Expectativas de los agentes de desarrollo rural argentinos sobre la Psicología y sobre la inserción profesional de los psicólogos en el ámbito de la extensión rural / Argentine rural development agents' expectations about Psychology and about the employability of psychologists in the area of rural extension

RESUMEN

La Psicología posee una importante potencialidad para trabajar en el ámbito de la extensión y el desarrollo rural. No obstante, no existe evidencia empírica suficientemente amplia de las expectativas de los agentes de desarrollo sobre la Psicología. Por este motivo se realizó una investigación transversal de carácter cuantitativo. La muestra fue no probabilística incidental e incluyó participantes de todas las regiones de Argentina. Se encuestó a extensionistas rurales que trabajan en las principales instituciones que realizan extensión rural en el ámbito público. La encuesta, que fue respondida por 219 sujetos (9.06% del total nacional) incluyó preguntas cerradas sociodemográficas y abiertas respecto de las expectativas sobre la Psicología. Las preguntas abiertas fueron categorizadas y organizadas con el apoyo de la teoría fundamentada y el software Atlas Ti. Las categorías fueron convertidas en variables para estudiar su relación con las preguntas sociodemográficas con apoyo del software SPSS. Se concluye que la mayor parte de los extensionistas rurales del ámbito público argentino (un 88%) considera que la Psicología podría ayudarlos a resolver algunos de los problemas a los que se enfrentan, por ejemplo, brindando capacitación y asesoramiento a extensionistas rurales así como participando en equipos interdisciplinarios de extensión rural. Además, podrían trabajar directamente con productores en la gestión de procesos grupales. En términos generales, se destaca la potencialidad de la Psicología en el ámbito del trabajo grupal, la comunicación, el apoyo emocional y el cambio de actitudes y prácticas. Finalmente, se destacan las limitaciones de la investigación realizada.

ABSTRACT

Many scholars have argued that rural extension and development processes need an interdisciplinary approach, one that includes contributions from different sciences, particularly social ones. In this context, social and community psychology have a great potential to address this topic. In spite of this potentiality, psychology has produced scarce useful contributions to rural development and to extension processes. Additionally, limited empirical support has been given to probe this potentiality, which makes this a theoretical argument. Thus, a cross-sectional, quantitative investigation was conducted in Argentina. An incidental, non-probabilistic sample was used, which included participants from all regions of the country. Rural extension agents working in the National Institute of Agrarian Technology, the ProHuerta Program and the Under secretariat of Family Farming of the Ministry of Agriculture, Husbandry and Fisheries were surveyed via email. Local authorities of these institutions helped the researchers to send and receive the completed surveys indifferent ways. The reply to the poll was voluntary. 219 completed forms (143 men and 76 women) were received, which represent 9.06% of rural extensions working in public institutions in Argentina. The survey included socio-demographic,closed questions, and open ones regarding the problems faced by rural extensions in their everyday practice and their expectations about Psychology as a mean to address them. In order to analyze the open questions, different categories of analysis were built and thoroughly described to cope with ambiguous cases, which were used to categorize all replies. In this process, grounded theory and Atlas Ti software were utilized. Next, these categories were transformed into dichotomist variables, expressing the presence of the category presence of the variable and its absence, the absence of the variable. Then all variables were incorporated to SPSS software, which allowed for the quantification of the results and the study of statistical relationships between different variables. The most important result of this investigation is that 88% of the Argentine rural extensionists working in the National Institute of Agrarian Technology, the ProHuerta Program and the Under secretariat of Family Farming consider that Psychology can contribute to solve at least some of the problems they face when doing rural extension. Interestingly, this represents a very high and unexpected percentage, given psychology is not a social science traditionally related to rural issues or settings. In consequence, it is clear that there is a potential demand for psychologists in the field of rural development processes, which is not being addressed. Additionally, the replies allowed for the description of the role psychologists should fulfill when working in this field, from rural extensions’ point of view. They argue that psychologists could work with both, them and farmers. On the one hand, they could train, advice and provide with practical tools to rural extensionists. Additionally, they could take part in interdisciplinary rural extension teams. In practical terms, they could contribute in fields such as cooperative processes and group management, design and implementation of projects, understanding of small farmers’ rationale, conflict resolution, lack of adoption of technologies, and scarce participation and commitment to development projects. On the other hand, psychologists also could work directly with small farmers, providing training in different topics, and managing groups, particularly in the case of participatory processes. Additionally, they could strengthen small farmers’ self-esteem, a problem that rural extensionists related to passive attitudes and fatalism. To conclude, it is important to underline that, knowing this expected role, psychologists should start a dialogue with rural development agents in order to generate a shared conception of psychologist working in the field of rural extension, which includes both, psychologists’ and rural extensionists’ point of view.