Diabetic nephropathy: new appraoches, new therapies

ABSTRACT

In the United States and in the industrialised countries of Europe, in Japan, India and Africa, diabetes is the condition most frequently associated with endstage renal disease (ESRD). In those countries where ESRD registries are maintained, diabetic nephropathy has been shown to have a higher prevalence than hypertension and glomerulonephritis among new ESRD patients, and Mauer and Chavers (1985) have described diabetes as"...the most important cause of ESRD in the Western world." In the US and the Caribbean, diabetes is predominantly Type 2 (NIDDM) with fewer than 10 percent of patients with diabetes being insulinopenic or C-peptide negative. Twenty years ago it was a commonly expressed view that diabetic nephropathy was an infrequent complication of Type 2 diabetes. Since that time a number of prospective studies of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes have shown the diabetic nephropathy at comparable rates in the two groups of patients. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) unequivocally linked the renal, retinal, and neurological complications of diabetes to hyperglycemia and to the failure to achieve so called "tight" glycemic control. Intensive diabetes therapy delayed the onset and slowed the progression of retinography and, additionally, delayed the development of microalbuminuria (>28 ug/min) and the development of overt nephropathy (albuminuria >208 ug/min) in patients with baseline microalbuminuria (DCCT Research Group, 1993). Whatever may be the mechanism(s) through which hyperglycemia produces micro and macrovasculopathy, indolent and slowly progressive process effect these end-results. Not surprisigly, abnormal glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA) levels best predict the development of the microvascular and marcovascular complications of diabetes (Harris and Eastman, 1996).