Características de la atención hospitalaria y su relación con la morbilidad materna extrema en Medellín, Colombia / Characteristics of hospital care and its relationship to severe maternal morbidity in Medellín, Colombia

RESUMEN

OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio es establecer si la morbilidad materna extrema (MME) se asocia con algunas características del acceso y la utilización de los servicios obstétricos de las gestantes participantes. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles con 600 pacientes en embarazo, en parto o el puerperio atendidas entre 2011 y 2012 en servicios de obstetricia de Medellín (Colombia). Se consideraron casos (n = 150) las pacientes obstétricas que durante el ingreso cumplían los criterios de MME establecidos por el sistema de vigilancia que se aplica en la ciudad. Los controles (n = 450) se obtuvieron aleatoriamente de las mismas instituciones que los casos. La información se recabó mediante entrevista personalizada, revisión de la historia clínica y calificación del cuidado médico, realizada por el personal del programa de vigilancia. El análisis se realizó sobre la base del modelo Camino para la supervivencia a la muerte materna de la OPS/OMS, CDC, FNUAP-LAC y Mother Care. RESULTADOS: El porcentaje de embarazo no planificado en las mujeres estudiadas fue 57,6% y el retraso en la decisión de buscar atención, 32,0%. La etnia (OR = 1,8; IC95%: 1,0-2,9) y el retraso por deficiencias en la calidad de la atención prestada (OR = 8,3; IC95%: 5,0-13,7) fueron las variables que se encontraron asociadas con la MME. CONCLUSIONES: Los hallazgos sugieren que mejorar la efectividad y calidad de los programas de planificación familiar, control prenatal y atención obstétrica hospitalaria pudiera contribuir a reducir los casos evitables de MME.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association between severe maternal mortality (SMM) and the characteristics of access to and use of obstetric services by the participating women. METHODS: A study of cases and controls was conducted in a group of 600 women who were attended during pregnancy or the puerperium between 2011 and 2012 by obstetric services located in Medellín, Colombia. The study considered cases (n = 150) in obstetric patients who met the criteria for SMM established by the surveillance system being used in Medellín at the time of their admission. The controls (n = 450) were randomly selected in the same institutions where the patients were being treated. The information was obtained through an in-person interview, review of the patient’s clinical history, and rating of the medical care provided by surveillance program personnel. The analysis was based on the model Road Map for Preventing Maternal Death developed jointly by Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control, United Nations Population Fund for Latin America and the Caribbean, and Mothercare UK. RESULTS: The proportion of unplanned pregnancies in the women studied was 57.6%, while the proportion of delay in the decision to seek care was 32.0%. Two variables were found to be associated with SMM: ethnicity (OR = 1.79) and delays due to deficiencies in the quality of care provided (OR = 8.54). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that improving the effectiveness and quality of family planning, prenatal check-up, and hospital obstetric care programs could help to reduce avoidable cases of SMM.