Mejora del conocimiento y conducta alimentaria de los adolescentes con una intervención educativa basada en orientación alimentaria / Improvement of knowledge and feeding behavior of adolescents with an educational intervention based on food orientation

RESUMEN

Métodos: estudio cuasiexperimental, con 32 adolescentes entre 15 y 17 años. Se aplicó un cuestionario estructurado pretest y postest de un programa educativo de orientación alimentaria con base en la NOM-043-SSA2-2012. Los datos se analizaron con estadística descriptiva y t de Student no paramétrica para observar la diferencia (p ≤ 0.05). Resultados: el 56.2% de los adolescentes de ambos sexos se encuentran en Normopeso. El sobrepeso fue mayor en hombres (44.5%) que en mujeres (35.7%). Hubo incremento en el consumo de agua pura (20%) y disminución del consumo de refresco o agua de sabor (8%). También aumentó el consumo de frutas y verduras (18%), cereales y tubérculos (16%), y alimentos de origen animal (9%). La diferencia pretest y postest fue significativa (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusión: la intervención educativa basada en orientación alimentaria tiene un efecto positivo sobre el conocimiento reforzando la conducta alimentaria de los adolescentes.

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Adolescents are susceptible to unhealthy eating behaviors that trigger health problems such as obesity, malnutrition or eating disorders. Objective: To evaluate the effect of an educational intervention based on food orientation to improve knowledge and eating behavior of high school students. Methods: Quasi-Experimental study, with 32 adolescents between 15 and 17 years old. A structured pre-test and post-test questionnaire was applied to an educational food orientation program based on NOM-043-SSA2-2012. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and nonparametric Student t to observe the difference (p ≤ 0.05). Results: 56.2% of adolescents of both sexes are in Normopeso. Overweight was higher in men (44.5%) than in women (35.7%). There was an increase in the consumption of pure water (20%) and a decrease in the consumption of soft drink or water of flavor (8%). The consumption of fruits and vegetables (18%), cereals and tubers (16%) and foods of animal origin (9%) also increased. The pretest and posttest difference was significant (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: The educational intervention based on food orientation has a positive effect on knowledge by reinforcing the adolescents' eating behavior.