First trimester uric acid level: a reliable marker for gestational diabetes mellitus

ABSTRACT

Background: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing worldwide and more in developing countries like India. The diabetic epidemic experienced in India can be due to strong genetic factors coupled with increasing urbanization, sedentary lifestyle, changes in the dietary patterns and increasing obesity. Indians are at an 11-fold increased risk of developing gestational glucose intolerance and hence universal screening is essential. Uric acid is a known marker of oxidative stress. Hyperuricemia in early pregnancy may be an indicator of the existing metabolic disturbance which can hinder the maternal physiological adaptations generally seen in pregnancy thus making the pregnant women more vulnerable to the development of gestational diabetes mellitus. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between elevated uric acid levels in the first trimester of pregnancy with gestational diabetes.Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in Chinmaya mission hospital, Bangalore from June 2016 to March 2017 (10 months). Three hundred and twelve (312) pregnant women of gestational age less than 12 weeks who attended the OBG outpatient department within this time of period for regular antenatal check-up were enrolled in the study. Along with the other antenatal investigations serum uric acid levels were estimated before 12 weeks and also between 24-28 weeks. At 24-28 weeks screening for GDM was done by OGCT using 75 gms of glucose (IADPISG criteria). Other parameters like age, parity, BMI, family history of diabetes was noted and compared.Results: In our study, among the 312 pregnant women, 88 (28%) developed GDM. Of these 74 Women (84%) with GDM had uric acid levels above 3.5 mg/dl and 14 women (15.9%) with GDM had uric acid levels below 3.5 mg/dl. Women with higher BMI showed high uric acid levels.Conclusions: Elevated serum uric acid in the first trimester has a significant correlation with development of GDM. In present study; the cut-off level of maternal serum uric acid of 3.5 mg/dl in the first trimester appears to have a good sensitivity and specificity in identifying those patients who are most likely to develop GDM later in pregnancy.