Composición corporal y gasto energético en población de niños y adolescentes con mielomeningocele / Body composition and energy expenditure in a population of children and adolescents with myelomeningocele

RESUMEN

Introducción: El mielomeningocele es un defecto congénito con cierre incompleto del tubo neural. Presenta alteraciones en la composición corporal y alta prevalencia de obesidad. Es difícil detectar el indicador más apropiado para diagnóstico nutricional por impresición de las medidas antropométricas. Objetivo: Describir en una población de pacientes con mielomeningocele seguidos en el "Hospital Garrahan", la composición corporal, gasto energético en reposo y trastornos metabólicos, comparando los pacientes con mielomeningocele obesos con una población control con obesidad multifactorial. Población y Métodos: Se realizó antropometría, impedanciometría, pliegues cutáneos, perímetro braquial, calorimetría indirecta y determinaciones bioquímicas a todos los pacientes con mielomeningocele entre junio/2013-abril/2014, previa firma del Consentimiento Informado. Resultados: Se evaluaron 131 pacientes de 0,718,6 años, clasificados según Score-Z de Índice de Masa Corporal en 15% bajo peso, 42% normopeso, 12% sobrepeso y 31% obesidad. Se encontró alta correlación (r²0,74) entre %masa grasa por impedanciometría vs calculado con pliegues cutaneos. Los pacientes con % masa grasa elevada vs %masa grasa normal tuvieron mayor score-Z de Indice de Masa Corporal (1,07 vs -0,27 p0,0001) aunque ambos valores se encontraban dentro de parámetros normales. Hubo menor gasto energético en reposo en los pacientes con mielomeningocele obesos comparado con el esperado y con obesos multifactoriales. Conclusiones: Se encontró alto porcentaje de sobrepeso/obesidad en la población con mielomeningocele. Los pliegues cutáneos serían más apropiados para detectar obesidad. Los pacientes con mielomeningocele obesos presentaron gasto energetico en reposo menor al esperado y a los controles. La indicación de energía debe ser personalizada.

ABSTRACT

Introduction. Myelomeningocele is a congenital defect that occurs when the neural tube fails to close completely. It causes body composition alterations and a high prevalence of obesity. It is difficult to detect the most adequate indicator for a nutritional diagnosis due to the impossibility of recording accurate anthropometric measurements. Objective. To describe body composition, resting energy expenditure and metabolic disorders in a population of patients with myelomeningocele managed at "Hospital Garrahan" by comparing obese patients with myelomeningocele and a control population with multifactorial obesity. Population and methods. An anthropometry, an impedance analysis, skinfold equations, arm circumference equations, indirect calorimetry, and biochemical determinations were done to all patients with myelomeningocele between June 2013 and April 2014, once the informed consent had been signed. Results. 131 patients aged 0.7-18.6 years were assessed; they were classified according to their body mass index Z-score into low weight (15%), normal weight (42%), overweight (12%), and obese (31%). A high correlation (r 20.74) was observed between the fat mass % measured by impedance analysis versus that estimated using skinfolds. Patients with a high fat mass % had a higher body mass index Z-score than those with a normal fat mass % (1.07 versus -0.27, p 0.0001) although both values were within normal parameters. A lower resting energy expenditure was observed among obese patients with myelomeningocele than predicted and in comparison with multifactorial obese controls. Conclusions. A high percentage of overweight/obesity was found in the population with myelomeningocele. Skinfold equations would be more adequate to detect obesity. Obese patients with myelomeningocele had a lower resting energy expenditure than predicted and in comparison with controls. Energy indication should be customized.