Assessment of Bone Mineral Density in Elders of Various Socio-economic Status with Special Reference to Osteoporosis

ABSTRACT

Osteoporosis is a complex heterogeneous disorder of unknown etiology. Why otherwise normal process leads to bone density inadequate to support the body in some people is not known. Although the fracture-precipitating condition of inadequate bone mass is common to all types of osteoporosis, the processes by which this end is reached probably result from etiologies distinctive to each of the types or the many forms of disease. Risk factors for osteoporosis include age, race, sex, body weight, family history, premature menopause, nulliparity, number of lactations, dietary factors, limited exercise, use of cigarette, excessive alcohol consumption, and prolonged use of medications4. Loss of menses at any age is a major determinant of osteoporosis risk in women. Acceleration of bones loss coincides with menopause, either natural or surgical, at which time the ovaries stop producing estrogen. Estrogen and hormone replacement therapy have been shown to conserve Bone Mineral Density [BMD] and reduce the risk following menopause, but young amenorrheic women may also benefit from the use of oral contraceptive agents to promote a normal menstrual cycle. Any interruption of menstruation for an extended period results in bone loss14, 17. Many nutrients and several non-nutrients have been implicated as etiologic risk factors for osteoporosis. At present, safe and effective treatment is not readily available to replace bone that is already lost. It is nevertheless, important to identify women who are at risk of developing osteoporosis as early as possible, so that measures can be taken to prevent further bone loss. Because low BMD is a major risk factor for osteoporosis, its assessment is clinically useful.