Costos directos e impacto sobre la morbimortalidad hospitalariade eventos adversos prevenibles a medicamentosen una institución de tercer nivel de Bogotá / Direct costs and impact on hospital morbidity and mortality of preventable adverse drug events in a tertiary institution in Bogota

RESUMEN

Introducción. La implementación de actividades de farmacovigilancia permite supervisar y evaluar aspectos relacionados con la atención médica. Es necesario que la información recolectada permita identificar oportunidades para mejorar la calidad de la atención en salud. Se propone un análisis de los eventos adversos a medicamentos desde la óptica preventiva y económica, estableciendo su impacto local.Objetivo. Determinar el porcentaje de eventos adversos prevenibles a medicamentos, reportados en una institución de tercer nivel, para establecer su impacto sobre la morbimortalidad y el económico desde la óptica del pagador y mostrando la relevancia de usar un método que permita identificarlos y evitar o disminuir su presentación. Materiales y métodos. A partir de los reportes generados durante actividades de farmacovigilancia en el año 2007 en un hospital de tercer nivel de Bogotá, se revisaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes involucrados y se evaluó la relación de causalidad, la gravedad y el carácter prevenible de los eventos adversos a medicamentos. Se calcularon los costos directos generados, agrupándolos en pruebas diagnósticas, tiempo de estancia adicional, procedimientos y medicamentos adicionales. Resultados. Se revisaron 448 reportes de eventos adversos a medicamentos en 283 pacientes y se encontró que 24,8 % de los eventos reportados eran prevenibles, con mortalidad de 1,1 % y costos totales asociados con su atención entre $ 33´620.346 (US$ 16.687) y $ 37´754.856 (US$ 18.739). Los factores más frecuentemente asociados con la prevención fueron las interacciones farmacológicas y las dosis o frecuencias inadecuadas de administración.Conclusiones. Es importante tomar medidas tendientes a disminuir la presentación de eventos adversos prevenibles a medicamentos, ya que repercuten negativamente tanto sobre la salud de los pacientes, como en el consumo de recursos.

ABSTRACT

Introduction. Implementing pharmacovigilance activities consists of monitoring and assessment of activities related to medical attention. However, additional data are necessary to identify conditions where care quality can be improved. Therefore, a focus on adverse drug events analysis from a prevention and economic perspective is needed, with emphasis on its local impact.Objective. Preventable adverse drug events were summarized to establishing their impact on morbidity and mortality, as well as to estimate the ensuing economic burden. Materials and methods. The data were gathered from a level 3 hospital (high complexity), located in Bogotá, Colombia, where specific pharmacovigilance activities were recorded in 2007. Patient charts were reviewed to characterize adverse drug events according to their causality, severity and preventability. Direct costs were estimated by grouping diagnostic tests, length of hospitalization, procedures and additional drugs required. Results. The charts of 283 patients and 448 reports were analyzed. These data indicated that 24.8% of adverse drug events were preventable and that an associated mortality of 1.1% had occurred. The associated direct costs were between USD $16,687 and $18,739. Factors more commonly associated with preventability were drug-drug interactions, as well as inappropriate doses and unsuitable frequencies at which the drugs were administrated. Conclusions. The data recommended that actions be taken to decrease preventable adverse drug events, because of negative impact on patient’s health, and unnecessary consumption of healthcare resources.