Pesquisa de trastornos alimentarios en jóvenes con diabetes tipo 1: estudio comparativo con población normal / Screening of eating disorders in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a comparative study with a normal control group

RESUMEN

Objetivo Pesquisar Trastornos alimentarios (TA) en fase preclínica en jóvenes con Diabetes Mellitus Insulinodependiente (DMID), comparar los resultados con población control (PC) sana del estudio de la Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría (SAP) Identificar la asociación con factores metabólicos y medio-ambientales. Métodos: Entre 12/2001 y 8/2003 pediatras diabetólogos de 13 centros del país encuestaron a 270 pacientes con DMID de ambos sexos de 10 a 19a. Se utilizaron como instrumentos el EDEQ (Questionary Eating Disorders Examination), modificado con 40 preguntas y 5 subescalas, para detectar pacientes sospechosos de TA y el EDE12 para la confirmación diagnóstica. El diagnóstico de TA se basó en el DSM-IV. Se tomó una encuesta demográfica y control metabólico de los pacientes diabéticos y se evaluó antropometría (Peso, Talla, Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC)). Los resultados se compararon con 1971 controles del estudio de la SAP evaluados de igual forma. Se aplicó Chi2, test de T, Test de Fisher, Anova. Un valor de p <0.05 se consideró significativo. Se utilizó el programa EpiInfo 6.04. Resultados: El 26.5% (72/270) fue sospechoso de tener TA vs. 19.2% (380/1971) de la PC (p=0.001). Encontramos 20% de varones diabéticos sospechosos que, comparados con la PC (12%) fue mayor (p=0.001). Encontramos mayor proporción de sospechosos entre las post-menárquicas (p 0.006), los pacientes con antecedentes de problemas alimentarios (p=0.001) y los que presentaron un IMC superior al Plo.90 (p=0.03). Completó el EDE-12 el 78% de los sospechosos (56/72) confirmando TA el 94.6% (53/56). Estos pacientes presentaron trastorno alimentario no especificado (TANE). De ellos, 48 (91%) llenaron criterio de trastorno compulsivo del comer (BED). No se diagnosticó ni anorexia nerviosa (AN) ni Bulimia nerviosa (BN). 15% (11) de los sospechosos manipuló insulina. La prevalencia de sobrepeso fue de 18.8% en diabéticos vs. 26.3% en PC (p NS) Conclusión: La frecuencia de sospecha de TA así como el diagnóstico de formas subclínicas es mayor que la encontrada en la PC y la citada por la literatura. El equipo tratante deberá estar alerta en especial en las púberes postmenárquicas, los pacientes con antecedentes de problemas alimentarios y aquellos con alto IMC (AU)

ABSTRACT

Objective: To screen eating disorders (ED) in the pre-clinical phase in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), to compare the results with a healthy control group (CG) of the Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría (SAP) study, and to identify associated metabolic and environmental factors. Methods: Between 12/2001 and 8/2003 pediatricians specialized in diabetes from 13 centers in Argentina interviewed 270 male and female patients with IDDM between 10 and 19 years. The QEDE (Questionnaire Eating Disorders Examination) was used, modified with 40 questions and 5 subscales, to detect patients with possible ED and the EDE12 to confirm the diagnosis. The diagnosis of ED was made using the DSM-IV. Demographic and anthropometric data (weight, height, body mass index (BMI)) were registered and the patients were metabolically controlled. The results were compared with the data of 1971 controls from the SAP study that were similarly assessed. Chi square test, T test, Fisher test, and Anova were used for the statistical analysis. A p value of <0.05 was considered significant. EpiInfo 6.04 was used. Results: Of the patients, 26.5% (72/270) was suspected of having an ED vs. 19.2% (380/1971) of the CG (p=0.001). Of the male IDDM patients, 20% was suspected of having an ED compared to 12% of the CG (p=0.001). We found a higher rate of suspected cases among post-menarche girls (p 0.006), patients with a history of eating disturbances (p=0.001), and those who had a BMI greater than the 90th percentile (p=0.03). Of the patients suspected of having an ED, 78% (56/72) filled out the EDE-12, confirming the ED in 94.6% of the cases (53/56). These patients presented with non-specified eating disorders (NOSED). Forty-eight 48 (91%) met the criteria of binge-eating disorder (BED). Neither anorexia nervosa (AN) nor bulimia nervosa (BN) was diagnosed. Fifteen percent (11) of those suspected having an ED manipulated insulin. The prevalence of overweight was 18.8% among the IDDM patients vs. 26.3% in the CG (p NS). Conclusion: Suspicion of ED and sub-clinical forms of ED was more frequent in the IDDM group than in the CG or than mentioned in the literature. The treating team should specially be alert in post-menarche adolescents, patients with a history of eating disturbances, and in those with a high BMI (AU)