Factores de rieggos alimentarios y nutricionales en adultos con diabetes mellitus / Food and nutritional risk factors in adults suffering from diabetes mellitus

RESUMEN

Antecedentes. La diabetes mellitus causa gran morbimortalidad, su aparición se asocia con estilos de vida. Objetivo. Determinar factores de riesgo relacionados con alimentación y estado nutricional, medir variables metabólicas y brindar educación alimentaria a pacientes con diabetes mellitus hospitalizados en medicina interna segundo nivel. Material y métodos. Estudio descriptivo, transversal, octubre 2009-junio 2011, 221 pacientes con diabetes mellitus, mayores de 18 años. Se aplicó encuesta, consejería alimentaria y nutricional, valoración de antropometría, dinamometría y evaluación de hábitos alimentarios, laboratorios HbA1c y perfil lipídico. Resultados. 44,1% hombres, 55,9% mujeres; edad promedio 63,6, DE, 13,3; 39.4% no había recibido consejería por nutricionista. Antropometría-dinamometría: 58,9% presentaba malnutrición por exceso (preobesidad y obesidad). Correlación significativa: IMC y cintura punto medio (r=0,750, p=0,000); IMC y grasa corporal (r=0,586, p=0.000); cintura punto medio y grasa corporal (r=0,334, p=0,000); CMB y fuerza muscular (r=0,246, p=0.000). Hábitos alimentarios: 42,3% prefería alimentos fritos; bajo consumo de proteína de origen animal (12,7%), lácteos (31,8%), frutas (64,7%) y verduras (57,9%); alto consumo de almidones (43,4%); el 35,3% adicionaba azúcar, panela o miel; 18,8% utilizaba salero. A cada paciente se entregó y explicó una cartilla educativa. Conclusión. Predominio de preobesidad y obesidad, asociadas con hábitos alimentarios que pueden ocasionar complicaciones de diabetes mellitus.

ABSTRACT

Background. Diabetes mellitus causes large-scale morbimortality; its appearance is associated with a particular individual's life-style. Objective. Determining the risk factors related to feeding habits and nutritional state, measuring metabolic variables and providing nutrition education for patients suffering diabetes mellitus who have been hospitalised in second level internal medicine facilities. Materials and methods. This was a descriptive, crosssectional study which took place from October 2009 to June 2011; 221 patients aged older than 18 years suffering from diabetes mellitus were included. A survey was applied, food and nutrition counselling given, anthropometry, dynamometry and dietary habits assessed, HbA1c laboratory tests made and lipid profile constructed. Results. 44.1% were males and 55.9% female; average age was 63.6 (13.3 SD). 39.4% had not received counselling from a nutritionist. Anthropometrydynamometry: 58.9% suffered malnutrition due to excess (pre-obesity and obesity). Significant correlation: BMI and waist circumference midpoint (r=0.750, p=0.000); BMI and body fat (r=0.586, p=0.000); waist circumference midpoint and body fat (r=0.334, p=0.000); mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) and muscular strength (r=0.246, p=0.000). Eating habits: 42.3% preferred fried food; low animal protein consumption (12.7%), dairy products (31.8%), fruit (64.7%) and vegetables (57.9%); high starch consumption d (43.4%); 35.3% added sugar, cane sugar (panela) or honey; 18.8% added salt. Each patient was given an educational booklet which was explained to them. Conclusion. Pre-obesity and obesity predominated; they were associated with eating habits which could cause complications regarding diabetes mellitus.