Prevalence of Osteoporosis and Osteopenia among Females in Manipur, Northeastern, India: A Community- Based Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT

Background: Osteoporosis has become a major public health problem and is increasingly being recognized as an important cause of morbidity and mortality among women. Data on prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia among women varies in different age groups and states across India. Objective: To determine the prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia among females in Manipur. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 2700 pre and postmenopausal women with intact ovaries in the age range of 21 to 70 years in three districts of Manipur namely Imphal West, Thoubal and Churachandpur districts. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by using Lunar Prodigy DXA, GE Healthcare Company, USA. Descriptive statistics like mean(SD), percentage were used. Anova and post-hoc tests were used to determine significance of the findings. A p-value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Prevalence of osteoporosis was 23.7%, 21.1%, 19% for Imphal, Thoubal and Churachandpur districts respectively. However, high prevalence of low BMD among the study population were noted; 61.9% for Imphal, 58.2% for Thoubal and 57.9% for the Churachandpur district. Statistically significant association was found between age groups 25-39 and 40-59 years with three districts and osteoporosis; age groups and osteoporosis when all districts are combined. Conclusion: Overall prevalence rate of osteoporosis and osteopenia was 21.3% and 36.6% respectively. Among the districts, it was highest in Imphal followed by Thoubal and Churachanpur districts, representing urban, rural and hill region.