Clinical Profile of Cutaneous Tuberculosis in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Eastern Bihar

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Sleep-deprivation is a state of combinedabsence of sleep and extended wakefulness. Notoriouslyknown to be associated with slowing of cognitive processeslike attention, working memory, and executive functions, it isalso a consequence of insomnia which in turn is an infamoussymptom of depression. Depression has adverse effects onsocial functioning, which further shape its course and outcome.Material and Methods: This systematic review is basedon a systematic search of electronic database PubMedand provides an overview of literature defining cognitiveimpairment and depression, followed by their associationswith sleep deprivation, entailing possible mechanisms ofthese inter-relationships along with the networks in the humanbrain which are susceptible or resilient towards the effectsof insufficient sleep. A total of 47 such articles and studiesconsidering all these aspects were reviewed.Results: Reductions in functional MRI signals in thedorsolateral prefrontal cortex in sleep deprivation are thoughtto account for attention deficits. Impaired working memoryseconded by an overall increase in reaction times wereobserved, while scanning efficiency was claimed to remainunaffected,by some authors. Long term potentiation wasseen to decrease due to sleep deprivation. Alterations in theHPA axis, stress and high cortisol levels, low brain-derivedneurotrophic factor levels were also interlinked with bothsleep deprivation and depression.Conclusion: Sleep deprivation interrupts physiologicalfunctions, neurocognitive processes, and worsens depression.Hence sleep for upto six to eight hours each night isrecommended on the lines of this review.