Study of various epidemiological and metabolic criteria in diabetic children and adolescence attending pediatric outpatient clinic of NIDE

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is one of the greatest challenges in public health and one of the most frequent chronic diseases in the pediatric age. The aim of this study was to study the epidemiological and metabolic criteria of 398 diabetic children who attended the outpatient pediatric clinic with determination of beta cell function of theses patients. Study of the age of onset of diabetes, sex distribution, residency, with other epidemiological factors among diabetic patients, attended the outpatient clinic of NIDE during year 2008, who accepted to participate in this study. All patients were subjected to full history taking, thorough clinical examination and full laboratory investigations including: CBC, liver enzymes, s. creatinine, lipid profile, including total cholesterol LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, fasting c-peptide, Glycated HbA1c, and estimation of microalbuminuria. There was positive correlations between: Age [mean = 10.34 +/- 12.7 y.] and BMI [mean = 27.79 +/- 8.66 kg/m2], systolic B.P. [105.23 + 6.86 mmHg.] and total cholesterol [mean = 175.74 +/- 38.09 mg/dl] and systolic B.P. and triglycerides [mean = 83.88 +/- 47.46 mg/dl], and a highly positive correlations as regarding age [mean = 10.34 +/- 12.7 y.] and glycated HbA1c [mean = 9.79 +/- 2.38%]. There were no significant difference between diabetic group with c-peptide < 1 ng/ml and group with preserved beta cell function with c-peptide> 1 ng/ml as regards: Glycated HbA1c, s. cholesterol, s. cholesterol LDL, microalbuminuria, BMI and age. While there was a positive statistical difference between both groups as regards s. triglycerides [mean=75.27+31.17mg/ dl and 102.27+49.6 mg/dl]. There was no significant difference as regarding sex distribution as the female percentage was 51% while male represented 49%. The family history of diabetes was positive in 6.7% as regards father, 5.2% as regards mother, 4% as regards siblings. The study of beta cell function was done through estimation of fasting c-peptide levels. 93.7% were with fasting c-peptide level < 1 ng/ml, while 6.3% were preserved beta cell function as fasting c-peptide levels were > 1 ng/ml. Only 34.8% of the patients were doing continues home blood glucose monitoring with glucose sensors, 25.8% were doing the monitoring only with visual strips, while 39.4% of the diabetic children did not doing any home blood glucose monitoring. The glycated HbA1c was <7% in 31%, 7-8% in 22%, > 8-9% in 14% and >9% in 33%. The study of BMI of the patients showed that 56% were not overweight, [BMI <25], 27% started to be overweight, [BMI 25-30], 14% were obese, [BMI 30-<40] while 3% only were with severe obesity [BMI >40]. According to the definition of metabolic syndrome criteria, the study of the metabolic criteria of the study group showed that 112, [28.1%] patients were with positive one metabolic criteria, 56 patients, [14%] with 2 positive metabolic criteria and 36 patients, [9%] with 3 positive metabolic criteria. So, in addition to the presence of hyperglycemia, 23% of the young diabetic patients fulfilled the criteria of metabolic syndrome