Matonaje escolar: bullying / Bullying

RESUMEN

Revisión bibliográfica extensa de literatura nacional e internacional acerca del fenómeno del bullying. Se analiza la definición y descripción del problema desde una mirada amplia y sistémica, considerando el contexto en el que ocurre la violencia social. Se revisa la prevalencia de la violencia entre pares a nivel internacional y un acercamiento a las cifras disponibles en escolares chilenos, junto con una actualización de la información acerca de los distintos actores involucrados en la dinámica bullying agresores, víctimas, víctimas/agresores y testigos, describiendo sus características psicológicas, familiares, psicopatología y consecuencias tanto para los niños y adolescentes como para la sociedad en general. Se revisan las estrategias de prevención e intervención sobre el bullying y la violencia en general desde una mirada sistémica y científica crítica. Se sintetizan los aspectos generales y específicos de prevención (primaria, secundaria y terciaria), de acuerdo a la etapa del ciclo vital y se analiza el rol que cumple el clínico, la familia y la escuela en detectar y prevenir la violencia entre pares. Nos focalizamos en las estrategias de intervención escolar y se realiza una exhaustiva revisión de los programas escolares de prevención secundaria que han sido implementados en otros países, y que tienen efectividad comprobada científicamente.

ABSTRACT

The following paper is an extensive bibliographic review of the bullying phenomenon in international and national literature. We analyze the definition and description of bullying within its broader context social violence. The national and international reports of the prevalence of violence within peers are presented, along with an update of the information available on the actors involved in the dynamics of bullying aggressors (bullies), victims, bully-victims and witnesses, describing their psychological features, family characteristics, psychopathology and the consequences for the children, adolescents, and society in general. We critically reviewed the existing information on prevention and intervention strategies for bullying with a systemic and scientific outlook. Some aspects of prevention are synthesized (general and specific primary, secondary and tertiary prevention), according to the developmental stage of those involved. We analyze the role that clinicians, family and school play in preventing and detecting violence against peers. We focused on school-level interventions and a thorough description is made of the school programs for secondary prevention that have been implemented in developed countries and their effectiveness verified by scientific studies. Finally, we discuss that bullying has become a serious mental health problem for our children and adolescents as a new form of social violence. It has severe consequences for the development of our youngsters and must be recognized and evaluated in its real dimension by the multiple social actors involved. It is very important to evaluate this problem in the broader context in which it presents It self and to focus on prevention and intervention strategies according to the developmental stages of childhood and adolescence, the families involved and the scientific evidence available.