Tumores endocrinos del estómago: Análisis de 13 casos / Endocrine neoplasm of the stomach: Study of thirteen cases

RESUMEN

Se presenta una serie de 13 casos de neoplasias endocrinas del estómago estudiadas en nuestra institución. Seis fueron hombres y 7 mujeres con edades que variaron de 33 a 77 años, con promedio de 57 años. Nueve casos correspondieron a carcinoides bien diferenciados y cuatro a carcinomas neuroendocrinos. De los carcinoides, tres fueron esporádicos y seis estuvieron asociados con gastritis atrófica. Estas dos formas de neoplasias tuvieron diferencias importantes los asociados con gastritis atrófica, cursaron con hipergastrinemia, fueron pequeños y múltiples en cuerpo y fondo, bien diferenciados y se asociaron con metaplasia intestinal e hiperplasia de células G en antro y de células ECL en cuerpo y fondo; todos tuvieron evolución clínica favorable. Los carcinoides esporádicos en cambio fueron tumores únicos, grandes, ubicados en antro o cuerpo y dos de ellos fallecieron a consecuencia del tumor; eran tumores moderadamente diferenciados y ninguno se asoció con hiperplasia de células endocrinas. Todos fueron positivos para los marcadores endocrinos genéricos y focalmente positivos para alguno de los anticuerpos dirigidos contra hormonas específicas. Sólo en uno de los casos asociados con gastritis atrófica se detectaron anticuerpos anticélulas parietales; tres de ellos se asociaron con metaplasia intestinal extensa probablemente secundaria a infección por Helicobacter pylori. Los cuatro casos de carcinomas neuroendocrinos tuvieron un cuadro clínico similar a los adenocarcinomas gástricos usuales y correspondieron a tumores grandes poco diferenciados. Se concluye que los carcinoides asociados con gastritis atrófica tienen un excelente pronóstico, los carcinomas neuroendocrinos son neoplasias agresivas que causan la muerte de los pacientes y los carcinoides esporádicos tienen un pronóstico intermedio entre ambos extremos.

ABSTRACT

A Thirteen patients with primary endocrine neoplasm of the stomach were studied for 20 years. Six patients were male and 7 female with an age range of 33 to 77, mean age 57 years. Nine cases corresponded to well differentiated carcinoids and four to neuroendocrine carcinomas. Of the former, three were sporadic and six were associated with atrophic gastritis. These two forms of neoplasm showed important differences those associated with atrophic gastritis had hypergastrinemia, all of the multiple small tumors confined to the corpus and fundus were well differentiated carcinoids associated with intestinal metaplasia and G cell hyperplasia in antrum and ECL cell hyperplasia in corpus and fundus. Tumors were clinically benign, with an excellent prognosis. All patients are currently alive with no evidence of neoplasm. In only one of these cases, antiparietal cell antibodies were documented; in three of them, extensive intestinal metaplasia probably due to Helicobacter pylori infection was found. In contrast, sporadic carcinoids were large isolated tumors originating in the antrum or corpus. Two patients died as a consequence of the neoplasm; all of them were moderately differentiated and in none of the cases we found evidence of endocrine hyperplasia . AII were positive for generic endocrine markers and were focally positive to some of the specific hormone markers. AII four neuroendocrine carcinomas had a clinical course similar to that of gastric adenocarcinomas and were poorly differentiated large tumors. We conclude that gastric carcinoids associated with atrophic gastritis have an excellent prognosis. On the other hand, neuroendocrine carcinomas have a very poor prognosis with fatal outcome of patients. Sporadic carcinoids have an intermediate prognosis.