Conocimiento y percepción del rol fonoaudiológico en la atención de neonatos prematuros / Knowledge And Perception Of The Role Of The Speech Pathologist In The Care Of Premature Infants

RESUMEN

La labor del fonoaudiólogo en la Unidad de Cuidado Critico Neonatal fundamenta la atención y el mantenimiento de vía oral como métodos de alimentación seguros y eficaces en los pacientes. El recién nacido, goza de manera innata con acciones neurovegetativas como un recurso fisiológico de alimentación; estos procesos funcionales denominados succión-respiración-deglución, podrían alterarse y así generar situaciones de riesgo en la salud neonatal. Como recurso de contingencia del riesgo, el fonoaudiólogo ejerce su función terapéutica en diferentes servicios de atención. Para el caso de la Clínica Universitaria Bolivariana durante el 2021-2022, se busca describir el conocimiento y la percepción del rol del fonoaudiólogo en la atención de neonatos prematuros por parte del equipo de trabajo de la unidad. La metodología fundamentó un estudio descriptivo transversal bajo un enfoque mixto de análisis de instrumentos. Contó con la ejecución de una encuesta tipo Likert de auto diligenciamiento, entrevistas semiestructuradas y el desarrollo de dos grupos focales. Para referencia del estudio participan 6 profesiones vinculadas a las unidades de cuidados neonatales con un total de 33 participantes con una media de 9 años de experiencia profesional. El 93,9% reconoce el término disfagia; este mismo porcentaje reconoce el concepto de succión nutritiva y no nutritiva. Quienes dicen conocer el término disfagia, están muy de acuerdo con que sea tratada en un 97%. Sin embargo, no reconocen al fonoaudiólogo como el profesional que define criterios de alimentación en los nacidos prematuros. Las conclusiones, sugieren la visualización activa del fonoaudiólogo dentro de equipos en unidades de cuidado neonatal, bajo la proyección de consolidar la rehabilitación deglutoria de los nacidos pretérminos

ABSTRACT

The work of the speech therapist in the Neonatal Critical Care Unit is fundamental to the care and maintenance the oral route of feeding, consolidating safe and effective feeding methods in patients. The suction-swallowing-breathing triad is a physiological food resource that, when altered, triggers risk factors in neonatal health. To address the risks produced by suction-swallowing-breathing incoordination, this work seeks to describe the knowledge and perception of the role of the speech-language pathologist in the care of premature infants at the Bolivarian University Clinic during 2021. The methodology based on a cross-sectional descriptive study under a mixed approach to instrument analysis. It included the execution of a Likert-type self-completion survey, semi-structured interviews, and the development of two focus groups. For reference of the study, 6 professions linked to the Neonatal Critical Care Unit participate with a total of 33 participants with an average of 9 years of professional experience. 93.9% recognize the term dysphagia; this same percentage recognizes the concept of nutritive and non-nutritive sucking. Those who say they know the term dysphagia strongly agree that it is treated in 97%. However, do not use the speech therapist as the professional who defines the feeding criteria in premature infants. The conclusions suggest the active visualization of the speech-language pathologist within Neonatal Critical Care Unit teams, under the projection of consolidating the swallowing rehabilitation of premature infants. The work of the speech therapist in the Neonatal Critical Care Unit is fundamental to the care and maintenance the oral route of feeding, consolidating safe and effective feeding methods in patients. The suction-swallowing-breathing triad is a physiological food resource that, when altered, triggers risk factors in neonatal health. To address the risks produced by suction-swallowing-breathing incoordination, this work seeks to describe the knowledge and perception of the role of the speech-language pathologist in the care of premature infants at the Bolivarian University Clinic during 2021. The methodology based on a cross-sectional descriptive study under a mixed approach to instrument analysis. It included the execution of a Likert-type self-completion survey, semi-structured interviews, and the development of two focus groups. For reference of the study, 6 professions linked to the Neonatal Critical Care Unit participate with a total of 33 participants with an average of 9 years of professional experience. 93.9% recognize the term dysphagia; this same percentage recognizes the concept of nutritive and non-nutritive sucking. Those who say they know the term dysphagia strongly agree that it is treated in 97%. However, do not use the speech therapist as the professional who defines the feeding criteria in premature infants. The conclusions suggest the active visualization of the speech-language pathologist within Neonatal Critical Care Unit teams, under the projection of consolidating the swallowing rehabilitation of premature infants