Imágenes psicoanalíticas y sociales de la adolescencia: Un complejo entrecruce de ambigüedades / Social and psychoanalytic of the adolescence: A complex interweaving of ambiguities

RESUMEN

Este trabajo busca ser una contribución al estudio social de la adolescencia tomando como referente de análisis al psicoanálisis de adolescentes. Se plantea que el psicoanálisis de adolescentes no es totalmente homogéneo sino que alberga perspectivas muchas veces contradictorias entre sí. Hay incluso distintas vertientes dentro de los autores estudiados: Winnicott (1972) aportando una visión sociológica del adolescente, Erikson (2009) una visión adaptacionista; Blos (1978) una visión desarrollista, Dolto (1990) una visión antropológica y Aulagnier (1991) una visión historicista. Sin embargo, este cuerpo teórico ha sido fundamental para legitimar y establecer determinadas imágenes de lo que se considera o no adolescente. Se analizan de esta manera algunos autores (Freud, Anna Freud, Blos, Erikson, Winnicott, otros) desde la perspectiva de intentar comprender las consecuencias de sus opiniones en términos de imágenes psicoanalíticas y sociales. Se privilegian diferentes dimensiones de las mismas (homeostático, anti-homeostático; mesianismo, transgresión; mundo a construir, mundo derrumbándose). Se podría incluso sugerir que lo que caracteriza estas imágenes adolescentes es lo ambiguo: sexualidad y no sexualidad, actividad y pasividad, seducción y seducido. Ambiguo en el sentido de la imposibilidad de establecer límites definidos entre dichos aspectos, prevaleciendo la continuidad entre ellos más que la ambivalencia o la polaridad nítida entre los mismos. Se concluye que las imágenes adolescentes son ambiguas, además, porque la propia construcción social del adolescente ha sido altamente compleja y diversa (Klein, 2006), relacionada con múltiples factores sociales. Pero además aparece lo ambiguo desde otra dimensión: se repudia tanto como se desea, se rechaza tanto como se necesita el poder transgresivo y revitalizante de las imágenes adolescentes.

ABSTRACT

This paper looks for to be a contribution to the social study of adolescence taking as reference the psychoanalysis of adolescents. It is argued that the psychoanalysis of adolescents is not fully homogeneous but contains perspectives often contradictory. There are even different aspects within the studied authors: Winnicott providing a sociological view of adolescents, Erikson an adaptation perspective, Blos a developmental vision, Dolto an anthropological view, and Aulagnier a historicist approach. However, this theoretical framework has been instrumental in legitimizing and establishing certain images of what is or is not adolescence. As it will be indicated is possible to find a significant swing in the literature on adolescence, from simplified models to others that account an interesting variety of nuances. Freud himself joint both perspectives: from the characterization of nachträglich as psychic process complexity, until the puberty as taming instinctual position on adolescence, his position is wide and open to multiple readings. Since this perspective are analyzed some authors trying to understand the consequences of their perspectives in terms of psychoanalytic and social images. However there is something that is shared by the cited authors: a great difficulty to understand the adolescents insert within a larger process, involving parents, institutions, society. The bibliography references remains as general feature, from our perspective, in the consolidation of a model of adolescent-type unmarked with social or cultural references, which is, as we shall see, also a decisive adolescent’s social image. Different dimensions of these images are privileged (homeostatic - anti-homeostatic; messianism - transgression; world building - collapse world). It could even suggest that what characterized these adolescents’ images is the ambiguity: sexuality and non sexuality, activity and passivity, seduction and seduced. Ambiguous in the sense of the impossibility of establish defined boundaries between these aspects, prevailing the continuity between them, more than the ambivalence or the clear polarity. Our hypothesis suggests an extension of such analysis, focusing not so much on the binary dualistic but rather in the ambiguous and indeterminate. As developed, the adolescent’s images reflect an immense burden of ambiguity between messianism and transgression or between the homeostatic and the anti-homeostatic. There are not clear boundaries between them but rather uncertainty and permanent oscillated passage from one to another image, which simultaneously generates a paradoxical effect: both images are possible without the need to choose one or other. Adolescence thus becomes necessary to restore the forward sense and the overcome of the difficulties of society. If the disorder becomes something necessary to restore order, this adolescent’s image that almost imperceptibly tilts between homeostatic and anti-homeostatic, between been messianism and transgression, represents the aspiration that from barbarism, the unreasonable and uncontrolled, they could be restored civilization, civility and good manners. Adolescence is not only place of loss,the wear of the irretrievable homeostatic economy, but also a vital testing ground on how to stop this transitory madness avoiding the irreversible loss of energy and danger of the world’s entry into the age of darkness, apathy or lack of control.The wear of the irretrievable homeostatic economy, but also a vital testing on how to stop this transitory madness avoiding the irreversible loss of energy and the danger of the world’s entry into an age of darkness, apathy or lack of control. The adult which each adolescent finally become thus binds to an image of the world. It is concluded that these adolescents’ images are ambiguous also because the social construction of the adolescent is highly complex and diverse, related to social multiple factors. But also appears the ambiguous from another dimension: it repudiates much as desired, is rejected as is required both the transgressive and the revitalizing power of these adolescents’ images.