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Características do Tutor Efetivo em ABP - Uma Revisão de Literatura / Characteristics of the effective tutor in pbl: a literature review
Martins, Antonio Carlos; Falbo Neto, Gilliatt; Silva, Fernando Antonio Menezes da.
  • Martins, Antonio Carlos; Universidade Federal de Roraima. Boa Vista. BR
  • Falbo Neto, Gilliatt; Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira. Recife. BR
  • Silva, Fernando Antonio Menezes da; Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira. Recife. BR
Rev. bras. educ. méd ; 42(1): 105-114, jan.-mar. 2018. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-958576
RESUMO
RESUMO A tutoria educacional, desenvolvida eminentemente em caráter individual, é considerada padrão ouro em educação quando comparada a outras estratégias de ensino. Na Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas (ABP), o tutor representa um papel crucial como facilitador do processo de aprendizagem. A maioria dos professores envolvidos na educação médica como tutores na ABP teve sua formação baseada em aulas teóricas, com pouquíssimos modelos profissionais de tutoria, gerando desconforto e dúvidas com relação ao seu novo papel. Com o objetivo de identificar as características que conferem maior efetividade ao tutor em ABP, fez-se uma revisão da literatura publicada nas bases de dados Pubmed, Embase, Lilacs, SciELO e Eric de 1999 a 2013. Estão abrangidos na pesquisa estudos quantitativos e qualitativos que incluem instrumentos de avaliação de tutores em PBL e indicativos de sua efetividade. Do total de 201 artigos, 35 foram incluídos 18 artigos (51,4%) buscaram analisar os componentes de efetividade na tutoria; 8 artigos (22,9%) buscaram analisar diferenças entre tutores especialistas e não especialistas em conteúdos na tutoria; e 9 artigos (25,7%) buscaram analisar as variações de comportamento do tutor. As características predominantes dos tutores efetivos variam entre o uso do conhecimento e a facilitação do processo de aprendizagem. Os achados indicam que três domínios interdependentes de competência são importantes para o tutor a congruência social, definida como o alinhamento social com os alunos, por meio do estabelecimento de um clima acolhedor e aberto de discussão, a habilidade de se comunicar informalmente e ter empatia com os estudantes; a congruência cognitiva, caracterizada pela capacidade de discutir e questionar os estudantes de maneira a estimulá-los a estudar; e o domínio dos conteúdos explorados nos problemas. Com relação ao comportamento do tutor, há uma relativa estabilidade nos domínios de congruência social e congruência cognitiva em diferentes circunstâncias, que podem ser aprimoradas mediante estratégias de desenvolvimento docente.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT In general, students have few opportunities to address their emotions under the guidance of an experienced physician, which can undermine their self-confidence to deal with real patients in stressful situations. Emotional detachment and cynicism are defense mechanisms, which can emerge as a consequence. The consolidation of a professional identity committed to patients' interests can become a challenge when medical students are not comfortable in their role as caregivers. In general, we consider that the undergraduate medical curriculum has been insufficient in providing appropriate environments for students to reflect on professional identity formation and on the future challenges of their profession.

Objective:

To develop an in-depth debriefing to address students' emotions and professional identity formation in the context of a simulation activity with simulated patients at a medical school in Brazil.

Methods:

The authors conducted a simulated medical consultation activity using standardized patients (SPs) with an in-depth debriefing based on the feelings of the patient and the student. During each encounter the formation and consolidation of professional identity was discussed. Fourth- and sixth-year medical students (n=551) participated and answered a questionnaire about the activity and the learning outcome.

Results:

The students felt comfortable during the activity, due to "openness to dialogue", "proximity with colleagues and teachers" and the "judgment-free environment". More than 90% reported that what they had learned would be useful in their professional and personal lives, providing a greater "understanding of emotions", "empathy", "ability to listen" and "ability to deal with conflicts". More than half of them were motivated to study, especially "doctor-patient relationship", "treatment", "common diseases" and "medicine in general". Students considered the activity important for retrieving the initial reasons that had led them to embarking on the medical profession in the first place.

Conclusions:

Reflecting on disease and its impact on patients' daily life may motivate learning in medicine, allowing for the recovery of the personal and social meaning of its practice. In-depth debriefing was important to nurture professional identity committed to empathy and patients' interests. Activities planned to discuss the influence and importance of emotions in medical practice can help students to reconcile personal and professional identities.


Full text: Available Index: LILACS (Americas) Type of study: Practice guideline / Prognostic study / Qualitative research Language: Portuguese Journal: Rev. bras. educ. méd Journal subject: Education Year: 2018 Type: Article Affiliation country: Brazil Institution/Affiliation country: Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira/BR / Universidade Federal de Roraima/BR

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Full text: Available Index: LILACS (Americas) Type of study: Practice guideline / Prognostic study / Qualitative research Language: Portuguese Journal: Rev. bras. educ. méd Journal subject: Education Year: 2018 Type: Article Affiliation country: Brazil Institution/Affiliation country: Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira/BR / Universidade Federal de Roraima/BR