La notificación de brotes aumentó durante el período de estudio, y los brotes abarcaron regiones tropicales y no tropicales. Los brotes fueron diferentes en cuanto a su tamaño, el entorno y los factores de riesgo; sin embargo, los datos examinados con frecuencia incluían una información limitada respecto del diagnóstico y la epidemiología. Se recomiendan directrices para elaborar procedimientos estandarizados para las investigaciones diagnósticas y epidemiológicas durante un brote y para su notificación.(AU)
Subject(s)


Full text: Available Index: LILACS (Americas) Main subject: Disease Outbreaks / Public Health Surveillance / Leptospirosis Type of study: Practice guideline / Prognostic study / Qualitative research / Risk factors / Screening study / Systematic reviews Language: English Journal: Rev. panam. salud pública Journal subject: Public Health Year: 2020 Type: Article Affiliation country: Brazil / Switzerland / United States Institution/Affiliation country: Pan American Health Organization/US / Universidade Federal da Bahia/BR / University of Minnesota/US / World Health Organization/CH

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Full text: Available Index: LILACS (Americas) Main subject: Disease Outbreaks / Public Health Surveillance / Leptospirosis Type of study: Practice guideline / Prognostic study / Qualitative research / Risk factors / Screening study / Systematic reviews Language: English Journal: Rev. panam. salud pública Journal subject: Public Health Year: 2020 Type: Article Affiliation country: Brazil / Switzerland / United States Institution/Affiliation country: Pan American Health Organization/US / Universidade Federal da Bahia/BR / University of Minnesota/US / World Health Organization/CH