Bullying en alumnos de secundaria. Características generales y factores asociados al riesgo / Bullying in junior high school students. General characteristics and associated risk factors

RESUMEN

Introducción. El bullying es una conducta de hostigamiento físico y/o psicológico entre los alumnos en un plantel escolar. En México 25% de los alumnos ha sufrido violencia en sus escuelas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar prevalencia del bullying y explorar las variables asociadas con el riesgo de esta conducta. Métodos. Mediante la resolución de un cuestionario autoaplicable se seleccionaron alumnos de entre la población de una misma secundaria pública, hombres y mujeres, con base en la presencia o la ausencia del rol de víctima, agresor o víctima-agresor. Para el análisis estadístico se aplicaron las pruebas X² y regresión logística. Resultados. De un grupo de 688 alumnos con una media de edad de 13.62 ± 0.96 años se identificaron 20.5% víctimas, 13.1% agresores y 27.4% víctimas-agresores. Los factores de riesgo relevantes para las víctimas fueron: tener algún defecto físico (X² = 21.59, p = 0.000, OR 2.86, IC 95% 1.82-4.50), los padres consideran normal el problema (X² = 30.23, p = 0.000, OR 5.79, IC 95% 2.92-11.47); para los agresores: preferir programas televisivos violentos (X² = 10.38, p = 0.001, OR 2.22, IC 95% 1.36-3.62), tener amigos que pertenezcan a pandillas (X² = 31.78, p = 0.000, OR 4.05, IC 95% 2.45-6.71); para las víctimas-agresores destaca la combinación de factores inherentes a ambos grupos por separado. Conclusiones. El bullying en la escuela es una conducta prevalente y los factores asociados al riesgo son diversos.

ABSTRACT

Background. Bullying is physical harassment and/or psychological abuse among students at school. In Mexico, up to 25% of the students have experienced violence at school. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of bullying and to explore associated risk factors. Methods. Students of both genders from a junior high school were included and selected from the same population, based on the presence of being a victim, aggressor or victim-aggressor role according to self-reported questionnaire responses; X² and logistical regression statistics were applied. Results. Six hundred eighty eight students with a mean age of 13.62 ± 0.96 years were included; 20.5% victims, 13.1% aggressors and 27.4% victims-aggressors were identified. Major risk factors for victims were "have a physical defect" (X² = 21.59, p = 0.000, OR 2.86, 95% CI 1.82-4.50) and "parents considering bullying a normal problem" (X² = 30.23, p = 0.000, OR 5.79, 95% CI 2.92-11.47); for aggressors: "preference for violent television programs" (X² = 10.38, p = 0.001, OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.36-3.62) and "friends who belongs to gangs" (X² = 31.78, p = 0.000, OR 4.05, 95% CI 2.45-6.71); victims-aggressors present a highlighted combination of risks factors from both roles. Conclusions. There is a high prevalence of bullying at school with a variety of associated risk factors.