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Chemical carcinogenesis
Oliveira, Paula A; Colaço, Aura; Chaves, Raquel; Guedes-Pinto, Henrique; De-La-Cruz P., Luis F; Lopes, Carlos.
  • Oliveira, Paula A; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro. CECAV. Department of Veterinary Sciences. Vila Real. PT
  • Colaço, Aura; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro. CECAV. Department of Veterinary Sciences. Vila Real. PT
  • Chaves, Raquel; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro. Center of Genetics and Biotechnology-CGB. Department of Genetics and Biotechnology. Vila Real. PT
  • Guedes-Pinto, Henrique; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro. Center of Genetics and Biotechnology-CGB. Department of Genetics and Biotechnology. Vila Real. PT
  • De-La-Cruz P., Luis F; Faculty of Veterinary. Deparment of Physiology. Lugo. ES
  • Lopes, Carlos; Portuguese Institute of Oncology. Department of Pathology. Porto. PT
An. acad. bras. ciênc ; 79(4): 593-616, Dec. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-470035
ABSTRACT
The use of chemical compounds benefits society in a number of ways. Pesticides, for instance, enable foodstuffs to be produced in sufficient quantities to satisfy the needs of millions of people, a condition that has led to an increase in levels of life expectancy. Yet, at times, these benefits are offset by certain disadvantages, notably the toxic side effects of the chemical compounds used. Exposure to these compounds can have varying effects, ranging from instant death to a gradual process of chemical carcinogenesis. There are three stages involved in chemical carcinogenesis. These are defined as initiation, promotion and progression. Each of these stages is characterised by morphological and biochemical modifications and result from genetic and/or epigenetic alterations. These genetic modifications include mutations in genes that control cell proliferation, cell death and DNA repair - i.e. mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressing genes. The epigenetic factors, also considered as being non-genetic in character, can also contribute to carcinogenesis via epigenetic mechanisms which silence gene expression. The control of responses to carcinogenesis through the application of several chemical, biochemical and biological techniques facilitates the identification of those basic mechanisms involved in neoplasic development. Experimental assays with laboratory animals, epidemiological studies and quick tests enable the identification of carcinogenic compounds, the dissection of many aspects of carcinogenesis, and the establishment of effective strategies to prevent the cancer which results from exposure to chemicals.
RESUMO
A sociedade obtém numerosos benefícios da utilização de compostos químicos. A aplicação dos pesticidas, por exemplo, permitiu obter alimento em quantidade suficiente para satisfazer as necessidades alimentares de milhões de pessoas, condição relacionada com o aumento da esperança de vida. Os benefícios estão, por vezes associados a desvantagens, os efeitos resultantes da exposição a compostos químicos enquadram-se entre a morte imediata e um longo processo de carcinogênese química. A carcinogênese química inclui três etapas definidas como iniciação, promoção e progressão. Cada uma delas caracteriza-se por transformações morfológicas e bioquímicas, e resulta de alterações genéticas e/ou epigenéticas. No grupo das alterações genéticas incluem-se mutações nos genes que controlam a proliferação celular, a morte celular e a reparação do DNA - i.e. mutações nos proto-oncogenes e genes supressores de tumor. Os fatores epigenéticos, também considerados como caracteres não genéticos, podem contribuir para a carcinogênese por mecanismos de silenciamento gênico. A utilização de diferentes metodologias possibilita o reconhecimento e a compreensão dos mecanismos básicos envolvidos no desenvolvimento do cancro. Ensaios experimentais comanimais de laboratório, estudos epidemiológicos e alguns testes rápidos permitem identificar compostos carcinogênicos, analisar os eventos envolvidos na carcinogênese e estabelecer estratégias para prevenir a exposição a estes agentes.
Subject(s)

Full text: Available Index: LILACS (Americas) Main subject: Carcinogens / Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Neoplasms Type of study: Etiology study / Prognostic study / Risk factors Limits: Animals / Humans Language: English Journal: An. acad. bras. ciênc Journal subject: Science Year: 2007 Type: Article / Project document Affiliation country: Portugal / Spain Institution/Affiliation country: Faculty of Veterinary/ES / Portuguese Institute of Oncology/PT / University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro/PT

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Full text: Available Index: LILACS (Americas) Main subject: Carcinogens / Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Neoplasms Type of study: Etiology study / Prognostic study / Risk factors Limits: Animals / Humans Language: English Journal: An. acad. bras. ciênc Journal subject: Science Year: 2007 Type: Article / Project document Affiliation country: Portugal / Spain Institution/Affiliation country: Faculty of Veterinary/ES / Portuguese Institute of Oncology/PT / University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro/PT