Medición y caracterización de factores familiares, individuales, ambientales en consumo y no consumo de drogas en adolescentes / Measurement and characterization of factors related to the family, the individual and the environment, in the consumption and non-consumption of drugs by adolescents

RESUMEN

Objetivo. Medir y caracterizar factores familiares, individuales y ambientales en el consumo y no consumo de drogas, en adolescentes hombres y mujeres escolarizados, de Minatitlán, Veracruz México. Materiales y métodos. Estudio cuantitativo descriptivo, con metodología de Diseño de Bloques Incompletos Balanceados, aplicado en una muestra de 720 adolescentes. Utilizando instrumentos con propiedades psicométricas para México. Se utilizó el modelo de Rasch para obtener instrumentos ajustados y fiables para caracterizar hombres y mujeres consumidores y no consumidores de drogas, en cada uno de los factores medidos, con el estadístico t de student de muestras independientes. El análisis colectivo fue través del anclaje de los instrumentos. Resultados. Los adolescentes inician el consumo de drogas legales a los 12 años de edad y el consumo de drogas ilegales a los 13 años. Los adolecentes se caracterizaron hacia el bajo riesgo en los factores familiares, individuales y ambientales. Sin embargo, los consumidores de drogas hombres y mujeres, tienen mayor riesgo que los no consumidores. Se derivó un instrumento para medir a futuro factores familiares individuales y ambientales para el consumo y no consumo de drogas en adolescentes en Minatitlán. Conclusiones. La caracterización del consumo y no consumo de drogas aporta conocimiento para enfermería, desde lo teórico y la medición. Señala la importancia de enfermería en la gestión política, social, administrativa, para la demanda del consumo de drogas. Es referente para la enfermería escolar y familiar, en programas preventivos dirigidos a los factores detectados en hombres y mujeres. Por último, proporciona base teórica para futuras investigaciones para enfermería.

ABSTRACT

Objective. To measure and characterize factors related to the family, the individual and the environment in the consumption and non-consumption of drugs by male and female adolescents enrolled in schools in Minatitlan, Veracruz, Mexico. Materials and methods. Quantitative descriptive study, using the Balanced Incomplete Block Design method, applied to a sample of 720 adolescents, and instruments with psychometric properties adapted to Mexico. The Rasch method was used to develop instruments that were appropriate and reliable to characterize male and female drug consumers and non-consumers, in each of the factors being measured applying the statistical function of the Student t distribution of independent samples. The collective analysis was done by anchoring the instruments to each other. Results. Adolescents begin to use legal drugs at the age of 12 years, and start to consume illegal drugs at the age of 13 years. The adolescents were characterized as low risk with regard to factors related to the family, the individual and the environment. However, illegal drug users, both male and female, have a higher risk tan non- consumers. An instrument was derived to measure factors related to the family, the individual and the environment in the future, for consumption and nonconsumption of drugs in adolescents in Minatitlan. Conclusions. The characterization of consumption and non-consumption of drugs provides knowledge for nursing, both theoretical and with regard to measurement. It points out the importance of nursing in the political, social, and administrative management of the demand for drug consumption. It is a point of reference for school nurses and family-practice nurses, in preventive programs based on the factors identified for men and women. Lastly, it provides a theoretical basis for future research in nursing.